Reading and Writing Skills Reviewer (Aurora National Science High School)

READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar ✓ Grasping the main idea of Subject overvie...

READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar ✓ Grasping the main idea of Subject overview: Reading and the text writing skills ✓ Locating important details ✓ Using context clues to understand unfamiliar What is Reading? words ✓ Answering specific Reading is a cognitive process of questions decoding symbols to derive meaning ✓ Analyzing the text’s points from the text. Cognitive means the mental ✓ Critiquing the text process of using the mind. Symbols refers to letters, punctuations, numbers, and 4 Stategies of Reading: space. Letters are the most fundamental symbol to the start of reading. Skimming Scanning It is always an interaction between Intensive Reading the text and the reader. Extensive Reading Reading follows a bottoms-up interaction of reading, which means that reading starts from the bottom and rises up What is Writing? the information towards the reader’s minds. Writing is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, Flowchart: punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. Letters -> Syllables -> Words -> Phrases -> Clauses -> Sentences -> Paragraphs -> Writing is a cognitive process of Narratives/Essays. taking in your ideas/thoughts and converting them into a readable/printed form. Improving Your Reading Skills This is a form of communication within a written form of communication. Reading from various sources and books Writing is considered as a Knowing the meaning of unfamiliar psychometer process, meaning it deals words through comprehension, with actions and movements. research, and context clues (words that are surrounding the unfamiliar word that would serve as clues to Improving Your Reading Skills attain the meaning of the unfamiliar word). Practicing, taking down notes Knowing morphology – the Asking for questions/constructive process of basic word formation criticisms Self-reflection Reviewing basic rules of subject- Consistent practice verb agreements Applying the many subskills Use an outline when writing simultaneously while you read: Research first on a given topic ✓ Identify author’s purpose Reading regularly  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Consistent practice Transitional Words – afterwards, Study grammar and mechanics meanwhile, at night, after, at present, next, Expanding your vocabulary then, earlier, suddenly, before, at last, Planning and Organizing meanwhile, eventually. Editing and revising Analyzing and imitating good writing Description Focusing on clarity and brevity Description provides the information/characteristics or details of a certain topic or concept. Patterns of written text Description gives characteristics or details on what an object, person, or place looks like. Narration and Description Definition, Exemplification, and It uses powerful and appropriate Classification adjectives (appeal to the senses) Cause and Effect, Comparison and Creates a clear image on the Contrast reader’s minds. Problem-Solution and Persuasion What is a paragraph? DEFINITION, EXEMPLIFICATION, AND A paragraph is a compilation of CLASSIFICATION sentences that are used to convey a single topic. It contains an introduction, body, and Definition conclusion. Definition explains or gives a What is a Writing Pattern? comprehensive understanding of a A writing pattern is the pattern of concept, a term or an idea. paragraph development. It is the strategy The writer provides general or method that a writer uses to develop definition, then gives clear details to ideas in a paragraph. support (characteristic, function, example, origin, or effect). Narration and description Types of Definitions: Scientific Definition – (Denotative Meaning) defines concepts in the Narration most factual way. Narration narrates or tells a certain Subjective Definition – story. It emphasizes what, when, and (Connotative Meaning) defines where something happened. complex terms in a personal way It is written in chronological or sequential order. It uses action words and transitional words. MAIN Topic  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Exemplification PROBLEM-SOLUTION Exemplification uses examples to Problem-solution AND PERSUASION explain an idea. It uses Deduction/Deductive Problem-Solution Approach – from general to specific. It presents a problem that needs to be resolved. Classification It has three main parts: Topic Classification divides and sentence (introduces the problem), Body organizes ideas in classes, groups, or sentences (explains the problem and categories. solution), and Ending Sentence (calls reader to action). It uses Induction/Inductive Approach – from specific to general Persuasion CAUSE & EFFECT AND COMPARISON & It describes an issue and states their position in the issue. CONTRAST It convinces the readers to agree with the argument or claim being raised, Cause and Effect based from a particular topic. It explains why something It has three main parts: Topic happens and what results a particular sentence (states position or stance occurrence or event. regarding something), Body sentences (reasons supporting the position or stand), It shows the causes of something and Ending Sentence (reiterates or and its relative impact. intensifies the thesis statement). Comparison and Contrast Evaluating written text based Comparing refers to the similarities while Contrasting refers to on its properties the differences of certain topics. This