Module-2_Intellectual-Revolution-copy-1.pdf

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LRIVERA LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LRIVERA LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution All significant breakthroughs are break -“withs” old ways of thinking. Thomas Kuhn  PARADIGM SHIFT a necessary transformation that transpires when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is substituted by a novel and different mode (Merriam Webster,2020) An important change that happens when a new and different way replaces the usual way of thinking about or doing something.  EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and experimenting within a settled paradigm or explanatory framework INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION the rise of contemporary science began during the early modern period the era when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry changed how society viewed the natural world  INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across institutions supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture of the universe the most significant period of discovery and growth of the sciences in the whole of history INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas Led to the establishment of several modern sciences Took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period Renaissance Period interest in Science INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION The first paradigm shift in intellectual revolution was in the field of astronomy particularly cosmology. Astronomy ü the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology ü the study of the universe and its components, how it formed, how it has evolved and what is its future.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristotle (384-322 BC) Greek Philosopher proposed Geocentrism, earth- centered belief Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD) Greco-Roman mathematician, philosopher and astronomer improved Aristotle’s observation by using measurements using epicycles- planetary orbits Geocentric model - one of the 1400 greatest discoveries of that time years  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) Greek astronomer and mathematician Postulated Heliocentrism Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) his findings supported the heliocentric model written in his book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” Copernican Revolution took off with the acquisition of more precise data on the movement and position of planets around the sun.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Several astronomers supported heliocentrism. Johannes Kepler Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion Tychonic system, the most precise equipment available before the telescope by Tycho Brahe He proved that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun. Galileo Galilei His telescopic observation of the four moons of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not revolve around the sun on his book “The Starry Messenger”  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Isaac Newton He brought the triumph of heliocentrism by using gravity to explain the movement of the planets around the sun. All matters exert force towards its Heliocentrism by Copernicus center then became the paradigm shift to geocentrism. All matter exert force towards the center.  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”, the genetic make up of a population changes (evolution) depending on the conditions dictated by the environment (natural selection). Darwin’s Evolution by natural selection therefore became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of creation and other theories on the origin of life.  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The religious belief that God is the intelligent designer of the intelligently designed universe, the creator of all things, was the paradigm accepted by the society before Darwin. Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) English naturalist obsessed in nature “On the Origin of the Species” in 1859 Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of natural selection. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Well known in the field of Psychology, he was able to change people’s perception of psychology Contributions: Psychoanalysis Three forces of psychical apparatus Instincts are two causes of behaviour; Psychosexual theory Role of Dreams Understanding of Self FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychoanalysis A type of treatment based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past Structure of the Psyche or Mind: A. The Three Layers of the Mind: 1.Conscious : occupies only one tenth of our total mental life. The ideas, thoughts and image that we are aware of any moment of our mental life is the conscious part of mind. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychoanalysis Structure of the Psyche or Mind: A. The Three Layers of the Mind: 2.Preconscious : the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory When we are not consciously aware of this information at any given time, we can retrieve it and pull it into consciousness when needed. 3.Unconscious : Below the preconscious mind lies the unconscious. most important of part of our mind. It contains all the repressed wishes,desires, feelings, drives and motives many of which even relate to sex aggression FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychoanalysis Structure of the Psyche or Mind: B. Three forces of psychichal apparatus a) id - operates in pursuit of pleasure (pleasure seeking) b) ego - governed by the reality principle c) superego - to pursue idealistic goals and perfection  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION B. Three forces of psychichal apparatus a)Id represents the animal in man and it remains in the unconscious the source of mental energy and of all instinctive forces of the individual quite selfish and unethical operates according to the pleasure principle  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION B. Three forces of psychichal apparatus a)Id b)Ego acts as intermediary between three sets of forces. plays balancing role i.e., to control the Id in terms of reality and to appease the Superego In other way it may be termed as the executive of personality. c)Super Ego It is opposite of Id. It represents ethical and moral aspects of mind. remains with conscious mind idealistic in nature rather then pleasure-seeking or destruction  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Dual Instinct Theory: Two primary forces (instincts) that drive human behavior: a) life instinct (Eros) - causes us to seek pleasure b) death instinct (Thanatos)- where he theorized that these were indications of our impulses towards self- destruction or damage that we may be unaware of These two competing forces work together, and often in competition, to guide and direct human behavior. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Instincts are two causes of behaviour: Eros (love) - love preserves unity Thanatos (death) - promotes destructions Libido – part of the id and is the driving force of all behavior(Freud) created by survival and sexual instinct  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychosexual Theory the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the person's mind FREUDIAN REVOLUTION FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Role of Dreams SYMBOL/S Person House IT SIGNIFIES Parents Kings or queens Every dream represents a Birth Any reference to water Death Taking a journey; nakedness wish fulfillment. Male genital Dreaming of number 3, objects which Dreams are representative of can penetrate (knives and swords), faucets, fountains, telescopes the imaginary fulfillment of a wish or impulse in early Female genital Pits, caves, bottles, boxes, trunks, jars, childhood, before such suitcases, pockets, ships, mouth, churches, and shoes wishes have been repressed. Breast Apples, peach Beloved person jewel FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Understanding of Self having insight into one's own behavior, attitudes, strengths, and weakness It is the individual's ability to say and know what he or she is good at or needs improvement. one of the highest goals in psychology FREUDIAN REVOLUTION FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Components of the Self-Concept FREUDIAN REVOLUTION FREUDIAN REVOLUTION FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Roger Bacon (1214-1294) One of the earliest European scholars to refine the scientific methods. He developed the idea of (1) making observations, (2) hypothesizing and (3) experimenting to test the hypothesis.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Francis Bacon (1561-1626) developed the scientific method He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations. Bacon also argued that controlled scientific experimentation is essential for understanding nature.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Three Stages of the Baconian Method: the gathering of natural history (1) an eliminative stage in which the data (2) in the natural history are used to rule out possible formal causes a stage in which additional eliminative (3) and non-eliminative resources are used  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Ø Bacon's method begins with description of the requirements for making the careful, systematic observations necessary to produce quality facts. Ø He then proceeds to use induction, the ability to generalize from a set of facts to one or more axioms.  SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific method is a systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The Scientific Revolution led to the creation of new knowledge systems, social hierarchies, and networks of thinkers. It also affected production and distribution. With a dramatically changing media environment, challenging economic and social climates, shifting relationships between citizens and policy makers and an evolving understanding of democracy, new paradigms stand as ready tools to help combat modern difficulties. THANK YOU! Any questions?