Safīnat al-najāʾ: Ship of Salvation PDF

‫‪‬‬ ‫وصلى اهلل على سيدىا حمند وآلُ وسله‬ ‫واحلند هلل رب العاملني‬ Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. PDF Edition 1430 H – 2009 Matn Safīnat al-najāʾ: Arabic and English. Sālim ibn ʿAbdullah ibn Saʿd ibn Samīr al-Haḍramī al-Shāfiʿī. The Ship of Salvation: A classic manual of Islāmic Doctrine and Jurisprudence In Arabic with English text, commentary and appendices, Edited and translated by: ʿAbdullah Muḥammad al-Marbūqī al-Shāfiʿī. Cover designed by: Mawlānā Yusūf ibn Yaʿqūb Ṣafar 1430 H ‫طَلَّقُوا الدُّىِيَا وخَافُوا الفِتَيَا‬ ًَ‫فُطَ ا‬ ً‫عِبَادا‬ ‫إٌَِّ هلل‬ ‫وَطَيَا‬ ٍّ‫لِحَي‬ ِ‫لَيِسَت‬ ‫أَىَََّا‬ ‫عَلِنُوا‬ ‫فَلَنَّا‬ ‫فيََا‬ ‫ىَظَزوا‬ ‫سُفُيا‬ ‫فيَا‬ ِ‫األَعنال‬ َ‫صَالِح‬ ‫واتَّخَذُوا‬ ً‫لُجَّة‬ ‫جَعَلُوٍا‬ Indeed Allah  Has Intelligent Servants, Who Have Divorced the World and Who Fear Temptations, They Pondered in the World and When They Knew, That it is Not a Homeland for a Living Person, They Took it as a Deep Sea and They Made, Good Actions in the World Their Ships. Contents Contents Contents.................................................................................................... i Transliteration Key..................................................................................... v Translator’s Preface................................................................................... vi Muqaddimah............................................................................................. 1 Islam and Iman.......................................................................................... 2 The Integrals of Islām......................................................................... 3 The Integrals of Īmān.......................................................................... 4 Al-Ahkam al-Sharʿiyyah............................................................................. 7 Taharah.................................................................................................... 8 The Signs of Puberty.......................................................................... 9 The Conditions for Using a Stone..................................................... 10 The Sunnah Way for Using a Stone.............................................. 11 The Obligatory Acts of Wuḍūʾ......................................................... 12 The Intention..................................................................................... 12 The Sunnah Way to Perform Wuḍūʾ............................................ 13 The Cleanliness of the Body......................................................... 15 Water is Either a Little or Abundant................................................. 15 The Things Make a Ritual Bath Compulsory................................... 16 The Compulsory Acts of a Ritual Bath............................................. 17 The Sunnah Way to Perform a Ritual Bath.................................. 18 The Conditions of Wuḍūʾ................................................................. 19 The Factors that Nullify the Wuḍūʾ.................................................. 20 The forbidden Actions in the State of Impurity................................ 21 The Causes of Tayammum............................................................... 23 The Conditions of Tayammum......................................................... 24 The Integrals of Tayammum............................................................ 25 The Factors That Nullify Tayammum.............................................. 26 The Sunnah Way to Perform Tayammum.................................... 27 Three Types of Impurities That Can Be Purified.............................. 28 Impurities.......................................................................................... 29 The menstrual period........................................................................ 31 Salah...................................................................................................... 34 The Valid Excuses for Delaying the ṣalāh........................................ 35 The Conditions of the ṣalāh.............................................................. 36 Ritual Impurities are of two types..................................................... 37 The ʿAwrahs..................................................................................... 39 i Contents The conditions for the muadhdhin:............................................... 43 The Integrals of the ṣalāh.................................................................. 44 Description of the ṣalāh................................................................ 47 Three Degrees of Intention............................................................... 52 The Conditions of Takbīrat al-iḥrām................................................ 53 The Conditions of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah.................................................. 55 Tashdīds of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah............................................................ 56 Sunnah to Raise the Hands............................................................... 57 The Conditions of Sajdah................................................................. 58 The Seven Limbs of Prostration................................................... 58 Tashdīds of ṣalāh Upon Nabi ........................................................ 60 Salām................................................................................................ 60 The Times of ṣalāh........................................................................... 61 Times When the ṣalāh is ḥarām........................................................ 63 The Pauses in ṣalāh........................................................................... 64 Ṭumaʾnīnah....................................................................................... 65 The Causes for Sajdah Sahw............................................................ 66 The Sunan Abʿaḍ.............................................................................. 67 The Factors Which Nullify the ṣalāh................................................ 68 Sunan Rawatib.............................................................................. 70 Witr ṣalāh...................................................................................... 71 Tarāwīḥ ṣalāh:............................................................................... 72 Ḍuḥā ṣalāh:................................................................................... 72 Taḥajjud ṣalāh:.............................................................................. 72 Taḥiyyat al-masjid:....................................................................... 72 The Intention of Being an Imām....................................................... 73 The Conditions for Following an Imām........................................... 74 The Forms of Following the Imām................................................... 77 The Conditions of Jamaʿ Taqdim..................................................... 78 The Conditions of Jamaʿ Taʾkhir...................................................... 79 The Conditions of Qasr..................................................................... 80 Salat al-Jumuʿah...................................................................................... 82 The Conditions of Jumuʿah.............................................................. 82 Sunan and Adab of Jumuʿah......................................................... 83 The Integrals of the Two Khuṭbahs.................................................. 84 The Conditions for Delivering the Two Khuṭbahs............................ 85 Janazah.................................................................................................. 88 Four Things Compulsory for the Deceased............................................ 88 Washing the Deceased...................................................................... 89 Shrouding the Deceased................................................................... 90 ii Contents The Integrals of ṣalāh Janazah.......................................................... 91 The Grave......................................................................................... 92 The Exhumation of the Deceased..................................................... 93 Seeking Assistance........................................................................... 94 Zakah..................................................................................................... 96 The Wealth upon Which Zakāh is Compulsory................................ 97 The Zakāh of ʿEid al-Fitr.............................................................. 99 The Eight Categories of Recipients............................................ 100 Saum.................................................................................................... 102 Fasting of Ramaḍān........................................................................ 103 The Conditions for the Validity of Fasting..................................... 105 The Conditions for Fasting Becomes Wājib................................... 105 The Integrals of Fasting of Ramaḍān.............................................. 107 Qaḍāʾ of Fasting and Kaffarah........................................................ 107 The Factors That Nullify Fasting.................................................... 109 The Breaking of the Fast in Ramaḍān............................................ 110 The Types of Breaking the Fast...................................................... 112 The Things Do Not Break the Fast................................................. 113 Hajj and ʿUmrah.................................................................................... 114 The Conditions for Ḥajj being Wājib............................................. 115 The Integrals of Ḥajj....................................................................... 116 The Integrals of ʿUmrah................................................................. 116 The Wājibat of Ḥajj........................................................................ 117 Unlawful Things While in Iḥrām.................................................... 118 The Expiations of Ḥajj and ʿUmrah................................................ 118 To Visit the Tomb of Rasūlullah ................................................ 123 Khatimah.............................................................................................. 