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What was the name of the steam-powered device developed in medieval Europe?
What was the name of the steam-powered device developed in medieval Europe?
What was the primary source of power for a tidal mill?
What was the primary source of power for a tidal mill?
Where was the oldest tidal mill found?
Where was the oldest tidal mill found?
What was the approximate diameter of the millstones in the tidal mill found in Nendrum Monastery?
What was the approximate diameter of the millstones in the tidal mill found in Nendrum Monastery?
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What was the estimated power of the horizontal wheel in the tidal mill found in Nendrum Monastery?
What was the estimated power of the horizontal wheel in the tidal mill found in Nendrum Monastery?
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Where was the oldest calendar discovered in the world found?
Where was the oldest calendar discovered in the world found?
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When was the heavy plough first used in Europe?
When was the heavy plough first used in Europe?
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What was the limitation of the mouldboard plough?
What was the limitation of the mouldboard plough?
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What was the primary purpose of the mechanical clock in monasteries during the 13th century?
What was the primary purpose of the mechanical clock in monasteries during the 13th century?
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Where was the oldest mechanical clock situated in England, which is still working?
Where was the oldest mechanical clock situated in England, which is still working?
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What was the occupation of Heron Alexandrinus, also known as the Hero of Alexandria?
What was the occupation of Heron Alexandrinus, also known as the Hero of Alexandria?
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What was discovered by Sir John Layard in 1850 at the Assyrian palace of Nimrud?
What was discovered by Sir John Layard in 1850 at the Assyrian palace of Nimrud?
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What was the primary purpose of the tidal mills?
What was the primary purpose of the tidal mills?
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What are the three Age Systems in the Ancient time Period?
What are the three Age Systems in the Ancient time Period?
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When was the mechanical clock developed?
When was the mechanical clock developed?
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What feature did early mechanical clocks lack?
What feature did early mechanical clocks lack?
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What was the prediction made through the Dresden Codex?
What was the prediction made through the Dresden Codex?
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Who developed an intricate social, religion, and commercial organization?
Who developed an intricate social, religion, and commercial organization?
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What was the main characteristic of the Digital Revolution?
What was the main characteristic of the Digital Revolution?
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What is the approximate time period when the early modern period began?
What is the approximate time period when the early modern period began?
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What was the significance of the Dresden Codex in the context of astronomy?
What was the significance of the Dresden Codex in the context of astronomy?
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What was the achievement of Elin Withney-Smith?
What was the achievement of Elin Withney-Smith?
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What is the term 'revolution' derived from?
What is the term 'revolution' derived from?
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What was a characteristic of the Inca civilization?
What was a characteristic of the Inca civilization?
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What is the main idea of the Copernican Revolution?
What is the main idea of the Copernican Revolution?
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What is the significance of the year 1804 in human history?
What is the significance of the year 1804 in human history?
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What was the impact of the Digital Revolution on information storage?
What was the impact of the Digital Revolution on information storage?
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What was a practice of the Aztecs?
What was a practice of the Aztecs?
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What is the main idea of the Darwinian Revolution?
What is the main idea of the Darwinian Revolution?
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What is the name of the clinical method in psychopathology developed by Sigmund Freud?
What is the name of the clinical method in psychopathology developed by Sigmund Freud?
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What is the term for the 'essentially biological element' in the psychoanalytic theory?
What is the term for the 'essentially biological element' in the psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the name of the civilization that flourished around 300 and 900 A.D.?
What is the name of the civilization that flourished around 300 and 900 A.D.?
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What is the significance of the year 1927 in human history?
What is the significance of the year 1927 in human history?
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What is the term for the period of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time?
What is the term for the period of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time?
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What was a major contribution of ancient Africans in the field of mathematics?
What was a major contribution of ancient Africans in the field of mathematics?
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What was a notable achievement in the field of astronomy in ancient Egypt?
What was a notable achievement in the field of astronomy in ancient Egypt?
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What was a major contribution of the Middle East in the field of navigation?
What was a major contribution of the Middle East in the field of navigation?
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What was a notable achievement in the field of metallurgy in ancient Africa?
What was a notable achievement in the field of metallurgy in ancient Africa?
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What was a major contribution of ancient Greeks in the field of mathematics?
What was a major contribution of ancient Greeks in the field of mathematics?
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What was a notable achievement in the field of architecture in ancient Africa?
What was a notable achievement in the field of architecture in ancient Africa?
