Reading and Writing Skills (Reviewer) PDF

READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) LESSON 1: Selecting and Organizing consistent basis of division and Information distinction. Information - may be selected and Using Graphic Organizers - I...

READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) LESSON 1: Selecting and Organizing consistent basis of division and Information distinction. Information - may be selected and Using Graphic Organizers - Is a visual and organized to achieve a particular purpose. graphic displays that show the relationship among concepts or ideas. It is important to break down a bigger ideas into smaller, simpler representations that are easily comprehensible. LESSON 2: Pattern of Development Brainstorming - Technique to generate -It is important to arrange your ideas in a ideas within a group or individual setting. It text according to your purpose in writing. also helps establish patterns and develop relationship among these concepts. NARRATION - Sequential telling of a story or series of events. 2 types of brainstorming EX. Telling book stories. - Idea list - narrower topics. - Concept map - begin in main DESCRIPTION - For having many specific concept and explore more topics by details. Emphasizes the senses by painting adding more branches. a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. EX. HOME (Big, beautiful, small, OUTLINING - tool used to organized written comfortable, huge and homely) ideas into a logical order. DEFINITION - Explains an idea, term or 2 types of Outlining phares using distinguishing characteristics - Topic outline - Uses words or or synonyms. phrases as headings, without EX: READING is the process of looking at a punctuation. series of written symbols and getting - Sentence Outline - uses full meaning from them. sentences. COMPARISON and CONTRAST - 4 principles in outlining Compares two things to highlight their - Parallelism - Putting the words in subtitle similarities and differences. the same grammatical order. Comparing their similarities and contrasting - Coordination - Arranging ideas their differences. according to their value or EX. importance. - Subordination - Arranging ideas in levels of significance. - Division - Separating the kinds of points you are making by using  READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) SEQUENCE - Describes steps, events is a very efficient way to move lots of people processes or procedures. There are three from one place to another using only one (3) types of Sequemce vehicle. Instead of having one vehicle for - Steps each person on the road, busses take many - Timeline cars off the road as people ride together. - Cycle Ex: LESSON 3: Written text based on its - properties. TEXT ORGANIZATION - Deals with how a text is organized to help readers follow and understand the flow of information and ideas cascaded. Three kinds of Text Organization - Physical format - Signal words - Structure Physical format - It is how the text physically appears. The key terms is highlighted in the text. CAUSE and EFFECT - Shows the linkage EX: of causation - how events are influenced or caused by another. The relationship is between the cause and effect. EX: If we eat too much food and do not exercise, we gain weight. Eating food without exercising is the “cause” weight gain is the “effect” PROBLEM and SOLUTION - Divides information into two main sections, one that SIGNAL WORDS - The cue in ordering of describes a problem and one that describes events and concepts. By using sequential a solution. Author’s intent is to discuss or signal words. propose a solution to a problem and one that describes a solution. EX: There is nothing worse than being trapped in your car, waiting in the middle of a traffic jam. It is frustrating, knowing that there is nothing you can do and that you are going to be late to work. Possible solution is The signal words here is FIRTS, and THEN using public transportation is efficient. A bus  READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) CHRONO = Time, In order of time. STRUCTURE - The complete framework of the text. It consists of beginning, middle and end. SPATIAL ORDER - Sentences of paragraph are organized according to the geographical location such as left to right up to down etc. The connnection of each sentence and idea in the paragraph or text. LESSON 4: Arrangement of Details SENTENCE CONNECTORS - Are used to link ideas from one sentence to the next and to give paragraphs coherence. They are used to introduce, order, contrast, sequence ideas. The three types of arrangement of details. - Chronological order - Spatial order EMPHATIC ORDER - The information in the - Emphatic order paragraph is organized to emphasize certain points depending on the writer’s CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - Details are purpose. organized in the order which they happened. (Landich, 2018)  READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) Words that can be used to emphasize a COHERENCE - Unity or togetherness of the point: text as a whole and is achieved through - Again effective grouping and arrangement of ideas - Truly in a logical order. - Especially - Structure (Paragraph and essay - For this reason structure) - As a matter of fact What is cohesion and coherence in writing? - To repeat Sentences should logically fit together in - In fact writing, connecting one idea to the next. This - To emphasize is referred to as cohesion.... This enables - Indeed readers to solidify the connection between one idea and the next. Just as sentences are LESSON 5: COHERENCE and COHESION cohesive when they “stick” together, paragraphs are coherent when they contain COHESION - Logical flow and connection in one controlling idea. a written text and is achieved through the Cohesion is just the individual parts that are collected together and are stick together for use of devices to link sentences together. representation. Ideas fron one sentence to the next. Coherence is the attribute that is decided by the Refers to the act of forming a whole unit end-user or reader, which determines whether - Refers to the many ways the content seems meaningful, understanding (grammatical, lexical, semantic) in and useful. which elements of a text are linked together. - Grammar EX: COHERENCE - Quality of being logical, consistent and able to be understood. EX: - Flow EX: Words like: firstly, Secondly, Next, However, Often, Further, etc.  READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) Coherence structure - Introduction, IMPLICIT - Not expressed clearly; only Paragraph and Conclusion. suggested; indirectly stated EX: Introduction structure - Tells the reader what the essay is about and what it will do. - General statement - Specific statement - Thesis statement EX: Paragraph structure: Should have one central idea. - Introduce central idea - Explain the central idea - Give an example to illustrate - Conclude Conclusion Structure - Restates the thesis statement and summarizes what the essay IMPLY - Suggesting an idea in an indirect did way rather than making an explicit - Restates thesis statement statement. You are left to draw your own - Summarize what the essay did conclusions from what has been said or - Give an hinted. opinion/recommendation/prediction INFER - Reaching a conclusion or deciding that something is true on the basis of the evidence available. LESSON 6: EXPLICIT and IMPLICIT EXPLICIT - Obvious and apparent; directly stated EX:  READING AND WRITING SKILLS (REVIEWER) CLAIM - Arguable statement - an idea that a speaker or writer ask an audience to accept. - Is an opinion, idea or assertion. EX: “I think we should have universal health care.” “I believe that the government is corrupt.” “We need a revolution.” Types of CLAIMS A. Claim of fact B. Claim of judgment or value C. Claim of action or policy A. Claim of fact Asserts some empirical truth Determined through careful observation of past, present or future. Truth of the assertion will be determined by events. But the speaker will offer information or explanation that predicts characterizes the events B. Claim of Judgment or Value C. Claim of Action or Policy