124 Appendices............................................................................................ 126 Appendix 1: Selected Duʿās and Adhkar................................................ 127 Ṭahārah – Purification................................................................ 127 Ṣalāh – Prayer............................................................................. 130 Duʿā and Dhikr after ṣalāh:......................................................... 136 Prophetic Duʿā:........................................................................... 140 Appendix 2: Authorized Books in Shāfiʿī Madhhab................................ 148 Appendix 3: ʿAlam – Biographical Notes.............................................. 152 Al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī..................................................................... 152 Imām al-ḥarāmain....................................................................... 155 Al-Imām Abū Ishaq al-Shīrāzī.................................................... 156 Al-Imām al-Ghazālī.................................................................... 157 iii Contents Al-Imām al-Rāfiʿī....................................................................... 159 Al-Imām al-Nawawī................................................................... 160 Shaykh al-Islām Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī......................................... 161 Al-Imām Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī................................................... 162 Al-Imām Muḥammad al-Shirbīnī al-Khāṭib............................... 163 Bibliography.......................................................................................... 165  iv Transliteration Key Transliteration Key a r f b z q t s k th sh l j ṣ m ḥ ḍ n kh ṭ w d ẓ h dh gh y Long wovels Short wovels ā a ī i ū u Diphtong Doubled aw uwwa ay iyya The letter hamzah “‫ ”ء‬is transliterated as a right half ring (ʾ) and is not expressed when at the beginning. The letter ʿayn “ ” is transliterated as a left half ring (ʿ). ‫ ـة‬is transliterated as “ah” in pause form and “at” in construct form. ‫ ال‬is transliterated as “al” in both; pause and construct form, “al” is used with all letters; hurūf al-shamsiyyah or hurūf al-qamariyyah. Honorific  Glorified and Most High.  May Allah‟s blessings and peace be upon him.  May peace be upon him.  May Allah be pleased with him/her.  May Allah be pleased with them v Translator’s Preface Translator’s Preface  In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. All praise is to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. Peace and blessings be upon His noble Slave and Messenger, Muḥammad and upon his family and Companions.   Amīr al-Muʾminīn Abū Ḥafs Sayyidunā ʿUmar ibn al- Khaṭṭab  narrated that he heard Rasūlullah  saying, “Verily the reward for deeds depend upon intentions and indeed every vi Translator’s Preface person shall receive what he intended for. Thus, he whose emigration was for Allah and His Messenger, his emigration will be considered for Allah and His Messenger. He whose emigration was towards the world or to be married to a woman, his emigration will be for whatever he migrated for.” This book has been prepared for the beginner, especially those students studying at a “madrasah”. Many Arabic terminologies have been maintained with the translation in the bracket. Footnotes provide assistance for teacher in explaining the text. The students are required to be familiar with the text of Safīnat al-najāʾ. It is better if the students can memorize the Arabic text so that they gain acquaintance with the jurisprudence or at least be able to read it fluently. Every effort was made to present a precise and accurate translation with proper explanations. The explanations were mostly derived from “Kāshifat al-sajāʾ sharh Safīnat al-najāʾ”, “Reliance of the Traveller” and “al-Iqnāʿ fī halli alfāẓi matn Abī Shujāʿ”. The additional chapter of Ḥajj and ʿUmrah was taken from the “Al-Fiqh al-manhaji ʿalā madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī,” and “Reliance of the Traveller”.The measurements and conversions were based on the book, “al-Maqādīr al-sharʿiyyah” by Dr. Najm al-dīn al-Kurdī. The biographical notes were taken from the book, “Reliance of the Traveller”. vii Translator’s Preface I would like to take this opportunity to pay a particular tribute to my mother. It is through her sacrifice and duʿā that I was able to reach this stage. It is incumbent upon me to extend my deepest gratitude to my elders: Muftī Ibrahīm Desai and Mawlānā Muḥammad Ṭaha Karan for their encouragement and support. This work is completed with the tremendous help and assistant of my ustadh, Mawlānā Muḥammad ibn Harun ʿAbasoomar, my brother Hāfiẓ Luqmān Hasbi, my friends Hāfiẓ Reeaz Iqbal and Hāfiẓ Ziyād Danka. This book could not have been published without significant aid from Mawlānā Ibrahim Muḥammad and Mawlānā Imran Hatia. May Allah  reward them and all those who were involved directly or indirectly in completing this task, here and in the hereafter. Lastly, I beseech Almighty Allah  for His acceptance and that He  makes this a source of benefit for all. Āmīn. ʿAbdullah Muḥammad al-Marbūqī al-Shāfiʿī Shah Alam, Selangor Ṣafar 1430 H viii ُ‫يف أصول الديً والفق‬ ‫على مذٍب اإلماو الشافعي‬ The Ship of Salvation The Doctrine and Jurisprudence of the School of al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī Muqaddimah Muqaddimah For whomsoever Allah  intends goodness, He gives him the understanding of Dīn. [al-Bukhārī] In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. All praise is to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. We seek help from Him in worldly affairs and in matters of Dīn. Salutation and peace on our Master, Muḥammad , the Seal of Prophethood, and upon all his family and Companions. There is no power and might except through Allah, the Most High, the Most Great. 1 Islam and Iman  2 Islam and Iman Islam and Iman The Integrals of Islām Section: The Integrals of Islām are Five: 1. To bear witness that there is no god except Allah and that Muḥammad  is the messenger of Allah. 2. To establish ṣalāh.1 3. To discharge zakāh.2 4. To fast in the month of Ramaḍān.3 5. To perform ḥajj for those who are able.4 1 The most virtuous physical worship is ṣalāh, then fasting, then ḥajj and then zakāh. As for worship pertaining to the heart like imān (belief), maʿrifah (gnosis), tafakkur (reflection), trust in Allah , patience, hope, contentment with Allah‟s decree, love of Allah , repentance, purification of blameworthy traits like greed, anger, pride, malice etc. these are far more superior than physical worship. The most virtuous of them being īmān. 2 Zakāh literally means growth, blessings, purification or praise. In Sacred Law it is the name for a particular amount of property that must be paid to certain kinds of recipients under certain conditions. 3 Fasting was made farḍ in Shaʿbān, the second year Hijrī. Rasulullah  fasted for nine complete Ramaḍāns. 4 Both ḥajj and ʿumrah are wājib in the Shāfiʿī‟s madhhab (school of thought). 3 Islam and Iman The Integrals of Īmān Section: The Integrals of Īmān (Faith) are Six: 1. To believe in Allah.5 2. To believe in His Angels.6 3. To believe in His Books.7 5 [Īmān Mujmāl (in brief)] To believe in Allah‟s  existence, His sole godhood, that no one else participates in His attribute of divinity or in the rights He has over His creation, His oneness and uniqueness and that He is characterized by every perfection and exalted above any imperfection or impossibility. [Īmān Mufaṣṣal (in detail)] It is wājib to know the attributes of Allah : (1) al-Wujūd (Being), (2) al-Qidām (Pre-eternity), (3) al-Baqāʾ (Everlastingness), (4) Mukhālafatuh taʿāla bi al-hawādith (Absolute dissimilarity to created things), (5) Qiyāmuh taʿāla bī nafsih (Self-subsistence), (6) al-Wahdāniyah (Oneness), (7) al- Qudrah (Power), (8) al-Irādah (Will), (9) al-ʿIlm (Knowledge), (10) al- Hayāh (Life) (11) al-Samʿ (Hearing), (12) al-Baṣr (Sight), (13) al- Kalām (Speech). 6 To believe that the Angels are the honourable servants of Allah , who do not disobey Him and do as they are commanded. They are created from light, not characterized by gender, neither male nor female, nor do they eat or drink. It is wājib to know ten of them: (1) Jibrīl, (2) Mīkāʾīl, (3) Isrāfīl, (4) ʿIzrāʾīl, (5) Munkar, (6) Nakīr, (7) Riḍwān, (8) Mālik, (9) Raqīb, and (10) ʿĀ tīd. 7 To believe in all the Books revealed by Allah to His messengers. It is wājib to know four books in particular: (1) the Tawrah of Nabī Mūsā 4 Islam and Iman 4. To believe in His Messengers.8 5. To believe in the Final Day.9 6. To believe in Destiny, good and evil, is from Allah the Exalted.10 , (2) the Zabur of Nabī Dāwud , (3) the Injīl of Nabī ʿĪsā  and (4) the Qurʾān of Nabī Muhammad . 8 To believe in the Prophets and Messengers of Allah , that Allah  sent them to man and jinn to guide them to the path of the Truth. Four attributes are necessary for all Messengers (1) Truthfullness, (2) Trustworthiness, (3) Conveying the message, and (4) Intelligence. It is wājib to know twenty-five of them: (1) Adām, (2) Idrīs (Enoch), (3) Nūh (Noah), (4) Hūd, (5) Ṣalīh, (6) Lūṭ (Lot), (7) Ibrāhīm (Abraham), (8) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael), (9) Ishāq (Isaac), (10) Yaʿqūb (Jacob), (11) Yūsuf (Joseph), (12) Shūʿaib, (13) Ayyūb (Job), (14) Dhul Kiflī (Ezekiel), (15) Mūsā (Moses), (16) Hārūn (Aaron), (17) Dāwud (David), (18) Sūlaymān (Soloman), (19) Ilyās (Elias), (20) al-Yāsaʿ (Elisha), (21) Yūnus (Jonah), (22) Zakariyyā (Zacharias), (23) Yahyā (John), (24) ʿĪsā (Jesus), and (25) Muḥammad (Peace and Salutation upon him and upon all of them). 9 To believe that everyone will die, and will then be resurrected. It also means to believe without doubt in Jannah (Heaven) and Jahannam (Hell), the Mīzān (Scale), the Ṣirāṭ (Path - the bridge over the Fire), the Questioning in the grave, the Reckoning (after the Resurrection), the Recompense (in Paradise), Punishment (for some sinful believers) and Torment (eternal for the unbeliever). Some will be put in Hell out of justice and some in Paradise out of Allah‟s sheer generosity. 10 To believe that Allah  has ordained both good and evil before creating the creation and that all that has been and all that will be exists only through Allah‟s Qaḍāʾ (Decree), Qadr (Foreordinance) and Irādah (Will). 5 Islam and Iman Section: The meaning of the Kalimah is “In reality none is worthy of worship except Allah”. 