Filipino Nationalism and Secularization Movement

The Filipino middle class intelligentsia in the 19th century.

A Filipino reform movement advocating for greater rights and privileges for Filipinos under Spanish rule.

Philippine reform movement's newspaper published in 1889.

A key leader of the Propaganda Movement, known for his radical activism and Diariong Tagalog.

A significant leader of the Propaganda Movement, a medical doctor, and novelist known for works like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

A propagandist known as a writer and orator, and the first editor of La Solidaridad.

To make Philippines a Spanish province, gaining rights and privileges alongside Spanish citizens. Include representation in Spanish Cortes, along with freedom of speech and secularization of parishes

Unjust actions by Spanish clergy, documented in the "Ang Manga Utos Nang Fraile."

The password used by members of the Katipunan's lowest rank, LL.B., signifying 'son of the people.' This demonstrates the organization's focus on national identity and unity.

The lowest rank in the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, with responsibilities including recruitment and paying dues.

A higher rank in the Katipunan, abolished in 1895, with members required to pay higher dues and wearing distinctive red masks and sashes.

Members of the Katipunan's higher rank, Bayani, wore red masks with a white triangle containing the letters 'K' and '20' signifying secrecy and national unity.

A set of ten ethical principles guiding the Katipunan, emphasizing unity, self-reliance, and dedication to the revolution.

The Spanish government sent reinforcements to Spain during the Philippine Revolution, forcing the revolutionaries into a defensive position.

General Fernando Primo de Rivera was the Spanish Governor-General appointed in March 1897. He was known for his aggressive military tactics and pushing the revolutionaries back to Bulacan.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was a peace agreement signed on December 15, 1897, between Emilio Aguinaldo and the Spanish government. The revolutionaries agreed to surrender and exile in Hong Kong in exchange for financial compensation.

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato stipulated three payment installments of 200,000 Pesos (Mexican) each. One paid upon their departure for Hong Kong, another upon surrendering firearms, and the final one upon the end of hostilities.

Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were exiled to Hong Kong following the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. They departed from the port of Sual, Pangasinan on December 26, 1897.

The city governments of Iloilo and Jaro condemned the Revolution and organized a battalion of volunteers to fight for Spain. They believed the revolution was seditious and a betrayal of Spain's sacrifices.

Bonifacio sought to achieve social change through "Reason and Enlightenment" and unite Filipinos across the archipelago. He believed in a unified national identity and that this unity would empower them to fight for freedom.

Bonifacio sought to bridge the gap between "loob" (inner) and "labas" (outer) Filipinos by inviting bandit groups to join the Revolution, aiming for unity across social divisions.

Nationalists and revolutionaries successfully reduced the power of the Spanish church during the Revolution. This challenged the Church's traditional influence in Filipino society.

The Revolution raised the question of national identity. Outlaw bands and messianic groups adopted the concept of "Filipino nation" but often with differing perspectives compared to nationalist leaders.

Despite Bonifacio's request to join the revolution, Rizal chose to volunteer as a doctor in the Cuban war.

After being arrested in Cuba and deported back to the Philippines, Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago and executed on December 30, 1896.

These were two factions within the Katipunan, with Magdiwang based in Cavite and Magdalo led by Aguinaldo.

Despite initial resistance, Bonifacio eventually relocated to Cavite in November 1896, seeking safety and support after facing defeats in San Mateo and Montalban.

Bonifacio called an assembly in December 1896 to merge the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions into a single revolutionary government.

The question of who should lead the revolution was a brewing conflict, especially in Cavite, with tensions rising between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo.

Rumours and accusations against Bonifacio circulated, possibly fueled by the Magdalo faction, contributing to the growing animosity between the two groups.

The Spanish renewed their offensive in Cavite, intensifying the conflict between the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions as they fought for control.

The Katipunan, a revolutionary organization, aimed to fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule.

The Katipunan was led by notable figures like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Deodato Arellano, each holding important roles in the organization.

The Katipunan had a structured organization with roles like Supreme President, Comptroller, Treasurer, Fiscal, Secretary, and Secretary of War, each responsible for specific responsibilities.

Teodoro Patiño, a Katipunan member, revealed the organization's secrets to a priest, leading to its discovery by Spanish authorities.

The decision to launch the Philippine Revolution was made after the Katipunan was discovered, with members deciding to fight for their independence sooner.

The Balintawak Assembly was a gathering of Katipunan members where the decision to begin the revolution was debated and ultimately approved by a majority vote.

The Philippine Revolution officially began on August 22, 1896, with the dissemination of circulars to Katipuneros, urging them to rise up against Spanish rule.

The Katipunan aimed for Philippine independence, seeking to remove Spanish rule and establish a free and sovereign nation.