SC-Module-1-Lesson-2-Intellectual-Revolution.pptx.pdf

Module 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos What is Intellectual Revolution? The time during which para...

Module 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society Prepared by: Mr. Joey Estorosos What is Intellectual Revolution? The time during which paradigm changes occurred is referred to as the intellectual revolution. 3 characteristic of intellectual revolution the world is a natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things 'happen’) there is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'laws of nature’) humans can 'discover' those laws. Early Astronomers Heavier objects falls faster than lighter objects. This concept survived for more than 1500 years. Based his concepts on Greeks four elements; earth, water, air, and fire. Later added aether as the fifth element. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle Aristotle (384 -322 B.C.) Early Astronomers He was the most influential of Greek astronomers and geographers of his time. He propounded the geocentric theory of the solar system (geocentrism). With Earth as its center which thought to be true by most of the people at that time. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D -170 A.D.) Ptolemaic Model of the Solar System Placing Earth as the center of the universe while the rest of the heavenly bodies revolves around it. Making earth as the center of Creation, and where human were created. The church agreed with Ptolemy because his theory did not contradict biblical texts of the genesis. The theory prevailed for Source: http://www.picnotes.org/notes/134 1400 years. Defect to Ptolemy’s Model By assuming that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe. The expectation for ancient societies was that the heavenly bodies like Mars must travel in uniform motion. However, the path of Mars and other planets as observed from Earth are not circular. Ptolemy’s Modification The epicycles explanation of planetary retrograde motion. Retrograde motion is the planet's apparent motion in the opposite direction of other planets in its system. Earth is no longer at the center of the Solar System, but at the Equant point. https://sites.google.com/site/oakastroflash/Home/astronomers/ptolemy The Real Explanation Earth is not situated at the center of the Universe but just another planet orbiting the Sun.  Scientific Revolution Leaders Nicolaus Copernicus https://www.biography.com/scientist /Nicolaus_Copernicus Sigmund Freud https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud Charles Darwin Issac Newton https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/charles-darwin.html https://www.biography.com/scientist/isaac-newton The Copernican Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus offered the correct explanation: all planets, including the Earth, move around the Sun in the same direction, in a circular path; Heliocentric Model. Earth is not special and no different than any other planet. But being a catholic cleric, he did not insists his findings which is against the church beliefs. https://www.biography.com/scientist /Nicolaus_Copernicus His findings was eventually accepted by the people in a period called the birth of modern astronomy. The Copernican Revolution The Heliocentric Theory of Copernicus was not immediately accepted, as it contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church, which held that the Earth was the center of the universe and that God had placed human at its center. It was only not until the work of Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton that the heliocentric model began to gain widespread acceptance. The Copernican Revolution Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Possesses the most sophisticated observatory of his day. His data findings supports Copernicus’ findings together with his student Johannes Kepler. But being an arrogant nobleman, he still believe in Ptolemic model of the solar system. https://nautil.us/blog/why-renaissance-astronomer-tycho-brahe-is-still-a-star The Copernican Revolution Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) After the mysterious death of Brahe, Kepler continues working using the data they previously gathered. His findings includes that planetary motion conform to mathematical formula. Planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus. Planets do not move at uniform speeds in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler their orbits. Perihelion Aphelion Perihelion and Aphelion The Copernican Revolution Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Was the first to use telescope to observe the heavens, and his observations of the phases of Venus, the moons of Jupiter provided strong evidence in favor of Copernican Theory. Discredit the current belief of the time — that all things revolved around the Earth. The Church sentenced him to light regimen of penance and imprisonment. Some 300 years later, the Church admit that Galileo was right and clear his name. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei The Darwinian Revolution Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Darwin introduced the Theory of Evolution which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, process known as evolution. The ideas that species change over time through natural processes and that different species share common ancestors seemed to contradict the Genesis account of Creation. https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/charles-darwin.html The Darwinian Revolution Darwin’s revolutionary theory was that new species do not originate from God's eternally immutable creation but rather develop naturally through a process of evolution. It had a significant impact on how modern society, as well as science, religion, and philosophy, are perceived.