6 Al-Ahkam al-Sharʿiyyah Al-Ahkam al-Sharʿiyyah Note: Al-Ahkam al-Sharʿiyyah - The Rulings of the Sacred Law: In the Shāfiʿī Madhhab (school of thought), the actions of those who are obligated to observe the precepts of religion take one of five rulings: 1. The Wājib (obligatory) action: One will be rewarded for performing them and will be liable for punishment upon abandoning them. 2. The Mandūb (recommended) action: One will be rewarded for performing them and will not be liable for punishment upon abandoning them. 3. The Mubāḥ (permissible) action: One will not be rewarded for performing them and will not be liable for punishment upon abandoning them. 4. The Makrūh (offensive) action: One will be rewarded for abandoning them and will not be liable for punishment upon performing them. 5. The Ḥarām (forbidden) action: One will be rewarded for abandoning them and will be liable for punishment upon performing them. 7 Taharah  8 Taharah Taharah The Signs of Puberty Section: The Signs of Puberty are Three:1 1. Reaching the age of 15 (lunar) years for a male or a female. 2. Experiencing a wet dream by a 9 year old boy or girl. 3. Menstruation for a 9 year old girl.2 1 When a child reaches the age of seven and is mumayyiz (discerning) i.e. he can eat, drink and clean himself after using the toilet unassisted, he is ordered to perform ṣalāh and all other injunctions pertaining to ṣalāh (e.g. wuḍūʾ). When he reaches ten, he will be beaten for neglecting it, not severely, but so as to discipline the child, and not more than three strikes. ṣalāh and other injuctions of Sharīʿah become wājib when a child reaches the age of puberty. 2 Pregnancy is not a sign of puberty, rather an emission of sexual fluid prior to pregnancy is. 9 Taharah The Conditions for Using a Stone Section: The Conditions for Using a Stone3 (to clean the private parts) are Eight:4 1. Three5 stones should be used.6 2. It should purify.7 3. The impurity should not be completely dry.8 4. The impurity should not have spread out.9 5. No other impurity should come upon it. 3 Stones suffice to clean oneself, though it is best to follow this up by washing with water. 4 It is wājib to use water if one of these conditions is not found. 5 It is wājib to use either three stones or even three sides of one stone when one is sufficient to remove impurities. Otherwise one needs to repeat using a stone that suffices in removing the impurity. It is sunnah to use an odd number of stones (meaning three, five, seven etc.). 6 Anything that is solid, pure and removes filth. Something deserving respect (e.g. paper; an instrument of knowledge) or something edible can not replace the use of stones. 7 It means to remove the filth so that nothing remains but a trace that could not be removed unless one were to use water. When this has been done, any remaining effect of impurity is excusable. 8 If the impurity becomes dry, using a stone will no longer suffice. 9 Impurity should not reach another part of the body. 10 Taharah 6. The impurity should not go beyond the inner buttock10 and the head of the penis. 7. Water should not splash onto the stone.11 8. The stones to be used should be pure. The Sunnah Way for Using a Stone Note: The Sunnah Way for Using a Stone: 1. Begin to wipe from front to back on the right side with the first stone, similarly wipe the left with the second, and wipe both sides and the anus with the third. Each wiping must begin at a point on the skin that is free of impurity. 2. It is sunnah (recommended) to add an odd number of stones e.g. five, seven and so on. 3. It is makrūh (offensive) to use the right hand to clean the impurity. 10 Inner buttock refers to that which is enfolded when standing. 11 It will not be valid to use a wet stone. 11 Taharah The Obligatory Acts of Wuḍūʾ Section: The Obligatory Acts of Wuḍūʾ (Ritual Ablution) are Six: 1. Intention.12 2. Washing the face.13 3. Washing both hands and arms including the elbows.14 4. Wiping any part of the head.15 5. Washing the feet including the ankles. 6. Tartīb (to observe the above-mentioned sequence). The Intention 12 The person performing ablution either intends removing a state of ḥadath (ritual impurity) or purification for the ṣalāh. 13 Washing the entire face, from the point where the hairline usually begins to the chin in length, and from ear to ear in width. 14 Washing both arms completely, up-to and including the elbows once. 15 The minimum is to wipe part of a single hair, provided this part does not hang below the limit of the head (i.e. below the hairline). 12 Taharah Section: Intention is to intend something simultaneously with the action; its place is in the heart. To make a verbal intention is a sunnah; its time is at the beginning of washing the first portion of the face. Tartīb (sequence) is to observe the sequence of the wuḍūʾ, such that no latter limb of wuḍūʾ should precede a former limb. The Sunnah Way to Perform Wuḍūʾ Note: The Sunnah Way to Perform Wuḍūʾ (Ritual Ablution): 1. Recite taʿawwudh: I take refuge in Allah from the accursed Shaitan (to recite Aʿudhubillah completely), and basmalah: In the name of Allah, Most Merciful, Most Compassionate (to recite Bismillah completely). 2. Wash the hands up-to and including the wrists three times. 3. Use the miswāk (toothstick), and then rinse the mouth and nose out three times, with three handfuls of water. One takes in a mouthful from a handful of water and snifts up some of the rest of the handful into the nostrils thrice. 4. Wash the entire face, from the point where the hairline usually begins to the chin in length, and from ear to ear in width, three times. It is obligatory to wash all facial hair – inner, outer, as well as the skin beneath the hair, whether the hair is thick or thin – such as the eyebrows, moustache and so forth except for a thick beard. 13 Taharah 5. Wash both arms completely, up-to and including the elbows, three times. It is sunnah to pass the fingers through each other. 6. Wipe the head by passing the wet hands from the front of the head, sliding the paired hands to the back up to the nape of the neck, and then return them to point of commencement, three times. 7. Wipe the inside of the ears with the fingertips and their outside with the thumbs, with fresh water, three times. 8. Wash the feet up-to and including the ankles, three times. Allow the water to pass between the toes by using the little finger of the left hand, beginning with the little toe of the right foot, and ending with the little toe on the left. 9. During wuḍūʾ, it is sunnah: - to wash the limbs successively, - to begin with the right when washing the arms and legs, but both hands, cheeks, or ears, are washed simultaneously, - to begin with the top of the face and not to splash the water onto it, - to avoid splashing water onto oneself, - to face the qiblah, not to talk except for a necessity, and - not to waste water. 14 Taharah The Cleanliness of the Body Note: The Cleanliness of the Body: It is sunnah (1) to trim the fingernails and toenails, (2) to clip moustache to the extent that the pink of the upper lip is visible, it should not be plucked or shaved, (3) to pluck (or to shave) the hair of the underarms and nostrils, and to shave the pubic hair (4) to apply kuhl (an antimonic compound), (5) to apply henna for women. Circumcision is wājib for both men and women. It is ḥarām for both; men and women to dye their hair black, except with the intention of jihād. Water is Either a Little or Abundant Section: Water16 is Either a Little or Abundant.17  A little amount of water is that which is less than two qullahs. 16 The definition of māʾ al-mutlaq (general water) is that water which is without any attributes. 17 It is not permissible to remove hadath (wuḍūʾ or ritual bath) or remove impurity except with “general water”. 15 Taharah  Abundant water that which is two qullahs (approximately 190 litres) or more.  A little amount of water will become impure when any impurity18 falls into it, even though the water does not change.19  Abundant water will not become impure except when its taste, colour or smell changes. The Things Make a Ritual Bath Compulsory Section: The Things Make a Ritual Bath Compulsory are Six: 1. Insertion the head of the penis into the vagina.20 2. Discharge of semen.21 18 If an impurity which is so small (e.g. impurity on the leg of a fly) that it is indiscernible by eyesight (meaning an average look that is neither a negligent glance nor a detailed inspection) or a dead creature without flowing blood falls into it, in both cases the water remains purifying. This applies to both running or stagnant water. 19 Even though none of the water‟s characteristics (i.e. taste, colour or smell) have changed. 20 Insertion of the head of the penis into the front or back private part of a male or female human, or animal, adult or minor, living or dead, will necessitate a ritual bath. 16 Taharah 3. Menstruation.22 4. Postnatal bleeding.23 5. Childbirth.24 6. Death.25 The Compulsory Acts of a Ritual Bath Section: The Compulsory Acts of a Ritual Bath are Two: 1. Intention.26 2. To ensure that water reaches the entire body.27 21 Male sperm and female sexual fluid are recognized by the fact that they (1) come in spurts by contractions, (2) with sexual gratification and (3) when moist, smell like bread dough, and when dry, like egg-white. 22 Periodic discharge of blood from the vagina. 23 Blood discharged after giving birth. 24 Ritual bath becomes wājib even in the case of dry birth or miscarriage. 25 It is wājib to give a bath to a Muslim who is non-martyr. It is not wājib to give a bath to a disbeliever, though it is permissible. It is ḥarām to give a bath and to offer ṣalāh upon a martyr. 26 The intention is of removing hadath or janābah (major ritual impurity) or removing the impurity of haiḍ (menstruation). One bath will suffice with the intention of removing both major ritual impurity and the sunnah of the Friday prayer, though if only one intention is made, the bath counts for that one but not the other. 27 The water reaches all of the hair and skin, to the roots of the hair, under the nails and the outwardly visible portion of the ear canals, including the area under the foreskin of an uncircumcized man, and the 17 Taharah The Sunnah Way to Perform a Ritual Bath Note: The Sunnah Way to Perform a Ritual Bath: 4. To begin in the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate (to recite Bismillah completely). 5. To remove any dirt or impurity on the body. 6. To perform wuḍūʾ as the wuḍūʾ of ṣalāh. 7. To pour water over the head three times intending to remove a major hadath (ritual impurity) or haiḍ (menstruation). 