discusses how people, events, These are the given parameters places, and things are similar or different to needed to determine whether the text is another. well-written or not. The following parameters muss all be taken into It contains two distinct approaches, considered and present within a text separate and side-by-side approach. - Paragraph Organization - Coherence and Cohesion - Language use - Mechanics  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Paragraph organization complexity order This refers on how the ideas in the This refers to the logical order from text are organized. simple to complex, inductive to deductive, cause and effect, and How the paragraph is arranged with problem and solution its introduction, body, and conclusion. This can also be done by defining - Sequential Order and illustrating certain topics - Spatial Order - Complexity Order - Listing Order Its signal words include: Cause and Effect - for, because, since, as a consequence, due to, etc. Sequential order Problem-Solution – because, as a solution, consequently, so that, therefore, etc Sequential Order is arranging the Definition – defined as, means, refers to, to text observing chronological order. illustrate as defined, etc. They are arranged according to time, process, or sequence. listing order Its signal words include: first, second, third, These are the ordering of ideas initially, primarily, following, preceding, following the alphabet (from A to Z) next, when, later, before, after, then, until, It also includes enumerating ideas not long after that, finally, lastly, at last, etc. through numbers in ascending and descending order. spatial order Coherence and cohesion This is used when organizing the paragraph pertaining to space, position, Coherence – focuses on the or location of people or things. overall sense of unity and logical flow in This is very suitable when a text or discourse. describing about the geographical This includes the logical location of things or people. arrangement of ideas discussed in the previous lesson. In other words, it focuses Its signal words include: above, below, on the whole paragraph. under, behind, beside, beyond, alongside, This can be achieved by applying nearby, in front of, inside, outside, on top techniques such as: using topic sentence of, etc. at the beginning of the paragraph, placing major ideas in another paragraph, and sequencing the ideas in logical order.  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Cohesion – sticking the ideas Lexical patterns together at the sentence level. It focuses on how individual sentences and elements in a text are connected and Lexical Pattern - changing the logically linked to one another. function of the word in another part of speech. This can be achieved using transitional devices: pronouns, Heroism does not need to be recognized coordinators and subordinators, and by all people nor becoming superior to lexical patterning. others. One can do heroic deeds by doing small act of kindness to the needy even if nobody noticed it. Pronouns Pronouns – he, she, it, they, them, their, Transitional devices etc. People are excited to receive Giving Emphasis – indeed, importantly, in financial assistance from the government. fact, furthermore, and moreover At least, they have something to eat in Stating Contrast – in contrast, conversely, times of crisis. compared to, another point Summarizing – finally, overall, lastly, to Coordinators and Subordinators sum up, and in conclusion Giving examples – for instance, for example, namely, such as Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions): connect two independent Adding similar points – similarly, clauses, two words, or two phrases, to likewise, again, and also create a compound structure. Coordinators: and, but, or, nor, for, yet I wanted pizza, but she preferred sushi. Language use We can go to the park or stay home and watch a movie. This is the way on how writers and individuals use words and language to convey meaning. Subordinators (subordinating It refers to style or register, conjunctions): introduce dependent denotative and connotative language, clauses that depend on the main clause for figures of speech, and idiomatic their meaning. expression. Subordinators: because, although, while, if, since, after You may be disappointed if you fail.  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Registers or style Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun." Register or Style – language use Metaphor – a direct comparison between is either spoken or written, and formal or two unlike things without using "like" or informal. Register is the level of formality "as." of the language. Style is the overall Example: "Time is a thief." manner of using a particular language. It talks about the tone on how he uses a Personification – Attributing human particular language qualities to non-human objects or abstract ideas. There are three dimensions of register or style: field, tenor, and mode Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.” Field refers to jargons or terms that are specific to only one field. Tenor is the Hyperbole – An exaggerated statement measurement of the text being formal or not meant to be taken literally. informal. Mode is the medium of Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a communication horse." Oxymoron – A figure of speech where two Denotative and Connotative Language contradictory terms appear together. Example: "Deafening silence." Denotation: literal or explicit Alliteration - Alliteration is a literary device meaning of a word, phrase or symbol. It is that uses similar phonetic sounds in also the scientific way of explaining things. continuity to make an effect. (objective) Example: “Busy as a bee.” Book - a physical object consisting of pages with printed or written material Idiomatic expressions bound together Connotation: emotional, cultural, Idiomatic expressions are or subjective associations used in a word phrases or sayings that have a figurative or phrase, beyond the literal or dictionary meaning different from the literal meaning definition. of the individual words. Book – symbolizes “Knowledge and "Under the weather": Feeling ill or Learning”, “Escape and Imagination” unwell. Figures of speech Simile – a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as."  