Reading and Writing Skills PDF

1  Reading and Writing Skills Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442- 2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/...

1  Reading and Writing Skills Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442- 2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 2 – RW Subject Teacher: TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION At the end of this module, the student will be able to: a. describe the brainstorming process; b. identify the patterns of comparison-contrast; and c. apply the techniques of outlining a text TECHNIQUE (tekni:k). A particular method of doing an activity, usually a method that involves practical skills. BASIC TECHNIQUES FOR ORGANIZING INFORMATION: 1. BRAINSTORMING a prewriting technique in which a group jots down as many ideas as possible about a given topic. Techniques under Brainstorming: a. Solicit quality ideas. Cloud with a pencil. Rule: Encourage the generation of lots of creative ideas. b. Encourage everyone to participate. Rule: Quantity is wanted - every idea is accepted and recorded. The more i ideas, the more to choose from and the more likely ideas will spark new ideas. c. Encourage freewheeling and expression of different ideas. Rule: "Freewheeling" is welcomed. Freewheeling means the wilder the idea, the better. It is always easier to tame an idea than to make one more exciting. d. Do not criticize or evaluate ideas. Rule: Criticism is ruled out. Suspend judgment. Every idea is welcome without critique or ridicule. e. Build upon other group members' ideas. Rule: Combination and improvement are sought. Ideas spark more ideas. Encourage everyone to participate and to build upon the ideas of others in the group. f. Record ideas accurately during the session. Rule: Record the ideas. It is crucial to record the ideas generated during a brainstorming session. 1  2. Graphic organizer an effective tool for thinking and learning because it visually organizes information so you can review it more easily. A graphic organizer helps you arrange the material that you have read to show the relationships among various ideas and to prepare information for use in writing. These are visual representations of concepts that help us structure information into organizational patterns. They present essential information and connect these pieces of information into a coherent framework Examples of Graphic Organizers: a. T-chart a two-column table used to organize information, particularly when comparing or contrasting two different sets of data. Draw a table with a vertical or horizontal line in the middle, creating two distinct columns, each labeled with a heading that describes the information being presented. b. Venn Diagram a diagram which uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes Draw two overlapping circles. In the area where the circles overlap, write the characteristics that the two subjects have in common. In the sections of the circles that do not overlap, list the differences. 2 c. Sequence Chart a tool that aids in visually representing a timeline of events, the steps in a process, etc. Additionally, it can be used to jot down notes while teaching or to organize courses. Draw vertical lines to represent the different characters or entities involved in these actions. Use arrows to connect these lines, indicating the flow of interactions or events. Finally, label each arrow and event clearly to ensure the sequence is easy to follow and understand. d. Main idea web illustrates the central concept of a text and its related subtopics or supporting details. To begin, center the main idea within a circle. Draw lines that connect related subtopics or information to smaller circles or boxes that radiate outward from the core circle. To illustrate the links between these subtopics or to provide more information, join them with more lines. For the web to properly capture the structure and relationships of the material, clearly identify each circle or box with the main idea and any associated elements. 3  e. Concept map used to organize and represent knowledge about a particular topic by illustrating relationships between concepts. Get started with a center node that symbolizes the primary idea. Draw lines linking relevant sub-concepts or ideas to other nodes from this primary node. Put a descriptive phrase at the beginning of each line to make the nature of the relationship between concepts clear. As more nodes and connections are required, keep branching out to build a network of connected concepts. Make sure the map accurately depicts the overall structure of the issue by displaying a clear hierarchy and relationships. 3. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Comparison pertains to looking at similarities of two different entities. On the contrary, contrast centers on identifying the differences between two entities. In order to easily show the relationship between comparison and contrast, we make use of certain expressions. Some of them are listed below. Comparison Contrast Like, likewise, alike But, yet, however Also, both, too Conversely, in contrast Similarly, similar to Unlike, less than The same as Different from So is, are, was, were On the other hand, on the contrary Analogous to While, whereas And, much as Although, opposite 4 OUTLINING YOUR IDEAS Types of Outline a. Topic Outline A topic outline arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which are sub-points), in the sequence you want, and show what you will talk about. As the name implies, it identifies all the little mini-topics that your paper will comprise and shows how they relate. b. Sentence Outline A sentence outline does all of these; plus, it shows exactly what you will say about each mini-topic. Each sentence, instead of simply identifying a mini- topic, is like a mini-thesis statement about the mini-topic. It expresses the specific and complete idea that section of the paper will cover as part of proving the overall thesis. Remember the topic outline lists words or phrases. A sentence outline lists complete sentences. Follow These Rules in Outlining: Do not mix topic and sentence outline methods. Indent properly. In a sentence outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a period after each division number or letter and at the end of the sentence. In a topic outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a period after each division number or letter. Do not place periods after ideas. Strive for parallel wording among outline topics and sub-topics. Methods of Outline When comparing and contrasting, you can use the point-by-point or the subject-by-subject method (block-by-block). Below are examples of outlines using two methods. a. Point-by point Method Example: I. Class schedule A. Face-to-Face B. Distance learning II. Interaction with Classmates A. Face-to-Face B. Distance learning III. Learning Assessments A. Face-to-Face B. Distance learning b. Subject-by-Subject Method (Block-by-Block) I. Face to Face Learning A. Class Schedule B. Interaction with Classmates C. Learning Assessments II. Distance Learning A. Class Schedule B. Interaction with Classmates 5  Outline of an essay A thesis statement establishes focus/purpose and I. Introduction provides structure to your essay. It serves as a guide and informs the reader about what will be addressed in your A. Attention Getter writing. It is the most important sentence(s) in your work, B. Background especially in argumentative and critical papers. C. Thesis Statement Everything within an essay—from the introduction, II. Body to the body paragraphs, and to The conclusion— A. First Main Idea must connect to it and support it. 1. Supporting Detail 2. Supporting Detail 3. Supporting Detail following formula: B. Second Main Idea 1. Supporting Detail 2. Supporting Detail 3. Supporting Detail Example: C. Third Main Idea The Health Department must administer more 1. Supporting Detail frequent diagnostic tests [opinion] because of the 2. Supporting Detail continuing threat of tuberculosis in the inner 3. Supporting Detail city [evidence]. III. Conclusion A. Restatement of Thesis Statement B. Restatement of Three Ideas A Thesis Statement Should NOT 1. Be an announcement Ex. This paper is about why mixed A Thesis Statement Should martial arts is too violent. 2. Be vague 1. Provide an Arguable Claim: A statement Ex. Monsters Inc. is a good movie and was that can be argued FOR andAGAINST Ex. successful. People who use Facebook while at work are 3. Simply state a fact moreproductive. Ex. Hurricane Katrina destroyed a lot of peoples’ lives in New Orleans. 2. Provide a Claim Supported by Evidence: A statement that includes clear 4. Simply state an observation reasoning People use Facebook a lot while at work. Ex. People who use Facebook while at work are more productive because it provides menta leads to more focused periods of concentration throughout the day. Cidro, M, et.al. (2022). Integrated English for Effective Communication. Quezon City: The Phoenix Publishing House Inc. iStudy for Success. (2017). Brainstorming. Retrieved from http://tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/ brainstorming/ Clark College Libraries. (2020). Brainstorming. Retrieved from https://clark.libguides.com/ c.php?g=579489&p=3999039 Topic and sentence outlines. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.shsd.org/common/ pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=677784 Texas A&M International University Writing Center. (2016). 6