8. To pour water over the right side of the body three times and then left side three times, ensuring that water reaches all joints and folds, and to rub oneself. 9. It is sunnah to apply musk (or any other fragrance) on a piece of cotton and insert it into the vagina if the bath was taken because of haiḍ. private part of a non-virgin woman which is normally exposed when she squats to relieve herself. 18 Taharah The Conditions of Wuḍūʾ Section: The Conditions of Wuḍūʾ are Ten:28 1. Islām. 2. The age of understanding.29 3. Cleanliness from menstruation and postnatal bleeding. 4. Being free from that which prevents the water from reaching the skin. 5. Nothing should be upon the limb that will change the (qualities of the) water. 6. Knowledge of it (wuḍūʾ) being obligatory. 7. Not to assume the farḍ (obligatory) acts as sunnah (recommended).30 8. Pure water. 9. – 10. Entering of the time (of ṣalāh)31 and Continuity, for a person who constantly remains in the state of impurity. 28 The conditions for the validity of wuḍūʾ, these conditions are also applied for a ritual bath. 29 A child reaches the stage of mumayyiz (discerning) when he can eat, drink and clean himself after using the toilet unassisted. 30 For the general public, it is suffice to know some of its acts are farḍ and some are sunnah. 31 Wuḍūʾ or a ritual bath should be performed after the entering of the ṣalāhs‟ time for farḍ ṣalāh or at a particular time for sunnah ṣalāh (e.g. dhuhā). 19 Taharah The Factors that Nullify the Wuḍūʾ Section: The Factors that Nullify the Wuḍūʾ are Four: 1. Anything that exits from either the front or the rear private parts, whether wind or anything else,32 except semen.33 2. Loss of intellect34 through sleep or other causes,35 except sleep while firmly seated on the ground. 3. Skin-to-skin contact between an adult,36 non-mahram (marriageable), male and female without any barrier.37 32 Or anything else whether common or uncommon such as a worm or stone but not manī (semen). 33 An example of this being someone firmly seated who sleeps and has a wet dream, or someone who looks at something lustfully and sperm or sexual fluid are emitted. 34 Meaning the loss of the ability to distinguish. 35 Or other causes like insanity, drunkenness etc. excludes drowsing and daydreaming, which do not break wuḍūʾ. Among the signs of drowsing is that one can hear the words of those present, even though without comprehension. 36 Adult means the age that usually stirs up sexual desire in a person. Wuḍūʾ will not break if this is only found in one of the two. 20 Taharah 4. Touching the private parts of a human with the palm or inner surface of the fingers.38 The forbidden Actions in the State of Impurity 37 The wuḍūʾ will break even if they touch without sexual desire, or unintentionally, and even if be with the tongue or a malfunctional surplus limb. Touching does not include contact with teeth, nails, hair or a severed limb. Wuḍūʾ is also broken by touching an aged person or a corpse of the opposite sex. 38 Those parts of the palm which touch each-other when the hands are put together palm to palm. 21 Taharah Section: The Forbidden Actions for a Person in the State of Minor Impurity (in need of wuḍūʾ) are Four: (1) Ṣalāh, (2) ṭawāf, (3) touching or (4) carrying the Qurʾān.39 The Forbidden Actions for a Person in the State of Major Impurity (in Need of Ritual Bath) are Six: (1) Ṣalah, (2) ṭawāf, (3) touching, (4) carrying or (5) reciting the Qurʾān and (6) to remain in the masjid. The Forbidden Actions for a Person in the State of Menstruation are Ten: (1) Salat, (2) ṭawāf, (3) touching or, (4) carrying the Qurʾān, (5) to remain in the masjid, (6) reciting the Qurʾān, (7) fasting, (8) divorce, (9) to pass through the masjid for a woman who thinks her blood might soil the masjid, and (10) to take sexual pleasure from what is between the navel and the knees. 39 It is not permissible to touch the Qurʾān, whether its writing, the spaces between its lines, its margins, binding, the carrying strap attached to it, or the bag or box it is in. However, it is permissible to carry a Qurʾān in baggage and to carry money, rings, or clothes on which Qurʾān is written. 22 Taharah The Causes of Tayammum Section: The Causes of Tayammum (Dry Ablution) are Three: 1. Absence of water.40 2. Illness.41 3. Need for water exists by (oneself or) worthy animals.42 The following six people or animals are classified unworthy: 1. A person who forsakes ṣalāh. 2. A convicted married adulterer. 3. An Apostate. 4. A non-Muslim from a non-Muslim country that has war with the Muslim country. 5. A vicious dog. 6. A pig. 40 If there is a little water that is insufficient for attaining purity, water should be used as much as possible and then tayammum should be performed for the rest of the limbs. 41 An ailment that a person fears water would cause, (1) harm to life or limb, (2) disability, (3) becoming seriously ill, (4) an increase in one‟s ailment, (5) a delay in recovering from one‟s illness, (6) considerable pain, or (7) a bad effect from the water such as a radical change in one‟s skin colour or a visible part of the body. 42 There is fear of one‟s own thirst, or that of worthy companions and animals with one, even if be in the future. 23 Taharah The Conditions of Tayammum Section: The Conditions of Tayammum are Ten: 1. It must be performed with (dust of) the earth.43 2. The dust must be pure. 3. The dust must not be used (i.e. already used on a limb or has been dusted off a limb). 4. The dust must not be mixed with flour or anything like flour.44 5. A person should intend the earth.45 6. He should wipe his face and both hands with two strikes of dust. 43 It does not matter whether the earth is red, black, yellow or salty in which nothing grows. It is not permissible to perform tayammum with earth that has been turned to ashes or with clay pottery that has been pounded and softened. 44 Like saffron or lime. 45 Therefore, if the wind blew earth onto a person and one then passed one‟s hands over one‟s face and arms, the tayammum will not be valid even though one stood in the wind with intention of having sand blown over one. 24 Taharah 7. He should first remove any impurity. 8. He should determine the direction of the qiblah before commencing the tayammum.46 9. He should make tayammum after the entering of the time (of the ṣalāh). 10. He should make tayammum for every farḍ (ṣalāh).47 The Integrals of Tayammum Section: The Integrals of Tayammum are Five: 1. Transfer of earth (to the body).48 2. Intention.49 3. Wiping of the face.50 46 The preferred view is that tayammum will be correct if it has been performed after the entering of the time of ṣalāh even before a person determines the direction of the qiblah. 47 Several sunnahs ṣalāh can be performed with the farḍ ṣalāh, either before or after the farḍ ṣalāh. 48 Therefore, it will not suffice to merely pass the hands over the face or arms with the intention of tayammum when they already have dust on them. 49 The intention of making ṣalāh permissible – it will not suffice to make the intention of removing the hadath. 25 Taharah 4. Wiping of the two hands including the elbows. 5. Following the sequence between both wipings.51 The Factors That Nullify Tayammum Section: The Factors That Nullify Tayammum are Three. 1. Those things which nullify the ablution. 2. Apostacy. 3. Presumption that one can now obtain water (in the case where tayammum was made due to lack of water).52 50 It is not necessary to make the earth reach the skin under the hair of the face and arms. It is however necessary to pass the hands over that part of the beard which is visible. 51 It is necessary to pass the hand over the face before passing them over the arms. 52 This will apply even if one sees a mirage (thinking it to be water), or sees people who may have water, but it will not break if something prevents usage of the water for wuḍūʾ. For example, one sighted water but it is only sufficient for drinking or an enemy prevents one from acquiring it. 26 Taharah The Sunnah Way to Perform Tayammum Note: The Sunnah Way to Perform Tayammum (Dry Ablution): 1. Begin in the name of Allah, Most Merciful, Most Compassionate (to recite Bismillah completely). 2. Wipe the upper face before the lower. 3. Wipe the right arm before the left. 4. For wiping the arms, hold the palms up, placing the left hand crosswise under the right with the left hand‟s fingers touching the back of the fingers of the right hand, passing the left hand up-to the right wrist. Then, curling the fingers around the side of the right wrist, one passes the left hand to the right elbow, then turns the left palm so it rests on the top of the right forearm with its thumb pointed away from one before passing it back down to the wrist, where one wipes the back of the right thumb with the inside of the left thumb. One then wipes the left arm in the same manner, followed by interlacing the fingers, rubbing the palms together, and then dusting the hands off lightly. 5. One separates the fingers when striking the earth each of the two times, and one must remove one‟s ring for the second, before wiping the arms. 27 Taharah Three Types of Impurities That Can Be Purified Section: Three Types of Impurities That Can Be Purified: 1. Wine53 that becomes vinegar on its own.54 2. The hide of a dead animal that is tanned.55 3. Creatures that are born out of filth.56 53 Wine or any liquid intoxicant is impure, but solid intoxicants are pure although they are unlawful to take, eat or drink. 54 “On its own” without anything being mixed with it. If anything was mixed with the wine before it became vinegar, then turning it to vinegar does not purify it. 55 Tanning means removing from a hide all excess blood, fat, hair, and so forth by using an acrid substance, even if be impure. Other measures such as using salt, earth, or sunlight, are insufficient. Hides of dog or pig cannot be purified by tanning. Any hair that remains after tanning has not been purified. However, a little is excusable. 56 Such as worms that grow in carrion. 28 Taharah Impurities Section: Impurities are of Three Types: 1. Mughallaẓah (heavy). 2. Mukhaffafah (light). 3. Mutawassiṭah (moderate). Heavy impurity is the impurity from a dog, pig, or their offspring. Light impurity is the urine of a baby (boy) which only feeds on milk57 and is not yet two years of age.58 All other remaining impurities are moderate impurities.59 57 Whether the milk of his mother or an animal‟s milk, pure or impure, it will not change the ruling of it being considered a light impurity. 