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Study Notes
Ancient Period
- The oldest calendar ever discovered in the world was found in Scotland, dating back to around 10,000 years ago.
- The calendar system was found at Warren Field, Crathes, Aberdeenshire, and consisted of a 50-meter long row of twelve pits created by Stone Age Britons.
- The pits were used from around 8000 BC (the early Mesolithic period) to around 4000 BC (the early Neolithic period).
Middle Ages Technology
- The aeolipile, a steam-powered device, was considered one of the great examples of improving Middle Ages technology.
- A tidal mill is a special type of water mill driven by the rise and fall of tides, requiring a dam with a sluice to be created across a proper tidal inlet.
- The earliest excavated tidal mill was dated from 787 AD and was found in the Nendrum Monastery on an island in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.
Heavy Plough
- The heavy plough was first used in the fifth century and was a modification of the already existing mouldboard plough.
- The depth of cut was adjusted by lifting the runner in the furrow, and the weight of the plough was limited in practice.
The Mechanical Clock
- The mechanical clock was developed during the 13th century, with the first such device possibly invented in monasteries.
- The first mechanical clocks with proper references were large, weight-driven machines used to toll a bell to call all monks to prayers.
- The oldest mechanical clock situated in England, still working, is at Salisbury Cathedral and dates from 1386.
Ancient Inventions
- The Nimrud lens, a 3,000-year-old piece of rock crystal, was unearthed by Sir John Layard in 1850 at the Assyrian palace of Nimrud in modern-day Iraq.
- The ancient invention of the steam engine was attributed to the Hero of Alexandria, a 1st-century Greek mathematician and engineer.
- Heron Alexandrinus was considered the first inventor of the steam engine.
Information Revolutions
- Elin Withney-Smith divided information revolutions into six:
- Agriculture
- Writing
- The fall of Rome
- Printing Press
- Trains, telegraph, telephones
- Digital Revolution
Digital Revolution
- The Digital Revolution started with a single silicon chip in the 1960s that could process a lot of information in a short span of time.
- The creation of microchips changed information from the Stone Age to pocket form.
- Computers became smartphones, watches, and other portable devices.
Intellectual Revolution
- The Intellectual Revolution was derived from the Latin word "revolutionem," meaning turning point, and used often with celestial bodies.
- It was a period in Europe that traditional thinking changed into rational and logical thinking.
- The Intellectual Revolution was believed to be the start of Modern Science, with improvements in astronomy, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics.
Copernican Revolution
- The Copernican Revolution was pioneered by Nicholas Copernicus, who introduced the idea of a heliocentric universe.
- The revolution changed man's perception about the world, moving from a geocentric theory to an empirical view.
- Theories about the origin of the earth were changed from a theological view to an empirical one.
Darwinian Revolution
- The Darwinian Revolution followed the Copernican Revolution and started with Charles Darwin.
- The revolution introduced the idea of evolution by means of natural selection and canceled the divine theory of origin.
- The theory of the origin of species was introduced.
Freudian Revolution
- The Freudian Revolution was founded by Sigmund Freud and originated in the 1900s.
- The revolution started with psychoanalysis, a clinical method in psychopathology through a conversation between the patient and the psychoanalyst.
- The goal of psychoanalysis was to relieve the patient from repressed emotions and experiences.
Pre-Columbian Civilization
- The Maya civilization flourished from around 300 to 900 AD.
- The Maya conducted Cesarean sections, dental fillings, and performed surgeries.
- They used alchemy before chemistry and developed a complex writing system.
Middle East
- The Greeks influenced mathematics in the region.
- Islamic Sciences were used to synthesize ideas.
- Libraries were built to keep a multitude of manuscripts.
Africa
- Africa developed the first counting system.
- Egyptian manuscripts showed concepts of fractions, multiplications, and other mathematical concepts.
- The Egyptians discovered movements of the sun, constellations, and cycles of the moon.
Inventions
- Africa developed the first counting system.
- The Egyptians developed a year-long 365 and 1/4 days calendar.
- The Dogon culture knew about some celestial bodies.
- Metallurgy and tools, such as steam engines, metal chisels, saws, copper and iron tools, and weapons, were developed.
- Architecture and engineering, including the creation of obelisks, pyramids, and stone complexes, were developed.
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Learn about the development of mechanical clocks from the 13th century and their early uses in monasteries. Discover the oldest working mechanical clock in England and more!
