Science-Technology.pdf

Science Technology & Society A logical or natural association between two or more things gives the relation between them. To find out proper relation between science, Scienc...

Science Technology & Society A logical or natural association between two or more things gives the relation between them. To find out proper relation between science, Science - groups of humans developed enough technology and society one must have clear technology that food surpluses could persist and idea about each of them. Curiosity of human build up enough to allow specialization into minds developed a systematic way to establish cities of skilled workers, some of those skill the relation between different natural workers applied their efforts to the study of how phenomena by making observations and the natural world worked experiments. Moved from: Written accounts, to Science Generally science is a system of encyclopedia, to analytical techniques, to acquiring knowledge based on proper method computer models in order to organize body of knowledge gained through research. One can say that the Application: definition given above is true, and of course it is. The knowledge of electromagnetism and others I will say that science is a language, same as led to the creation of the first phone. others; its origin was human minds, they Knowledge of semiconductors lead to the developed it to concentrate ideas and creation of transistors. Today, communication imaginations of the thoughtful persons on The has been made easy and our society is a “global Earth. village” Technology The practical application of Technology - groups of humans had a surplus of knowledge especially in a particular area. It time they didn’t need to spend feeding refers tools and machines that may be used to themselves, some of them found ways to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching manipulate the natural environment in term that may include simple tools, such as a beneficial ways. crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle Moved from: Clubs, to plows, to fertilizers, to accelerator. antibiotics Society A society, or a human society, is a group Society - The analytical methods science made of people related to each other through possible allowed technology to be extended persistent relations. Members of a society may faster and further than individual insights and be from different ethnic groups. Societies are observations. Technological breakthroughs social groups that differ according to allowed different sorts of societies to become subsistence strategies, the ways that humans possible. use technology to provide needs for them. Moved from: Families, to clans, to kingdoms, to republics. History Infrastructures in the society has developed Interactions between STS with the help of science and technology. The Introduction of STS invention of the telephone and radio services has expanded human communication. Society can not exist without the industry we have today. Society needs science and technology. A Many historians mention the medieval period of computer helps us. The impact of science and Europe as ‘Dark ages,’ a period when reason technology can be seriously recognized. Science and logic was sidelined with belief and religion. and technology has greatly contributed in The Mechanical Clock practice to the vision of man over himself. The mechanical clock which was developed during the 13th century. While the origin of Ancient mechanical clock is unknown, the first such device might have been invented in Ancient Period There are three Age Systems in monasteries, which was used to toll a bell to call the Ancient time Period. This composed of: all monks to prayers. Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. The first mechanical clocks with proper 1. Assyrian Nimrud lens references were large, weight-driven machines The Nimrud lens is a 3,000-year-old piece of which were used to be fitted into towers. These rock crystal, which was unearthed by Sir John clocks are now termed as the turret clocks. Layard in 1850 at the Assyrian palace of Nimrud, These early clocks didn’t have any dial or hands; in modern-day Iraq. rather they used to strike the hours and produce sound. The oldest mechanical clock 2. The ancient invention of the steam engine situated in England which is still working is at by the Hero of Alexandria Salisbury Cathedral and it dated from 1386. Heron Alexandrinus, otherwise known as the Tidal Mills Hero of Alexandria, was a 1st century Greek mathematician and engineer who is known as The Tidal mills were first used during the the first inventor of the steam engine. His steam seventh century in the medieval Europe and powered device was called the aeolipile, named they are considered as one of the great after Aiolos, God of the winds examples of improving Middle Ages technology. A tidal mill is a special type of water mill which 3.Oldest Calendar in Scotland is driven by the rise and fall of tides. In order to Research carried out last year on an ancient site use them, a dam with a sluice was used to be excavated by the National Trust for Scotland in created across a proper tidal inlet. 2004 revealed that it contained a sophisticated The earliest excavated tidal mill was dated from calendar system that is approximately 10,000 787 A.D., and it was found in the Nendrum years old, making it the oldest calendar ever Monastery on an island in Strangford Lough in discovered in the world. The site – at Warren Northern Ireland. The millstones of this tidal Field, Crathes, Aberdeenshire – contains a mill were 830 mm in diameter and the 50metre long row of twelve pits which were horizontal wheel was estimated to be able to created by Stone Age Britons and which were in develop 7-8 HP at its peak. Remains of a tidal use from around 8000 BC (the early Mesolithic mill dated at 619 were also found. period) to around 4,000 BC (the early Neolithic). The Heavy Plough The heavy plough was first used in the fifth Middle century. It was a modification of already existing Medieval Period mouldboard plough. In the mouldboard plough, the depth of cut was used to be adjusted by Background of STS in our Country lifting the runner in furrow. Because of this, the The need to develop a country's science and weight of the plough was used to be limited. As technology has generally been recognized as a result, these ploughs were fairly fragile and one of the imperatives of socioeconomic couldn’t be used to till and break the heavier progress in the contemporary world. This has soils of northern Europe. become a widespread concern of governments In order to modify it, the runner was replaced especially since the post world war 2 years. by a wheel because of which, the weight of the Among third world countries, an important plough was increased. As a result, the heavy dimension of this concern is the problem of plough led to greater food production. This dependence in science and technology as this is heavy plough is still considered as one of the closely tied up with the integrity of their main reason of significant population growth of political sovereignty and economic self-reliance. Europe around 600 A.D. There exists a continuing imbalance between scientific and technological development among Modern contemporary states with 98 per cent of all Modern Period research and development facilities located in developed countries and almost wholly Modern history, the modern period or the concerned with the latter's problems. modern era, is the linear, global, Dependence or autonomy in science and historiographical approach to the time frame technology has been a salient issue in after post-classical history. Modern history can conferences sponsored by the United Nations. be further broken down into periods: The early modern period began in approximately the early 16th century; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, the Era of the Islamic gun powders, and the Protestant Reformation. The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century; notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Great Divergence, and the Russian Revolution. It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world's population to reach 1 billion; the next billion came just over a century later, in 1927. Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time. Philippines Intellectual Revolution that Shaped - it radically changed the impression in astronomy, Society science and so as religion REVOLUTION - pioneered by Nicholas Copernicus, introduced the idea of heliocentric universe - is derived from the Latin word, "revolutionem" - moved the people to look for evidences to prove - means turning point, and used often with celestial things around them bodies - theories about the origin of the earth was changed - does not only talk about war but it's all about from theological view to empirical reform, transformation HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE - started with Nicholas Copernicus - changed man's perception about the world - was a period in Europe that traditional thinking changed into rational and logical - it was in contrast with geocentric theory of the church new researches were started familiar - believed to be the start of Modern Science for it has phenomena were given explanations a lot of improvements in astronomy, chemistry, biology mathematics and physics ANOTHER EFFECTS OF THIS THEORY IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL SCIENTIFIC educational approaches are altered power structures REVOLUTION in the society changed - introduction of scientific methods, societies and FREUDIAN REVOLUTION classification of these societies as an independent - society creates mechanisms to ensure social control bodies of knowledge of human instincts DARWINIAN REVOLUTION - founded psychoanalysis - followed after Copernican Revolution - people can be cured by making unconscious to -started with Charles Darwin conscious - ideas of decisive importance when we think about - originated in 1900's biology and physics ourselves - started with Sigmund Freud - the nature of material universe PSYCHOANALYSIS - the planet that we lived upon - it is a clinical method in psychopathology through a - our place in its scheme of life conversation by the patient and the psychoanalyst CHARLES DARWIN - to relieve the patient from repressed emotions and experiences - theorized the Origin of Species - Id is the essentially biological element ORIGIN OF SPECIES - ego is the essentially sociological element - canceled divine theory of origin - superego as the dispenser of reward and - evolution by means of natural selection punishment Copernican revolution PROPOSITIONS - it began the Scientific Revolution - wide dissemination of the use of computers - used of new Digital and Communication PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATION innovations MAYA INFORMATION REVOLUTION - one of the most complicated civilizations around 300 and - started with mass communication in 1439 900 A.D. - some scientists said it started 10,000 years ago - believed that the cosmos has impact to daily life - prediction of Eclipses through Dresden Codex - provided power to people - produced rubber 3000 years before Goodyear received Elin Withney- Smith his first patent - divided information revolutions into six; - Hydraulic systems were already impressive Agriculture DRESDEN CODEX Writing - predicts solar eclipses The fall of Rome Printing Press - observed the movement of Venus Trains, telegraph, telephones - one of the books of Maya Digital Revolution AZTEC DIGITAL REVOLUTION - originated in a nomadic tribe in Northern Mexico - started with a single silicon chip in 1960's that can - developed intricate social, religion and commercial process a lot of information in a short span of time organizations - creation of microchips changed information from - education was compulsory to children Stone Age - steam baths used as medicine, mathematical notation - made people more productive based by 20 - mega-sized storage of information was being - public sanitation were produced to prevent pollution declined into pocket form - medicine - computers became smartphones and watches and - invention of chinampa other portable devices INCA EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION STORAGE - flourished during 1400 and 1533 C.E. -Information dissemination was improved, Facebook, - constructed a series of terraces Google Mail was created connecting billions of people world-wide - stone works were impressive MESOAMERICAN - enhanced good civil and hydraulic engineering - important of historical information about the - food preservation Americas extending from Mexico till Columbia -skull surgeries were 80-90% successful - their society flourished even before the Spanish -used coca plant as anesthetics Colonization in the 15th and 16th century ASIAN - produced advanced engineering - science and technology revolutionized in India, - developed a complex understanding of the China and western Asian countries chemical and other natural substances like rubber - crafts like weaving, printing, paper making, binding, MEDICINE measuring devices, porcelain manufacture and etc. - medicine through plants -experimental gardens were exposed and acupuncture - done vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and etc. - Alchemy was used before chemistry, for plastic - conducted Cesarean section, dental fillings and surgery performed surgeries MIDDLE EAST NAVIGATION - Greeks influenced mathematics in the region - created trade routes - Islamic Sciences were used to synthesize ideas - creation of variety of boats - libraries were built to keep multitude of - carried various of trade goods from other manuscripts neighboring countries AFRICA - writing systems - crop farming and domestic care - metal making - mathematical inventions like abacus, calculators and calendar - stone structures for astronomical explorations INVENTIONS MATH - Africa developed the first counting system - Egyptian manuscripts showed concepts of fractions and multiplications and other mathematical concepts ASTRONOMY - Egyptians discovered movements of the sun, constellations and cycles of the moon - developed a year-long 365 and 1/4 days - Dogon culture knew about some celestial bodies METALLURGY AND TOOLS - steam engines, metal chisels, saws copper and iron tools and weapons ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING -creation of obelisks, pyramids and stone complexes