58 Making “taḥnīk” (introducing something sweet, such as a date, into the mouth of a newborn child) or giving a child medicine will not change the ruling. 59 Example of a moderate impurity: urine, excreta, blood, pus, vomit, wine, any liquid intoxicant, wadī, madhī, slaughtered animals that may not be eaten, unslaughtered dead animals (other than aquatic life, locusts or human beings), the milk of animals that may not be eaten (other than human), the hair of unslaughtered dead animals and the hair of animals that may not be eaten (other than human) when separated from them during their life. 29 Taharah   Section:  Heavy impurity becomes pure by removing it and then washing it seven times,60 one of which should be with earth.61  Light impurity will be purified by removing the actual impurity and sprinkling adequate water upon it (the amount of water sprinkled should be greater than the amount of urine).  Moderate impurity is of two kinds: (1) that which has a substance and (2) that without a substance. 1. That which has a substance is that which has a colour, smell and taste. It is necessary to remove its colour, smell and taste.62 60 Something that becomes impure by contact and that is restricted to contamination by traces of moisture from dog or pig, whether saliva, urine or anything moist from them, or any of their dry parts that have become moist. If something dry such as the animal‟s breath or hair touches a person, it need only be removed. 61 Earth cannot be substituted with something else like soap or detergent etc. 62 It is wājib to remove all of its taste, even if it be difficult, and to remove both colour and smell if not difficult. If any of the smell or 30 Taharah 2. The one which has no substance is the one that does not have a colour, smell and taste. It is sufficient that water flows over it.63 The menstrual period Section:  The minimum menstrual period is a day and a night.64 It generally lasts for six or seven days and the maximum period is 15 days and nights.65 colour alone is difficult to remove, then the fact that one of these two remains does not affect the purity. However, if both the colour and smell remain in a spot, it is not considered pure. 63 If the effects of sun, fire, or wind remove the traces of the impurity, the ground is still not pure until water has been poured over it. 64 It the blood ceases to flow in less than twenty-four hours, then it is not considered haiḍ (menstruation) and the woman must make-up the ṣalāh she omitted during it. If it ceases at twenty-four hours, within fifteen days, or between the two (the blood discharged discontinuously 31 Taharah  The minimum interval of purity between two menstruations is 15 days. Generally it lasts for 23 or 24 days and there is no maximum limit to the number of days between two menstruations.  The minimum postnatal bleeding is a single discharge of blood. Generally it lasts for 40 days and the maximum period is 60 days. within 15 days and the duration of the blood discharged is 24 hours or more), then it is haiḍ. 65 If it exceeds fifteen days, then she is a woman with istihāḍah (chronic vaginal discharge). 32 33 Salah  34 Salah Salah The Valid Excuses for Delaying the ṣalāh Section: The Valid Excuses for Delaying the Ṣalāh from its Prescribed Time are Two:1 (1) Sleep2 and (2) forgetfulness.3 1 A third excuse is for a person who delayed the ṣalāh to combine two ṣalāhs during a journey. 2 A person was asleep before the time of ṣalāh commenced and remained asleep until the time ended. When any ṣalāh is due but not yet performed, and one wishes to lie down for a while and he is certain to awaken in time to carry out this duty, it will be makrūh for him to sleep or lie down. However, if he is not at all certain as to whether he will wake up in time or not, it is ḥarām. 3 A person forgot that he did not perform the ṣalāh and only remembered after the time of ṣalāh expired. This should not be due to unmindfulness due to engrossment in playing chess etc. in which case he will be sinful. 35 Salah The Conditions of the ṣalāh Section: The Conditions of the ṣalāh are Eight:4 1. Purity from the two ritual impurities.5 2. Purity of the clothing, the body,6 and the place7 (of performing ṣalāh). 3. Covering the ʿawrah (private parts).8 4. Facing the qiblah.9 4 The author does not mention Islām and Mumayyidh as a condition because they are well known. 5 Purification from minor and major ritual impurity (hadath and janabah through wuḍūʾ and ritual bath respectively as well as from haiḍ and nifas). 6 One‟s ṣalāh is invalid if one is holding the end of a rope connected with something impure. 7 One‟s ṣalāh is valid if performed on the pure portion of a rug which is affected with some impurities, even if the rug or bed moves when one moves. The principle is that it is not permissible for a person in ṣalāh to support or carry any impurity but it is permissible for him to be supported by it, provided he is not in direct contact with the impurity. 8 It is a necessary condition that the clothing prevents the colour of the skin from being exposed and covers the ʿawrah from all sides including above. It is not necessary to cover the ʿawrah from below. A thin garment through which the colour of the skin is visible is not sufficient. 36 Salah 5. The commencement of the time of ṣalāh.10 6. Knowledge of it being farḍ. 7. Not to regard any of its farḍ acts as sunnah.11 8. To abstain from those factors that nullifies the ṣalāh. Ritual Impurities are of two types Ritual Impurities are of two types: (1) minor ritual impurities and (2) major ritual impurities. (1) A minor ritual impurity is that which makes wuḍūʾ wājib and (2) a major impurity is that which is makes bath wājib. 9 This is a necessary condition for the five farḍ ṣalāh which must be performed while facing the proper direction of qiblah whether a person is a musāfir (traveller) or a muqīm (non-traveller), riding in a vehicle or not. A musāfir may perform sunnah ṣalāh without facing the direction of qiblah. 10 A person must be certain about the commencement of the time of ṣalāh. If a person is uncertain about the commencement of the time of the ṣalāh which he has performed, that particular ṣalāh will not be correct, even if the ṣalāh was in fact carried out in its required time, unless he applies his ijtihad (discretion) to determine the time of the ṣalāh, in which case it will be correct. If he applies ijtihad and the ṣalāh was carried out before or after the time of the ṣalāh, the ṣalāh performed will be considered a qaḍāʾ ṣalāh if he has qaḍāʾ ṣalāh in his responsibility otherwise it will be considered a nafl ṣalāh. 11 A person‟s ṣalāh is not invalidated if he thinks that all of the actions in ṣalāh are farḍ. 37 Salah 38 Salah The ʿAwrahs The ʿAwrahs (Private parts) are Four Types: 1. The ʿawrah of a man generally12 and that of a slave-girl in ṣalāh is the area between the navel and the knees.13 2. The ʿawrah of a free woman in ṣalāh includes the whole body except the face and the two palms. 3. The ʿawrah of a free woman and that of a slave girl in the presence of a stranger is the entire body. 4. The ʿawrah of a free woman and a slave girl in the presence of a mahram (unmarriageable kin) or women is the area between the navel and the knees. 12 Men includes young boys, even if they are not yet of the age of understanding. It generally means in all conditions; wether in ṣalāh or outside ṣalāh. 13 The knees and the navel themselves are not part of the ʿawrah, but it is wājib to cover them in order to fulfil the command of covering the ʿawrah completely. 39 Salah Adhān and Iqāmah Note: Adhān (The Call for ṣalāh) and Iqāmah (The Call to Commence the ṣalāh)  Adhān and Iqāmah are both sunnah for the farḍ ṣalāh, wether praying alone or in a second jamaah of ṣalāh.  To call out the adhān is better than being the imām for the ṣalāh.  The words of the adhān:  It is sunnah to recite the two testifications in a low voice before calling it aloud: 40 Salah  To add in the ṣubh ṣalāh before the final takbir (Allahu Akbar):  The words of the iqāmah: When giving the adhān and iqāmah, it is mustaḥab (recommended):  To be in the state of wuḍūʾ, to stand, to face the qiblah, to turn the head (not the chest or feet) to the right when saying, “ ” and to the left when saying, “ ”.  To call out the adhān calmly and slowly, pausing for an interval after each phrase of the adhān equal to the duration of the phrase (except for repetitions of “Allahu akbar”), 41 Salah which are said in pairs and to give iqāmah rapidly without pausing.  To repeat each phrase after the muadhdhin, even if in the state of janābah (major ritual impurity), during menstruation, or when reciting the Qurʾān.  It is makrūh to call out the adhān in the state of hadath (minor ritual impurity), more severe to do so in a state of janabah (major ritual impurity), and even worse to give iqāmah while in either of these two states.  After the words “ ” and “ ” one replies:  After the words “ ” one replies:  After the words “ ” one replies:  To recite the following duʿā after the adhān: 42 Salah The conditions for the muadhdhin:  (1) Islām, (2) mumayyidh (the age of understanding), (3) sanity and, (4) male if the adhān is for a jamāʿah of men. 43 Salah  The Integrals of the ṣalāh Section: The Integrals of the ṣalāh are Seventeen: 1. Intention.14 2. Takbīrat al-iḥrām (The opening statement: “Allahu Akbar”).15 14 To make intention in the heart is wājib and mustaḥab to utter it with the tongue. The intention should be simultaneous with the takbīrat al- iḥrām and remains till the completion of the takbīr. 15 Takbīrat al-iḥrām can only be in Arabic with the word, “Allahu akbar,” or “Allahul akbar”. The minimal valid audibility is that it can be heard through normal hearing. The imām calls out the takbīr aloud every time in ṣalāh. It is mustaḥab to raise the hands from the beginning of the takbīrat al-iḥrām to shoulder level, meaning that one‟s fingertips are even with the tip of the ears, thumbs with the earlobes, and palms with one‟s shoulders, fingers slightly outspread, the palms face the direction of qiblah and the hands are uncovered (i.e. not hidden beneath a shawl). After the takbīr, one places the hands below the chest and above the navel, grasping the left wrist with the right hand, and fixing 44 Salah 3. Standing in the farḍ ṣalāh for those who have the ability.16 4. Recitation of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah.17 5. Rukuʿ (bowing).18 6. Remaining motionless for a moment therein (rukuʿ). 7. Iʿtidāl (Straightening up after rukuʿ).19 8. Remaining motionless for a moment therein (iʿtidāl) 9. Two sajdahs (prostrations).20 10. Remaining motionless for a moment therein (sajdah). 