Development Of Science & Technology Throughout History PDF

1. Development of Science & Technology Throughout History A Timeline of Human Development Homo habilis (Skillful human) Lived 1.5 to 2,4 million years ago Also called “Handy Man” Used stones as simple tools and ate a variety of foods Homo erectus (Upri...

1. Development of Science & Technology Throughout History A Timeline of Human Development Homo habilis (Skillful human) Lived 1.5 to 2,4 million years ago Also called “Handy Man” Used stones as simple tools and ate a variety of foods Homo erectus (Upright human) Lived 300,000 to 1.6 million years ago Used fire Made stone axes and chopping tools Homo sapiens (Wise human) Lived 30,000 to 230,000 years ago Could speak Made more complicated tools Also called “the Neanderthals” Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern human) Have been around for 120,000 years Became more advanced about 40,000 years ago PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 5 I. Early Technology A. The Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3,000 BC)  Because of the great span of time involved, the Stone Age is divided into three periods: Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic (or New Stone Age).  These three periods refer to the gradual progress of tool-making from the earliest coarse pebble tools to more advanced and refined tools.  During these era an eventual transformation was seen from a culture of hunting and gathering to farming and food production. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 6 A.1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) 2.5 mya-10,000 BC Early humans lived in caves or simple huts or tepees and were hunters and gatherers. They used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude stone axes, for hunting birds and wild animals. They cooked their prey, including woolly mammoths, dear and bison, using controlled fire. They also fished and collected berries, fruit The early humans of Paleolithic period and nuts. that dwell in the caves are hunters and gatherers. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 7  A.2. Mesolithic Period – (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC) Humans used small stone tools, now also polished and sometimes crafted with points and attached to antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrows. They often lived nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of water. Agriculture was introduced during this time, which led to more People of the Mesolithic period use permanent settlements in villages. polished pointed tools during hunting PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 8 A.3. Neolithic Period (8,000 BC – 3,000 BC) Ancient humans switched from hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture and food production. They domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains. They used polished hand axes, adzes for ploughing and tilling the land and started to settle in the plains. Advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 9  A Neolithic period settlement with domesticated animals During the Neolithic period, humans learned how to cultivate cereals PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 10 B. Stone Age Breakthroughs in Hunter-Gatherer Tools o Sharpened stones (Oldowan tools): 2.6 million years ago These were basically stone cores with flakes removed from them to create a sharpened edge that could be used for cutting, chopping or scraping. One of the earliest examples of stone tools found in Ethiopia o Stone handaxe (Acheulean tools): 1.6 million years ago An Acheulan handaxe from Named for St. Acheul on the Somme River in France, Swakscombe, where the first tools from this tradition were found in Kent the mid-19th century. These tool is used for striking flakes off longer rock cores to shape them into thinner less rounded implements. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 11  A new kind of knapping (Levallois technique): 400,000 to 200,00 years ago Known as the Levallois, or prepared-core technique, it involved striking pieces off a stone core to produce a tortoise-shell like shape, then carefully striking the core again in such a way that a single large, sharp flake can be broken off. The method could produce Stone tools found in a Neanderthal numerous knife-like tools of predictable size and flint workshop discovered in Poland shape. Cutting blades (Aurignacian industry): 80,000 to 40,000 years ago The central innovation of this type of tool making involved detaching long rectangular flakes from a stone core to form blades, which proved more effective at cutting. The blades’ shape also made them easier to attach to a handle, which gave greater leverage and increased efficiency. An Aurignacian blade shown from three angles PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 12  Small, sharp micro blades (Magdalenian culture): 11,000 to 17,000 years ago characterized by small tools known as geometric microliths, or stone blades or flakes that have been shaped into triangles, crescents and other geometric forms. When attached to handles made of bone or antler, these could easily be used as projectile weapons, as well as for woodworking and food preparation purposes. Microliths were added to Late Magdalenian bone tools like these, including harpoons and projectile points. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 13  Axes, celts, chisels (Neolithic tools): around 12,000 years ago These tools, including axes, adzes, celts, chisels and gouges, were not only more pleasing to look at; they were also more efficient to use and easier to sharpen when they became dull. allowed humans to clear wide swathes of woodland to create their agricultural settlements. Jadeite axes from the Neolithic Period in central Europe. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 14 C. The Bronze Age (3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.) Metalworking advances were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered. Now used for weapons and tools, the harder metal replaced its stone predecessors, and helped spark innovations including the ox-drawn plow and the wheel. Village life in Grimspound, a late Bronze Age settlement situated on Dartmoor in Devon, England. