Module 2_Intellectual Revolution.pdf

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution All signif...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution All significant breakthroughs are break -“withs” old ways of thinking. Thomas Kuhn PARADIGM SHIFT An important change that happens when a new and different way replaces the usual way of thinking about or doing something  EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION It is the rise of contemporary science during the early modern period. This era is when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry changed how society viewed the natural world.  INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across institutions supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture of the universe. the most significant period of discovery and growth of the sciences in the whole of history. a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas Led to the establishment of several modern sciences Took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period. Renaissance – interest in Science INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION The first paradigm shift in intellectual revolution was on the field of astronomy particularly cosmology. Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is the study of the universe and its components, how it formed, how its has evolved and what is its future.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristotle (384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher Proposed Geocentrism, earth- centered belief Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD) Greco-Roman mathematician, philosopher and astronomer he improved Aristotle’s observation by using measurements using epicycles- planetary orbits. Geocentric model - one of the greatest discoveries of that time  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) Greek astronomer and mathematician Postulated Heliocentrism Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) his findings supported the heliocentric model written in his book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” Copernican Revolution took off with the acquisition of more precise data on the movement and position of planets around the sun. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Several astronomers supported heliocentrism. Johannes Kepler Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion Tychonic system, the most precise equipment available before the telescope by Tycho Brahe He proved that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun. Galileo Galilei His telescopic observation of the four moons of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not revolve around the sun on his book “The Starry Messenger”  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Isaac Newton He brought the triumph of heliocentrism by using gravity to explain the movement of the planets around the sun. Heliocentrism by Copernicus then became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of geocentrism.  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”, the genetic make up of a population changed (evolution) depending on the conditions dictated by the environment (natural selection). Darwin’s Evolution by natural selection therefore became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of creation.  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The religious belief that God is the intelligent designer of the intelligently designed universe, the creator of all things, was the paradigm accepted by the society. Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) English naturalist obsessed in nature “The origin of species” in 1859 Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of natural selection. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Well known in the field of Psychology, he was able to change people’s perception of psychology Contributions: Psychoanalysis Three forces of psychical apparatus Instincts are two causes of behaviour; Psychosexual theory Role of Dreams Understanding of Self FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychoanalysis The study that explains human behavior. Three forces of psychichal apparatus 1. id - operates in pursuit of pleasure (pleasure seeking) 2. ego - governed by the reality principle 3. superego - to pursue idealistic goals and perfection FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Instincts are two causes of behaviour: Eros (love) - love preserves unity Death - promotes destructions Libido – driving force of instinct  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychosexual Theory the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the person's mind.  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Role of Dreams SYMBOL/S Person House IT SIGNIFIES Parents Kings or queens Every dream represents a Birth Any reference to water Death Taking a journey; wish fulfillment. nakedness Dreams are representative Male genital Dreaming of number 3, objects which can penetrate (knives and swords), of the imaginary fulfillment faucets, fountains, of a wish or impulse in telescopes Female genital Pits, caves, bottles, boxes, early childhood, before trunks, jars, suitcases, pockets, ships, mouth, such wishes have been churches, and shoes repressed. Breast Beloved Apples, peach jewel person  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Understanding of Self Not only was sexuality the root of personality, but also early sexual experiences were the most formative in human psychological development. Freud continued to work on refining his theory and tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be used as clinical method on treating mental disorders.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning, and that there was no need to actually go out and measure anything. Aristotle Father of science Gave importance to the use of measurement and observation as a tool for gaining knowledge as it should be supported by real world findings.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Ibn al-Haytham An Islamic scholar best known for his works on light and vision. Scientific Method: 1. State an explicit problem, based upon observation and experimentation. 2. Test or criticize a hypothesis through experimentation. 3. Interpret the data and come to a conclusion, ideally using mathematics. 4. Publish the findings  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Roger Bacon (1214-1294) One of the earliest European scholars to refine the scientific methods. He developed the idea of (1) making observations, (2) hypothesizing and (3) experimenting to test the hypothesis.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Francis Bacon (1561-1626) He developed the scientific method. He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations. Bacon also argued that controlled scientific experimentation is essential for understanding nature.  SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific method is a systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The Scientific Revolution led to the creation of new knowledge systems, social hierarchies, and networks of thinkers. It also affected production and distribution. With a dramatically changing media environment, challenging economic and social climates, shifting relationships between citizens and policy makers and an evolving understanding of democracy, new paradigms stand as ready tools to help combat modern difficulties. THANK YOU! Any questions?