11. Sitting between the two sajdahs.21 12. Remaining motionless for a moment therein (sitting). one‟s gaze on the place where one‟s forehead will prostrate. The complete takbīrat al-iḥrām must be made while standing. 16 Standing is a rukn (integral) in all farḍ ṣalāh for one who can stand, whether by himself or assisted by another, however it is not a rukn in nafl ṣalāh. Standing requires that the spine be straight. One is not standing if one leans so forward that the backbone is no longer straight, or bends so that one is closer to rukuʿ (bowing) than to standing. 17 Sūrah al-Fātiḥah can be recited from memory or by looking into the muṣḥaf etc. It is wājib to recite it in every rakʿah of ṣalāh whether loudly or silently, whether an imām, a follower or alone. 18 The best method is to raise one‟s hands and say, “Allahu Akbar” so that a person begins raising the hands as he starts the takbīr and when the hands are at shoulder level, he bows. It is mustaḥab to prolong the words of takbīr until one reaches the next posture in every takbīr so that no part of the ṣalāh is without dhikr. Thereafter, the hands are placed on the knees, fingers apart, with back and neck extended, leg straight and elbows out, although women keep them close, then one recites tasbih three times. 19 The iʿtidāl is to return to the posture one was in before the rukuʿ, whether one was standing or sitting. It is wājib to intend nothing by one‟s movement except iʿtidāl. 20 In every rakʿah. 21 In every rakʿah and to intend nothing but sitting by one‟s movement. 45 Salah 13. Recite tashahhud at the end of ṣalāh. 14. Sitting therein (tashahhud). 15. Ṣalāh upon Nabi  therein (tashahhud). 16. Salām.22 17. To follow the sequence (of the above integral postures of ṣalāh). 22 Ending the ṣalāh with salām. Someone who is not a masbūq (latecomer) to a jamāʿah ṣalāh may sit as long as he wishes after the imām‟s salām to supplicate, finishing with his own salām whenever he wishes. 46 Salah Description of the ṣalāh Note: Description of the Ṣalāh: Sunan Before Commencing the Ṣalāh: To stand for the ṣalāh after the completion of the iqāmah, to be in the first row, to make the row straight, especially for the imām when he should enjoin upon the jamāʿah to do so and to fill up the first row first, then the second, and so on. Commencing the Ṣalāh: One starts to make the takbīrat al-iḥrām with the intention in the heart. It is mustaḥab to recite the duʿā iftitah after the takbīrat al-iḥrām. After the duʿā iftitaḥ, it is mustaḥab to recite the taʿawwudh. Taʿawwudh is mustaḥab in every rakʿah and more emphasized in the first rakʿah. Then a person recites Sūrah al- Fātiḥah in every rakʿah and the basmalah is one of its verses. One says “Āmīn” at the end of the al-Fātiḥah, when following an imām, one says “Āmīn” when he does, and then a second time when he completes his own recital of the al-Fātiḥah. If one is the imām or praying alone, it is mustaḥab in the first and second rakʿah only to recite one complete sūrah even if it be short after the al-Fātiḥah. It is mustaḥab to recite the Qurʾān in a tartīl (distinct and pleasant way) observing the rules of tajwīd 47 Salah and to reflect upon its meanings and lessons. One recites a longer sūrah in the first rakʿah than in the second. Then one makes rukuʿ (bows) from the waist. The best way is to raise one‟s hands and say, “Allahu akbar” so that a person begins raising the hands as he starts the takbir and when the hands are at shoulder level, he bows. It is mustaḥab to prolong the words of takbir until one reaches the posture of rukuʿ. Then one makes iʿtidāl (straightening up), the best way is to raise the hand lifting them from the knees as one starts straightening up, raising them to shoulder level and the head together, saying, “samiʿallahu liman ḥamidah.” When one is standing upright, one says, “Rabbanā lakal ḥamd.” Then one makes sajdah (prostrates), the best way is to say, “Allahu Akbar,” and to put the knees down first, then the hands, and then the forehead and nose, keeping the hands directly under one‟s shoulders, with the fingers together, extended towards the direction of qiblah, and the hands uncovered. For men to maintain a one span gap between the two knees and two feet whilst women keep them together. For men to keep the stomach away from the thighs, and forearms from the sides, whilst women keep them together, and to recite “tasbīh” three times. It is commendable to supplicate before Allah  while prostrating. Then one raises the head and sits before prostrating a second time, the best way is to say, “Allahu akbar,” as one raises 48 Salah the head, to sit in “iftirāsh,” which is to place the left foot on its side and to sit upon it while keeping the right foot on the bottom of its toes, heel up. To place both one‟s hands on the thighs near the knees, fingers extended and held together and to recite the duʿā, “Rabbighfirlī, warḥamnī, wajburnī, warfaʿnī, warzuqnī, wahdinī, waʿāfinī, waʿfuʿannī.” Then one prostrates again just as before and after this one raises the head, saying, “Allahu akbar,” as one first raises it, prolonging the takbir until one is standing upright. It is sunnah, here and in each rakʿah that is not followed by the tashahhud, to briefly rest in the iftirāsh style of sitting before rising. Then one rises, supported by both hands, palms down, and prolonging the takbir until standing. This is called “jilsat al- istirāhah” and is not done after “sajdah al-tilawah”. Then one performs the second rakʿah of the ṣalāh just like the first, except for the initial intention, the takbīrat al-iḥrām, and duʿā iftitah. If one‟s ṣalāh exceeds two rakʿahs, one sits in iftirāsh after the first two rakʿahs and recites the tashahhud and the ṣalāh upon the Nabi , but not upon his family (which is done in the final tashahhud). Then one rises, saying, “Allahu akbar,” and supported on one‟s hands as before. When standing, one raises the hands to shoulder level (which one does here, but not after rising form the first or third rakʿah), and then goes on to perform 49 Salah the remainder of the ṣalāh as one did in the second rakʿah, except that one recites the al-Fātiḥah to oneself and does not recite a sūrah after it. One sits at the end of one‟s ṣalāh for the last tashahhud in the “tawarruk” style of sitting, with one left posterior on the ground and left foot on its side, emerging from under the right, which is vertical. In the two tashahhuds, the left hand rests on the left thigh near the knee, its fingers extended and held together. The right hand is similarly placed, but is held closed with its thumb touching the side of the index finger, which alone is left extended. One raises the index finger and points with it when one says the words, “illallah,” in the tashahhud. Closing the ṣalāh: Then one says the final “salām”. The best way is to say, “Assalāmu ʿalaykum waraḥmatullah,” and to turn the head to the right enough to show the right cheek to those behind. One thereby intends to finish the ṣalāh and intends to make salām to the Angels and Muslims whether human or jinn on the right. Then turns one‟s head to the left and repeat the salām, intending to greet those on the left. The follower may intend one of the salāms to be a response to the salām of the imām. 50 Salah It is mustaḥab to make dhikr and duʿā silently after ṣalāh. Al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī mentioned in al-Umm, “I prefer that the imām and follower make dhikr after the salām, and do so silently, unless the imām wants to be learned from, in which case he says the dhikr aloud until he believes that the congregation has learned from him, after which he will say it silently.” The imām turns for dhikr and duʿā so that his right side is towards the jamāʿah and his left side towards the qiblah. He leaves his place as soon as he finishes. If there are no women (in which case he waits for them to leave first). It is mustaḥab for the followers to remain seated until the imām stands. 51 Salah Three Degrees of Intention Section: There are Three Degrees of Intention: If the ṣalāh is farḍ, it is compulsory to intend:23 a. The act of ṣalāh – the intention of performing ṣalāh. b. The actual ṣalāh that is being offered e.g. Ẓuhr or ʿAṣr. c. It being a farḍ ṣalāh. If the ṣalāh is a periodic nafl like “rawātīb”24 or it has a specific reason25, it is compulsory to intend: a. The act of ṣalāh – the intention of performing ṣalāh. b. The actual ṣalāh that is being offered e.g. sunnah before ṣubh or “Istisqāʾ” (ṣalāh seeking rain). If the ṣalāh is a muṭlaq nafl,26 it is compulsory to intend: a. The act of ṣalāh – the intention of performing ṣalāh. 23 It is sufficient for a person to make intention to offer the farḍ ṣalāh of Ẓuhr. 24 Those sunnah ṣalāh performed either before or after the five farḍ ṣalāh. 25 Like the ṣalāh of ʿEid al-Fiṭr or ṣalāh al-istisqāʾ (seeking rain). It is sufficient that a person makes intention to offer ṣalāh of „Eid al-Fiṭr or al-istisqāʾ. 26 Those nafl ṣalāh that have no time or cause. A person performs them when one wants for additional rewards. It is sufficient to merely make the intention of performing ṣalāh for these ṣalāh. 52 Salah The Conditions of Takbīrat al-iḥrām Section: The Conditions of Takbīrat al-iḥrām are Sixteen: 1. That it is pronounced while standing in the farḍ ṣalāh. 2. That it be in Arabic. 3. That it be with the word “Allahu”. 4. That it be with the word “akbar”. 5. The sequence between these two words “Allahu akbar” is followed. 6. Not to lengthen the hamzah of the word “Allah”.27 27 By reciting it as “Āllahu akbar,” this can result in the meaning changing. 53 Salah 7. Not to lengthen the letter of “ba” of “akbar”.28 8. Not to double the letter of “ba”.29 9. Not to add a “waw” sakin or mutaharrik between these two words.30 10. Not to add a “waw” before the word “Allah”. 11. Not to pause for a long or short while between these two words. 12. To hear oneself uttering its entire letters.31 13. Entering of the time of ṣalāh. 14. For it to occur while facing towards the qiblah. 15. Not to change even a single letter. 16. To delay the takbir of the maʾmūm (follower) till after the takbir of the imām. 28 By reciting it as “Allahu akbār,” this can result in the meaning changing. 29 By reciting it with the tashdīd. 30 By reciting it as “Allahū akbar” or “Allahu wakbar”. 31 That one can hear them oneself, given normal hearing and lack of extraneous noise. There is no need to raise one‟s voice if there is lot of noise. 