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 15  This time period also brought advances in architecture and art, including the invention of the potter’s wheel, and textiles—clothing consisted of mostly wool items such as skirts, kilts, tunics and cloaks. Home dwellings morphed to so-called roundhouses, consisting of a circular stone wall with a thatched or turf roof, complete with a fireplace or hearth, and more villages and cities began to form. Humans may have started smelting copper as early as 6,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a region often called “the cradle of civilization” and a historical area of the Middle East where agriculture and the world’s first cities emerged. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 16 C.1. What Is the Fertile Crescent? The Fertile Crescent, often called the "Cradle of Civilization", is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt. The region has long been recognized for its vital contributions to world culture stemming from the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant which included the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, all of whom were responsible for the development of civilization. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 17  Virtually every area of human knowledge was advanced by these people, including: Science and Technology Writing and Literature Religion Agricultural Techniques Mathematics and Astronomy Astrology and the Development of the Zodiac Domestication of Animals Long-Distance Trade Medical Practices (including dentistry) The Wheel The Concept of Time States of the Fertile Crescent PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 18 C.2. Mesopotamian Civilization Is an ancient, historical region that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria, Turkey and Iran. Part of the Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia was home to the earliest known human civilizations. Scholars believe the Agricultural Revolution started here. The earliest occupants of Mesopotamia lived in circular dwellings made of mud and brick along the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. They began to practice agriculture by domesticating sheep and pigs around 11,000 to 9,000 B.C. Domesticated plants, including flax, wheat, barley and lentils, first appeared around 9,500 B.C. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 19 Map of Mesopotamia. Shown are Washukanni, Nineveh, Hatra, Assur, Nuzi, Palmyra, Mari, Sippar, Babylon, Kish, Nippur, Isin, Lagash, Uruk, Charax Spasinu and Ur, from north to south. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 20  Some of the earliest evidence of farming comes from the archaeological site of Tell Abu Hureyra, a small village located along the Euphrates River in modern Syria. The village was inhabited from roughly 11,500 to 7,000 B.C. Inhabitants initially hunted gazelle and other game before beginning to harvest wild grains around 9,700 BCE. Several large stone tools for grinding grain have been found at the site. One of the oldest known Mesopotamian cities, Nineveh (near Mosul in modern Iraq), may have been settled as early as 6,000 B.C. Sumerian civilization arose in the lower Tigris-Euphrates valley around 5,000 B.C. In addition to farming and cities, ancient Mesopotamian societies developed irrigation and aqueducts, temples, pottery, early systems of banking and credit, property ownership and the first codes of law. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 21 C.2.1. The Sumerian Sumer was first settled by humans from 4500 to 4000 B.C., though it is probable that some settlers arrived much earlier. This early population—known as the Ubaid people—was notable for strides in the development of civilization such as farming and raising cattle, weaving textiles, working with carpentry and pottery and even enjoying beer. Villages and towns were built around Ubaid farming communities. The people known as Sumerians were in control of the area by 3000 B.C. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 22  Their culture was comprised of a group of city-states, including Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, Ur and the very first true city, Uruk. At its peak around 2800 BC, the city had a population between 40,000 and 80,000 people living between its six miles of defensive walls, making it a contender for the largest city in the world. Each city-state of Sumer was surrounded by a wall, with villages settled just outside and distinguished by the worship of local deities. Map of Ancient Sumerian Empire PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 23 C.2.2. Sumerian Invention Mass-Produced Pottery Other ancient people made pottery by hand, but the Sumerians were the first to develop the turning wheel, a device which allowed them to mass-produce it. That enabled them to churn out large numbers of items such as containers for workers’ rations, sort of the ancient forerunner of Tupperware. Bowl from the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 24  Writing The Sumerians were the first to develop a writing system. Either way, it’s clear that they were using written communication by 2800 B.C. But they didn’t set out to write great literature or record their history, but rather to keep track of the goods that they were making and selling. Scribes used sharpened reeds to scratch the symbols into wet clay, which dried to An early writing sample form tablets. The system of writing became from Mesopotamia using known as cuneiform, and as Kramer noted, pictographs to create a record of it was borrowed by subsequent civilizations food supplies. and used across the Middle East for 2,000 years. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 25  Hydraulic Engineering The Sumerians figured out how to collect and channel the overflow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers—and the rich silt that it contained—and then use it to water and fertilize their farm fields. They designed complex systems of canals, with dams constructed of reeds, palm trunks and mud whose gates could be opened or closed to regulate the flow of water. A Mesopotamian relief showing the agricultural importance of the rivers. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 26  The Chariot The Sumerians didn’t invent wheeled vehicles, but they probably developed the first two-wheeled chariot in which a driver drove a team of animals. The Sumerians had such carts for transportation in the 3000s B.C., but they were probably used for ceremonies or by the military, rather than as a means to get around the countryside, where the rough terrain would have made wheeled travel difficult. Scale model of a simple two- wheeled chariot which was invented by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 27  The Plow The Sumerians invented the plow, a vital technology in farming. They even produced a manual that gave farmers detailed instructions on how to use various types of plows. They specified the prayer that should be recited to pay homage to Ninkilim, the goddess of field rodents, in order to protect the grain from being eaten. Imitation of a Sumerian plow. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 28  Textile Mills While other cultures in the Middle East gathered wool and used it to weave fabric for clothing, the Sumerians were the first to do weaving on an industrial scale. The Sumerians’ innovation was to turn their temples into huge factories. They were the first to cross kin lines and form larger working organizations for making textiles—the predecessors of modern manufacturing companies. A Mesopotamian woman weaving. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 29  Mass-Produced Bricks An archaeological site in Mari, Syria (modern Tell Hariri) that was an ancient Sumerian city on the western bank of Euphrates river. To make up for a shortage of stones and timber for building houses and temples, the Sumerians created molds for making bricks out of clay. While they weren’t the first to use clay as a building material but their innovation is their ability to produce bricks in large amounts, and put them together on a large scale. Their buildings might not have been as durable as stone ones, but they were able to build more of them, and create larger cities. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 30  Metallurgy The Sumerians were some of the earliest people to use copper to make useful items, ranging from spearheads to chisels and razors. They also made art with copper, including dramatic panels depicting fantastical animals such as an eagle with a lion’s head. Sumerian metallurgists used furnaces heated by reeds and controlled the temperature with a bellows that could be The lion-headed eagle made of copper, worked with their hands or feet. gold, and lapis lazuli by Sumerian civilization. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 31  Mathematics Cuneiform script, developed by the Sumerians. Primitive people counted using simple methods, such as putting notches on bones, but it was the Sumerians who developed a formal numbering system based on units of 60. At first, they used reeds to keep track of the units, but eventually, with the development of cuneiform, they used vertical marks on the clay tablets. Their system helped lay the groundwork for the mathematical calculations of civilizations that followed. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 32  C.2.3. The Akkadians Located in the area to the north of Sumer, Akkadia became established and a dominant force in Mesopotamia around 3000BC. The Akkadian empire is thought to be the first dynastic rulership to have existed. It took over control of Sumer and the Levant at around 2300BC. The Akkadians created the first united empire in Ancient Mesopotamia. It was a hereditary monarchy, meaning that the country was ruled by a King who was succeeded by his sons upon his death. The Akkadian king was credited with many administrative firsts. These include the year Map of the Akkadian Empire name system and a unified system of weights The Akkadians spanned into parts of and measures. However, he had difficulty Syria, Iran, Jordan, Turkey, Kuwait and controlling their empire and faced frequent possibly even further to the south and uprisings, especially among the Sumerian into Cyprus. The empire would city-states. eventually collapse sometime after 2150bc, just a few hundred years after it was founded. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 33  C.2.4. The Assyrians Under the Assyrian Civilization, ancient Mesopotamia expanded from the Persian Gulf to Egypt, to its Western borders of modern-day Turkey. After the Akkadian empire collapsed, the Assyrians were the powerhouse of Mesopotamia. For over 1400 years, Assyria had control of parts of Egypt, Turkey, and modern day Iraq. It is thought the civilization became wealthy enough to develop armies and warriors through trading goods with Anatolia (located in modern-day Turkey). Of all the cultures of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Assyria is considered to be the greatest. It developed advanced military and bureaucratic systems, which enabled it to expand and control much of the ancient world. Map of the Assyrian Empire PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 34 C.2.5. The Assyrian Contributions Agricultural Technology The Assyrians were quite innovative when it came to agriculture, which was necessary since they lived in an area where it was either extremely dry or flooded most of the time. To make up for this, they built extensive canal systems out of mud. The canals would collect the rainwater, helping to prevent flooding in rainy seasons. In dry seasons, the farmers could release the stored water onto fields by digging into them. This was carried out by flood defense walls, which were used along the edges of the canals to guide the water to where it was needed. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 35  Jerwan aqueduct, completed in 690 BC. Because of the importance of agriculture to the society, canals were built along the edges of all farms and were well kept. Water systems were built to supply water to cities by building slopes to conduct water from the hills to the plains. PERSONAL PROPERTY OF JEFFREY ROMERO-GEC108, 1ST SEM 2020-2021 MSU-GSC 36