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar Mechanics Examples of Ineffective Claims Overly broad Claims Unsupported Opinions These are technical aspects of Circular Reasoning writing, such as grammar, punctuation, spelling, and syntax. Appeal to Authority Vague or Ambiguous This focuses on capitalization, Ad Hominem Attacks punctuation, spelling, grammar, and syntax. Critical Reading – This refers to the way on how you can identify the claims of the Identifying claim in text text. This is reading that requires a deeper sense of comprehension, its is Claim – A claim is a statement or reading in between the text. proposition that a writer puts forwards and argues for. It is based on our deeper understanding and analysis of a given These are the writer’s position or topic. main point regarding the chosen topic. It enables you to distinguish the The central arguments or thesis explicit and implicit information provided statement of the text. by the author. To effectively prove or support a claim, a writer will often provide details, explanations, and other types of Types of Information Presented: evidences. Explicit Information – any idea that is A claim is meant to be explained, stated. The text is explained immediately. defended, elaborated by facts and No need to look for clues. evidence with details. Implicit Information – It is understood but it It can be evaluated whether it is true is not stated. You need to think what you or false read. You make inferences based on clues. Characteristics of a Good Claim Types of Claims Argumentative and Debatable 1). Claim of Fact – a statement that Specific and Focused presents an idea as true or false. Interesting and Engaging Logical Something that has existed (past), exists (presented), or will exist (future) which could also be verified using actual evidence.  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar 2). Claim of value – a statement that Some texts are influenced by present an idea as good or bad, right or other texts. It is the development of a text’s wrong, better or worse. meaning through another text. These claims are often influenced It shows connections among texts by morals, beliefs, and preferences. This in terms of language, images, characters, may be true to some, but not true to all themes, or subject/topic. 3). Claim of Policy - a statement that Intertextuality takes place through: presents as solutions to problems, usually involving groups, organization, or society in Retelling – restatement of a story general. It contains what should or or re-expression of a narrative should not be done. Key words are: Quotation – directly lifting the exact should, ought, and must. statements or set of words from a text another author has made. Allusion – implicitly or explicitly pertains to an idea or passage Comprehending Texts through: found in another text without the use of quotation. CONTEXT, INTERTEXT, AND Pastiche – refers to a work of art, HYPERTEXT literature, music, or any other form of creative expression that imitates the style, techniques, or Context – Knowing the background of the characteristics of another artist, text. period, or genre. Cultural Background Social Background Questions Used to Validate Intertext Political Background Historical Background 1. Are there two or more stories involved? In identifying the deeper meaning of a 2. Does the text show direct or indirect text, you may consider identifying the connection to another piece of work? following: The time of period the text was Hypertext – This is what goes beyond or written outside the text we are reading. It is a non- What circumstances produced the linear way of showing information. It is used text in technology-assisted reading devices. Issues the text tackled or deals with Connects related information, graphics, videos, or sounds to the text that Intertext – According to Julia Kristeva you are reading. It uses hyperlinks. (1960), there are relationships in many Readers can easily access more kinds of texts (she created the idea). information about the topic. Intertextuality – Ferdinand de Saussure (responsible for the term itself)  READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar World Wide Web – global hypertext system of information residing on server linked across the internet. Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web. Hypermedia – links incorporated forms of multimedia such as pictures, sounds, and videos that stimulate more senses. Why hypertexts? The reader is free to navigating information by exploring the connections provided.\ A very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form. READING AND WRITING SKILLS Quarter 1 Aurora National Science High School Suaverdez, Rhomer John Kevin, Licay Sir Eliseo Joseph Nakar MAIN Topic Topic Sub-topic