54 Salah The Conditions of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah Section: The Conditions of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah are Ten: 1. Sequence. 2. Continuity.32 3. To perfect (pronunciation of) it‟s letters. 4. To perfect it‟s tashdīds. 5. Not to pause for a long or short while with the intention of terminating the recitation. 6. Reciting all its verses including the “basmalah”. 7. Not to commit a mistake that alters the meaning.33 8. To recite it while standing in the farḍ ṣalāh.34 9. To hear one‟s own recitation. 32 The al-Fātiḥah is not considered to be interrupted if a one replies to the “Āmīn” of the imām, reminding him of the right ayat (verse) when he errs, prostrates with the imām in “sajdah tilāwah”, forgetfully falls silent or absentmindedly adds some dhikr in it. 33 If one omits one of the al-Fātiḥah‟s letters, fails to double a letter that should be doubled, or substitutes a wrong letter for the right one, it invalidates one‟s recital of that particular word, and one must recite that word again. This will not invalidate one‟s ṣalāh unless it changes the meaning and was done deliberately. Mistakes in a harakah (short vowel) are not harmful as long as they do not alter the meaning. 34 Its entire letters should be recited while standing. 55 Salah 10. No foreign dhikr or recitation should be recited in-between (the al-Fātiḥah). Tashdīds of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah Section: There are 14 tashdīds that are recited on various word of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah which are demonstrated in the following diagram: 56 Salah Sunnah to Raise the Hands Section: It is Sunnah to Raise the Hands in Four Places:35 1. During the takbīrat al-iḥrām.36 2. When going into rukūʿ.37 3. When straightening up (iʿitidāl).38 4. When standing up from the first tashahhud. 35 It is from the “sunan hayʾah” of the ṣalāh, the wisdom being to show respect and reverence to Allah . 36 Begin raising the hands at the beginning of the takbīr and put them down at the end of the takbīr, means that raising of the hands must be simultaneous with the takbīr from the beginning till the end. 37 A person starts raising his hands at the beginning of takbīr and prolongs the takbīr until he places his hands upon his knees, fingers spread apart and backbone and head are straight. 38 A person begins raising his hand with the raising of the head and the takbīr; when he straightens, he lowers his hands. 57 Salah The Conditions of Sajdah Section: The Conditions of Sajdah (Prostration) are Seven: 1. To prostrate upon seven limbs.39 2. The forehead should be exposed.40 3. To make sajdah by resting on the head.41 4. Not to intend anything but sajdah.42 5. Not to prostrate on something that moves with one‟s own movement. 6. That one rear‟s be higher than one‟s head. 7. Remain motionless for a moment whilst prostrating. The Seven Limbs of Prostration The Seven Limbs of Prostration are: The forehead, both palms, both knees and the portion under the toes of each foot. 39 It is sunnah to place the nose on the ground, however, sajdah will be in order if the nose does not touch the ground. 40 If one is wearing a bandage over the forehead because of an injury, sajdah may be made on the bandage without the need of repeating it afterwards with the condition that the bandage was put on while one was in the state of purity. 41 The weight of the head and neck should be applied to the place of sajdah so that the forehead is firmly stationed on the ground. 42 If one merely fell down after the iʿtidāl, this will not be regarded as sajdah. The person will have to return to iʿtidāl and then go into sajdah. 58 Salah Tashdīds of Tashahhud Section: There are 21 tashdīds that are recited in tashahhud, five are their completion and 16 are minimal of the tashahhud43, all are demonstrated in the following diagram: 43 The minimal tashahhud is: 59 Salah Tashdīds of ṣalāh Upon Nabi  Section: There are 4 tashdīds for the minimal ṣalāh upon Nabi : Salām Section: The minimal salām is “Assalāmu ʿalaykum”: There is one tashdīd in salām: 60 Salah The Times of ṣalāh 61 Salah Section: The Times of ṣalāh are Five:44  The time of Ẓuhr begins after the sun descends from its zenith (zawāl) and it ends when an object‟s shadow equals its length in addition to the length of its shadow at the time of zawāl.  The time of ʿAṣr begins when the object‟s shadow equals its length in addition to the length of its shadow at the time of zawāl, and ends when the sun sets.  The time of Maghrīb begins from sunset and ends with the disappearance of the red horizon.  The time of ʿIshāʾ begins from the setting of the red horizon and it ends at ṣubh sadiq.  The time of Ṣubh begins from the dawn until sunrise. There are three types of horizons; red, yellow and white:  The red horizon is at the time of Maghrīb, while the yellow and white are at the time of ʿIshāʾ. It is sunnah to delay the ṣalāh of ʿIshāʾ till the yellow and white horizons disappear. 44 It is best to pray every prayer at the beginning of its time, taking the necessary steps at its outset, such as purification, clothing one‟s ʿawrah, giving the adhan and iqamah, and then praying. If less than one rakʿah of one‟s ṣalāh occurs within the proper time (meaning that one does not raise one‟s head from the second sajdah of the rakʿah before the time ends) and the remainder takes place after it, then the entire ṣalāh is considered as qaḍāʾ. It is not permissible to intentionally delay the ṣalāh until part of it is prayed after the time has terminated. 62 Salah Times When the ṣalāh is ḥarām Section: There are 5 times in a day during which it is ḥarām45 to offer those ṣalāhs which do not have an immediate or preceding cause:46 1. At the time of sunrise until the sun rises to the extent of the height of a spear. 2. At the time when the sun is at its zenith until it declines, except on Fridays. 3. At the time the sun becomes yellow/pale until sunset. 4. After Ṣubh ṣalāh until sunrise. 5. After ʿAṣr ṣalāh until sunset. 45 It is neither ḥarām nor makrūh to offer ṣalāh within the Sanctuary of Makkah at any time. 46 The ṣalāh is unlawful and invalid and it will not discharge a person from a vow. It is permissible at the above times to offer ṣalāh that are performed for a particular reason, such as the salat al-janazah (funeral ṣalāh), taḥiyyat al-masjīd (greeting the mosque), sunnah after wuḍūʾ, and is also permissible to make qaḍāʾ ṣalāh though one may not perform the two rakʿahs that are sunnah before entering the state of iḥrām. 63 Salah The Pauses in ṣalāh Section: The Pauses in ṣalāh are Six:47 1. Between the takbīrat al-iḥrām and the “duʿā iftitah” (the opening duʿā).48 2. Between the “duʿā iftitah” (the opening duʿā) and taʿawwudh49. 3. Between the taʿawwudh and Sūrah al-Fātiḥah. 4. Between the completion of Sūrah al-Fātiḥah and saying, “Āmīn”. 5. Between “Āmīn” and the sūrah. 6. Between the sūrah and bowing (rukuʿ). 47 It is mustaḥab to pause for the duration of one tasbih (duration of reciting one “subḥānallah”). 48 It is mustaḥab for the imām to remain silent for the time that a follower can recite Sūrah al-Fātiḥah and for him to engage in the recitation of the Qurʾān or duʿā silently. 49 Taʿawwudh is to recite “Aʿūdhubillahi minash shaiṭānir rajīm”. 64 Salah Ṭumaʾnīnah Section: There are Four Postures in Which Ṭumaʾnīnah (Composure) is Compulsory: 1. In rukuʿ. 2. In iʿtidāl (when straightening up after rukuʿ). 3. In sajdah. 4. While sitting between the two sajdahs. Ṭumaʾnīnah (composure) is a pause after movements to such an extent that every limb remains in its place for the duration of reciting one “subḥānallah”. 65 Salah The Causes for Sajdah Sahw Section: The Causes for Sajdah Sahw50 (Prostration of Forgetfulness) are Four: 1. Leaving out some of the “sunan abʿaḍ” (main sunnah), either completely or partly.51 2. To forgetfully do an action that would nullify the ṣalāh if it was done intentionally.52 3. To recite a verbal integral of ṣalāh in an inappropriate place.53 4. To perform a physical integral with the possibility of it being an extra integral.54 50 The sajdah sahw, even if there are numerous reasons for it in one ṣalāh, is only two sajdahs (prostrations). 51 If one misses a sunnat abʿaḍ (main sunnah) even purposely, one performs sajdah sahw. If one misses anything besides a rukn (integral) or sunnat abʿaḍ (main sunnah), then one does not postrate for it. If one forgets the first tashahhud and stands up, it is not permissible to retun to it. If one intentionally returns to it, this invalidates one‟s ṣalāh, but if one returns to it absentmindedly or out of ignorance, one merely prostrates for it, though one must stand up as soon as one remembers. 52 Such as turning the head, taking one or two steps, lengthening a short integral like iʿtidāl or a little speech, provided it is not the type of action whose unintentional performance also invalidates the ṣalāh such as much speech or action, since doing it would in any case invalidate the ṣalāh. 53 Such as reciting a part or all of the al-Fātiḥah or tashahhud at the wrong place. This will not apply to the tasbīḥāt even though one did so purposely. 54 When one is uncertain whether he or she has prayed three rakʿahs or four, one should assume that he or she did not perform it. 66 Salah   The Sunan Abʿaḍ Section: The Sunan Abʿaḍ55 (Main Sunnahs) of ṣalāh are Seven: 1. The recitation of the first tashahhud.56 2. The sitting therein (in the first tashahhud). 3. The recitation of ṣalāh upon Nabi  therein (in the first tashahhud).57 4. The recitation of ṣalāh upon his family in the final tashahhud. 5. The recitation of duʿā Qunūt. 6. The recitation of ṣalāh and salām upon Nabi  (in duʿā Qunūt). 7. The recitation of ṣalāh and salām upon his family and his Companions therein (in duʿā Qunūt). 55 Sunan abʿaḍ are those sunnah acts that if omitted can be compensated for by sajdah sahw. On the other hand, those sunnah acts that cannot be compensated for by sajdah sahw are called sunan hayʾah. 56 If the imām left out the first tashahhud, it is not permissible for the follower to act contrary to the imām i.e. the follower will have to also follow the imām in this act. 57 If the imām lengthens the first tashahhud for a valid reason and the follower completed the first tashahhud before the imām, the follower should not continue and recite the ṣalāh upon the family of Nabī , rather he should occupy himself with duʿā. 67 Salah The Factors Which Nullify the ṣalāh Section: The Factors Which Nullify the ṣalāh are Fourteen: 1. Hadath (ritual impurity).58 2. Impurity falling on the body or clothes59 if not removed immediately60without carrying it.61 3. Exposing of the ʿawrah if it was not covered immediately.62 58 Even unintentionally, if a person forgot to perform wuḍūʾ and offers a ṣalāh, this ṣalāh will not be valid. 59 If an imām led a jamāʿah while there was impurity on his clothes, the entire jamāʿah will have to repeat the ṣalāh if the impurity was visible to others or if it was in such a place that all could have seen it. If it was not visible, the imām alone will have to repeat the ṣalāh. 60 Not more than the minimum amount of one tasbih. 61 By removing the impurity – for example with the side of a stone or a stick without carrying the stone or stick. 68 Salah 4. Intentionally uttering one or two letters which can be clearly understood.63 5. To break the fast intentionally (in ṣalāh).64 6. To forgetfully eat a lot.65 7. Three consecutive motions even if involuntarily.66 8. Extra movement that is contrary to the habit of a sane person.67 9. An excessive strike of the hand.68 62 When the ʿawrah of a person becomes exposed even slightly, the ṣalāh is invalidated. However, if it was exposed because of wind and it is covered up immediately with little movement, the ṣalāh remain valid. If much movement is done to cover the exposed part, the ṣalāh will be invalidated. 63 The ṣalāh is invalidated when two or more letters worth of sounds such as laughter, crying, groaning, clearing the throat, blowing, sighing, or similar are audible. If the need to cough arises involuntarily, a person should try his utmost to suppress it. However if after trying hard, the need still subsists, he may cough for relief even if a sound of two or more syllables is formed. 64 Any action that invalidates the fast like inserting a stick into the body cavity. 65 The ṣalāh is invalidated when any (even if a little) substance reaches the body cavity intentionally. It also invalidates the ṣalāh if it occurs absentmindedly or in ignorance of its prohibition, provided the amount of the substance is commonly acknowledged to be much, though not invalidated if it is little. 66 The ṣalāh is invalidated by adding, even if absentmindedly, a motion that is not one of the actions of ṣalāh, provided it is both considered by ʿurf (common acknowledgement) to be much and uninterruptedly consecutive, such as three steps or successively moving three separate body parts – like the head and two hands, though an up-and-down motion is considered as just one – or three or more consecutive motions. 67 Such as jumping, it invalidates the ṣalāh. 69 Salah 10. To intentionally add an extra physical integral of ṣalāh.69 11. To precede the imām in two physical integrals of ṣalāh.70 12. To delay with the two integrals without an excuse.71 13. The intention of terminating the ṣalāh by suspending its termination on a foreign action.72 14. By doubting its termination.73 Sunan Rawatib 68 One or two slight movements do not invalidate the ṣalāh. If a person only moves a finger e.g. to scratch an itching place on the body, the ṣalāh does not break even if he moves his finger tip many times. 69 When a person intentionally performs extra integral e.g. three sajdahs or two rukuʿs in one rakʿah. 70 To complete two integrals before the imām does invalidates the ṣalāh. If one does so absentmindedly or in ignorance of its prohibition, it does not invalidate the ṣalāh, but the rakʿah is not counted and one must now add an additional rakʿah after the imām finishes with salām to complete the ṣalāh. 71 Without an excuse, it is makrūh to lag behind the imām until he completed an integral, and it invalidates one‟s ṣalāh to lag behind the imām until he completed two integrals. If the imām bows and straightens-up while without excuse one has not yet bowed, it does not invalidate one‟s ṣalāh until the imām actually begins going down towards prostration and one still not bowed. 72 To decide to break one‟s ṣalāh if such and such a thing happens, regardless whether the event will definitely occur during the ṣalāh or whether it may happen, such as, “I will stop if Zayd enters.” 73 Not to know whether one has terminated or not; means one hesitates in one‟s heart, saying, “Shall I stop intending ṣalāh or continue?” The mere thought of how it would be if one were to hesitate during the ṣalāh is of no consequence, rather the occurrence of doubt that negates one‟s resolve and certainty is what is considered here. 70 Salah Note: Sunan Rawātib – The Sunnah ṣalāh Before and After the Farḍ ṣalāh: The optimal numbers of these are:  Two rakʿahs before Ṣubh ṣalāh.  Four rakʿahs before and after Ẓuhr ṣalāh.  Four rakʿahs before ʿAsr ṣalāh.  Two rakʿahs after Maghrīb ṣalāh.  Two rakʿahs after ʿIshāʾ ṣalāh. The sunnah muakkadah (emphasized sunnah) consist of ten rakʿahs:  Two rakʿahs before Ṣubh ṣalāh.  Two rakʿahs before and after Ẓuhr ṣalāh.  Two rakʿahs after Maghrīb ṣalāh.  Two rakʿahs after ʿIshāʾ ṣalāh. It is recommended to pray two rakʿahs before Maghrīb ṣalāh. The sunan of Jumuʿah are the same as for Ẓuhr ṣalāh. Witr ṣalāh Witr ṣalāh – The Final ṣalāh at Night: The best time for Witr is after the sunnah of ʿIshāʾ ṣalāh, unless one intends to offer the Taḥajjud ṣalāh. Witr is a minimum of one rakʿah and the optimal is to perform eleven rakʿahs. Three rakʿahs is the minimal optimal number of rakʿah and one 71 Salah separates them by completing two rakʿahs with salām and then performs the final rakʿah. One recites Sūrah al-ʿAlā in the first rakʿah, Sūrah al-Kāfirūn in the second rakʿah, and Sūrah al- Ikhlaṣ, Sūrah al-Falāq and Sūrah al-Nās in the third rakʿah. Tarāwīḥ ṣalāh: It is sunnah to perform tarāwīḥ, which is twenty rakʿahs of group prayer on each night of Ramaḍān. Ḍuḥā ṣalāh: It is sunnah to pray the Ḍuḥā ṣalāh (midmorning prayer), which minimum of two rakʿahs, is optimum eight rakʿahs, and a maximum of twelve. One completes a pair of rakʿahs with salām. Taḥajjud ṣalāh: Nafl ṣalāh (superogatory prayer) at night is an emphasized sunnah, even if one can only do a little. The last part of the night is the best time to offer taḥajjud ṣalāh. Taḥiyyat al-masjid: It is sunnah for one who enters a masjid to greet the masjid by praying two rakʿahs each time he enters. One is no longer entitled to pray it after sitting. 72 Salah The Intention of Being an Imām Section: The Intention of Being an Imām is Compulsory74 in Four Conditions: 1. The Friday Prayer.75 2. To repeat the farḍ or nafl ṣalāh in its time hoping for reward.76 3. A vowed ṣalāh that is to be performed in congregation.77 4. A ṣalāh offered before its time due to rain.78 74 The intention of being an imām is compulsory upon the imām during takbīrat al-iḥrām. As for the follower, the intention of being a follower is wājib if he intends to follow the imām even in the middle of ṣalāh besides in these four conditions in which case it is wājib for him to intend being a follower during takbīrat al-iḥrām. 75 If the imām leaves out the intention of being an imām during takbīrat al-iḥrām, his ṣalāh will not be valid. 76 To repeat the farḍ ṣalāh that was performed in its time or nafl ṣalāh, which was sunnah to perform in jamāʿah (except Witr ṣalāh in the month of Ramaḍān because there is no repetition for Witr). And to repeat them (once) both on their time with jamāʿah (in the entire ṣalāh) hoping for the reward of jamāʿah. 77 If a person leaves out the intention of being an imām during takbīrat al-iḥrām, his ṣalāh alone is valid but he will be sinful. 78 A group of people who are gathered because of rain and they perform jamaʿ taqdim, if the imām left out the intention of being an imām, his ṣalāh will not be valid. 73 Salah The Conditions for Following an Imām Section: The Conditions for Following an Imām79 are Eleven: 1. The maʾmūm (follower) shouldn‟t know of any invalidity of the ṣalāh of his imām due to ritual impurity or anything else.80 79 Ṣalāh jamāʿah is farḍ al-kifayah (communal obligation) upon all males, free persons, muqīm (non-travellers), sane individuals and those that have reached the age of puberty for the five farḍ ṣalāh and sunnah for female, such that the rite of the ṣalāh be public in a manner that the manifestation of obedience to Allah‟s command are evident. If held in houses where the rite of ṣalāh is not public, the obligation remains unfulfilled though a house with a sign on it is sufficient. It is best for men to offer ṣalāh in jamāʿah at the masjid and better for women to pray at home than at the masjid. 80 It is valid for a Shāfiʿī to follow an imām of a different madhhab whenever the follower is not certain that the imām has omitted an obligatory component of ṣalāh. However, if certain that the imām has omitted one, it is not valid to follow him. The validity is based solely on the madhhab of the follower as to whether or not something obligatory has been omitted. Example, a Shāfiʿī followed a Hanafi imām who touched his private part. According to the madhhab of the 74 Salah 2. It should not be such that according to the madhhab of the maʾmūm, the ṣalāh of the imām is invalid and has to be repeated.81 3. The imām should not be a follower.82 4. Nor an illiterate person.83 5. The maʾmūm should not stand ahead of the imām.84 6. The maʾmūm should be aware of the movements of his imām.85 7. The imām and the maʾmūm are in the same masjid86 or approximately 300 arm lengths apart.87 follower the wuḍūʾ of the imām is invalidated but not in the madhhab of the imām. 81 It should not be such a follower following the ṣalāh of a person which will have to be repeated, like a person offering ṣalāh with tayammum because of cold, a muqīm who made tayammum in a place where normally water can be found easily or a person who does not find neither water for wuḍūʾ nor earth for tayammum. In these situations, the ṣalāh should be repeated, although the ṣalāh was valid according to the madhhab of the imām. 82 It invalidates one‟s ṣalāh to take a maʾmūm as one‟s imām when the maʾmūm is concurrently praying behind an imām, though if his imām finishes with salām and the maʾmūm is still praying, he may then be taken as one‟s imām. 83 A qari, one who recites Qurʾān properly, may not follow one who is unable to recite Al-Fātiḥah properly, irrespective of him being unable to recite other verses properly beside Al-Fātiḥah or not. 84 The follower‟s ṣalāh is invalid if his heel is in front of the imām‟s. His heel should be behind the imām‟s heel, even if it be a little, but not more than three arms length, in which case, the merit of jamāʿah is lost. 85 Whether by seeing the imām, or hearing his muballigh (the person who repeats th

Safīnat al-najāʾ: Ship of Salvation PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue