Rizal Reviewer PDF - GEED 037 Midterms Exam

GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam or worse, to criticize a certain Church Lesson 1: Understanding the Rizal Law (Republic doctrines; and, Act 14...

GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam or worse, to criticize a certain Church Lesson 1: Understanding the Rizal Law (Republic doctrines; and, Act 1425) III. the inevitable criticism of Church doctrines might lead to the jeopardy of the faith of Context of the Rizal Law people. o Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo believed that o A decade after the Independence in 1946, the US nationalism and patriotism are important and must be continued to dominate all aspects of Filipino society - promoted, yet promoting them should not be done at the economic, political, cultural, and social. risk of endangering the harmony between the Church and o To forestall the American influence, the Nationalist like the state. Jose P. Laurel and Claro M. Recto spurred the sense of o Senator Decoroso Rosales believed that approval of the nationalism and patriotism among the youth. bills would lead to the closure of Catholic schools all o Sen. Laurel and Sen. Recto envisioned to educate the throughout the country, and a political party might be youth with the ideals of Jose Rizal through his life, works, inevitably put up by the Catholics to show their strong and writings as sources of nationalism. resentment to the law. o According to Sen. Claro M. Recto, the author of the o Senator Claro M. Recto affirmed that it is important for original version of Senate Bill No. 438, reading of Rizal's the youth to read the novels and ideas of Rizal since the novels would strengthen the Filipinism of the youth and problem of his time are still lingering the Filipino society foster patriotism. today waiting for the solution. From the Rizal Bills to the Rizal Law o Senator Jose P. Laurel firmly believed that the greatness of Rizal, as well as his intense love for his country and April 3, 1956 people, could only be fully appreciated by the Filipinos if o The starting date for the filing of bills on education by they would have adequate knowledge about his committee. sufferings and injustices. o Congressman Jacobo Gonzales comment that knowing April 17, 1956 Rizal's work, our consciousness as a people is stirred and we learn to prepare ourselves for painful sacrifices that o Senator Jose P. Laurel, the Chairman of the Committee on ultimately lead to self-reliance, self-respect and freedom. Education, sponsored the Senate Bill no. 438 authored by o Senator Domocao Alonto attacked Filipinos who Sen. Claro M. Recto. proclaimed Rizal as "their national hero but seemed to April 19, 1956 despise what he had written", saying that the Indonesians used Rizal's books as their Bible on their independence o Congressman Jacobo Gonzales introduced the House Bill movement. no. 5561 as a counterpart of the Senate Bill no. 438. ADVOCATE OF BILL OPPOSITION OF BILL May 12, 1956 Sen. Jose P. Laurel Sen. Francisco Rodrigo o The bill was amended and finally approved on the second Sen. Claro M. Recto Sen. Decroso Rosales reading. Cong. Jacobo Gonzales Cong. Jesus Paredes Cong. Arturo Tolentino May 17, 1956 o The bill was finally passed by the Senate, and it also stated Content of the Rizal Law that the Senate Bill number must show up on the enrolled o Section 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose copies. Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El June 12, 1956 Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: o President Ramon Magsaysay signed the bill into law, Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or which finally became the Republic Act No. 1425. unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo of their English translation shall be used as Reactions to the Passage of the Rizal Bills basic texts. o The Catholic Church opposed the enactment of Rizal Law o Section 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and urged its adherents to do the same. and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate o The Catholic Church strongly opposed due to the number of copies of the original and unexpurgated following reasons: editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as I. show open criticism to the Catholic Church; well as of Rizal's other works and biography. The said II. in the "compulsory" teaching of the unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El unexpurgated versions of Rizal's Noli and El Fili, Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as a teacher would have the tendency to discuss- other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of  GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam approved books for required reading in all public or Primordialism private schools, colleges and universities. o Advocated by Edward Shils and Clifford Geertz. o Section 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the o Nationalism is a reflection of the ancient evolutionary translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, tendency of humans to organize into distinct units based as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog on birth location. and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be o Nationalism had existed since early human history. printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be o Nationalism is an expression of the nation. distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Modernism Councils throughout the country. o Section 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as o Subscribed by Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, and amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty- Eric Hobsbawm. seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the o Nations and nationalism are products of modernity and discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers have been created as means to political and economic and other person engaged in any public school. ends. o Section 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is o Nationalism invents nation rather than being their hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not expression. otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry What is hero? out the purposes of this Act. o Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. o As stated by Esteban de Ocampo, a hero means a prominent or central figure that plays an admirable part Amendments of the Rizal Bill in any remarkable action or event; a person of o To resolve the issues, amendments of the bills were distinguished valor or enterprise in danger or fortitude in respectively proposed in both houses of Congress. suffering; and a man honored by public worship after his ▪ In the Senate, Senator Jose P. Laurel penned death for an exceptional service to mankind. the amended version of SB 438. Why is it important? ▪ In the House of Representatives, the amended version was authored by o Heroes play an important role in establishing a national Congressman Arturo Tolentino. identity and collective aspiration for citizens of the o The amended version of the bill was refined to cater the Philippine nation to recognize as well as relate to. criticism and objection of the oppositions to the bill while o Heroes served as the role models to his people who are retaining its main provision. motivated by his extraordinary feats to aspire and strive collectively for the betterment of their community. Lesson 2: Nation, Heroes, and Nationalism Do we have a national hero by law? Nation o There is no law declaring Rizal or whoever names in o Nation is a community of people composed of one or history as Philippines national hero. more nationalities and possessing a more or less defined o Honoring of heroes came in the Philippines during the territory and government (Merriam- Webster). American Occupation under Taft Commission. o According to Benedict Anderson, nation is a socially- o On March 28, 1993, through Executive Order 75, National constructed community, imagined by the people who Heroes Committee was established to study, evaluate, perceive themselves as part of a group. and recommend a national heroes. o But for Edward Shils and Clifford Geertz, nation is fixed, natural, and ancient and is not socially- constructed nor Criteria for National Heroes changeable. o Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and Nationalism thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation's freedom. o Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system o Nationalism is an ideology that elevates one nation or or life of freedom and order for a nation. Heroes are those nationality above all others and that places primary who make the nation's constitution and laws. emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as o Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and opposed to those of other nations, nationalities, or destiny of a nation. supranational groups. o A hero is part of the people's expression. But the process o If "nationalism" is the loyalty and devotion to a nation, of a people's internalization of a hero's life and works "patriotism" in the other hand is the love for or devotion takes time, with the youth forming a part of the to one's country. internalization. o The exclusionary aspect of nationalism is not shared by o A hero thinks of the future, especially the future patriotism. generations.  GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam o The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of o Aguinaldo is one of the most fascinating revolutionaries an episode or events in history, but of the entire process in the Philippines who were able to witness the Philippine that made this particular person a hero. campaigns for Independence under three eras of colonization from Spain, America, and Japan. Ano ang bayani? o He was considered as a brave general in many revolutions o Came from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baRani - which and was recognized as the First President of the Philippine means hero or war leader. republic. o The term "bayani" has a lot of cognates and is widespread Juan Luna (1857-1899) in the Malayo-Polynesian world. o Ang bayani ay isang taong nakapagbibigay ng ginhawa sa o Luna was one of the greatest Filipino artists of all times pamilya at kaginhawahan sa sariling bayan (Salazar, and considered as genius painter who advocated for the 2017). Philippine reformation in Europe. o He was the artist who created the world-famous magnum Hero vs. Bayani opus, Spoliarium, which was awarded a first-class medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts. by Zeus Salazar Marcelo H. Del Pilar (1850-1896) o Salazar describes a "bayani" as somebody who's fearless and thinks about the people and his nation rather than his o Del Pilar was a Political analyst and writer of various self-interest. issues in the Philippine society during the peak of Spanish o Meanwhile, he describes "heroes" as a western concept colonization in the country. of the elite for someone who has distinguished courage o In 1882, he founded the nationalistic newspaper, Diariong and ability though mostly works alone. Tagalog and circulated progressive and patriotic writings in Europe. by Xiao Chua Melchora Aquino (1839-1919) o The term "heroe" points to a strong-willed and supernatural character who consciously directs his o Aquino is one of the two females among the nine abilities for the good of the people. historical figures recommended as heroes. She was better o While the "bayani" persona serves others without known as "Tandang Sora", "Mother of Balintawak", and expecting [anything] in return, despite being ordinary. "Mother of the Philippine Revolution". o Born in the city of Kalookan, Aquino's home became an by Ambeth Ocampo important location and venue for several secret meetings o While hero is defined as a "person who is admired or of the katipunan. idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or Apolinario Mabini (1864 - 1903) noble qualities. o A bayani could mean a man of extraordinary strength, o Mabini was one of the foremost of the Philippine bravery, ability, usually a warrior; a man who had the revolutionary heroes. He was considered as the "brains" qualities of the gods. of the revolution because of his role as the architect of the 1898 Philippine revolutionary government. Nine (9) Historical Figures in the Philippine History o Under Aguinaldo's revolutionary government, he served Selected as National Heroes as the first legal and constitutional adviser and then as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the Jose Rizal (1861 – 1896) establishment of the First Philippine Republic. o Rizal was the author of some of the most important Sultan Kudarat (1581-1671) writings about the aristocracy and colonization of Spain in the Philippines. o Kudarat was the most powerful Sultan of Maguindanao in o He was known to many Filipinos and foreigners all over the Philippines. He successfully repelled Spain's conquest the world and was considered as one of the forerunners to subdue Mindanao. of establishing early Philippine studies in Europe. o He was also a hindrance to the Christianization of the Mindanao Island much like the other Muslim rulers of the Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897) Southern Philippines. o Bonifacio led the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary o Sultan Kudarat also forged an alliance with the Sultanate society that fought against Spanish oppression and of Sulu, a neighboring maritime sultanate, by marrying its colonial rule in the Philippines. sultan's daughter. o A patriot who spearheaded various military campaigns Gabriela Silang (1731-1763) during the Philippine Revolution as acts of rebellion against the ruling of Spanish colonial government. o María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang was revolutionary fearless female warrior and a great leader of the Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) people to fight for independence from Spain.  GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam o She took over the revolutionary movement of her o After the Glorious Revolution in 1868 that deposed husband Diego Silang after his assassination in 1763 and Queen Isabella II, Gov. Gen. Carlos María de la Torre was became a military general in the resistance who led the sent to the colony to introduce new and progressive longest sustained revolt to counter the colonizers. colonial policies. Lesson 3: The Nineteenth Century Philippines Colonial Social Structure Introduction Peninsulares (Spanish born from Spain) o The 19th century can be considered as the most crucial Insulares period in the history of colonial Philippines. (Born from Philippines but Spanish) o This period witnessed the massive transformations in the Philippine economy, politics, culture, and society. Indios/ Principales o The development of colonial Philippines was spurred by (Filipino) the opening of Manila to the world trade and the corresponding influx of modern ideas and technologies Mestizo de Sangleys from the West. (Child of Spanish/ Filipino from Chinese) Estranjeros Economic Development (Foreigners) o The end of Galleon Trade in 1815 in paved the way for the Tsinos/ Infieles diversification of trade and commerce in the Philippines (Non-Christian Filipino/ Chinese people) o Factors such as the Mexican Revolution and Trade Liberalization caused the decline of Galleon Trade. o The Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 resulted in the influx of o In 1778, Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas had attempted to liberal ideas, arts, culture and lifestyle to the colony. encourage the domestic production and economic o In 1872, de la Torre was replaced by a more despotic Gov. autonomy from Spain and Mexico through: Gen. Rafael Izquierdo who imposed stricter and harsher ▪ regulation of commerce laws that caused unrest and revolts. ▪ monopolization of cash crops o The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 arise from the discontent of the ▪ establishment of Royal Philippine Company colonial troops and laborers to the oppressive demands of o Lack of agricultural and industrial development saves the colonial government. Filipino from the horror of colonial plantation system and o As a result, the three Filipino secular priest, Mariano abuses of encomendero. Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, along with o Foreign merchant houses of the American, British, and Francisco Zaldua, was executed, while the Filipino other European countries played a major role in the reformists were exiled overseas. expansion of Philippine commerce. o The Opening of Manila to the World in 1834 had Religious Development stimulated immense socio-economic changes in the o The secularization movement advocated for greater rights colony. for native Filipino Catholic clergymen and had significant o The economic progress spurred the emergence of implications to Filipino nationalism and the Philippine wealthy principalia and mestizo-middle class. Revolution of 19th century. Political Development o In colonial Philippines, there are two groups among the Catholic clergy o Following the Napoleonic Wars in Spain, the Cadiz ▪ Seculars (seculares) Clergymen who are not Constitution of 1812 was established to deposed the affiliated with a religious order, mostly native absolute monarchy of Spain. Filipinos. o The Constitution affirmed national sovereignty and ▪ Regulars (regulares) - Clergymen who are representation, separation of powers, freedom of the part of an established order, mostly purely press, free enterprise and other progressive reforms. Spanish. o In 1821, Spanish Empire lost its major colonies in the Latin o At the onset of secularization movement, Fr. Pedro Pelaez America following a series of war of liberation. and other Filipino clergymen petitioned for the o Trauma of Creole-led revolutions in Latin America, displacement of the Seculares from their parishes by the prompted the colonial government to replaced the Regulares. Insulares (Creoles) officials of the Peninsulares from o In 1859, the Jesuits return and reclaimed their parishes and Spain. estates from the Recollects who in turn took their former o Revolts lead by the Insulares ensued as a consequence of parishes from the Seculares leaving them with no this discriminatory decision by the colonial government jurisdiction to be administered. such as Novales Revolt (1823) Palmero Conspiracy o At the trial of Cavite Mutiny, the Friars influenced the court (1828). and Gov. Gen. Izquierdo to implicate the secular priests and  GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam the liberal reformists in the unsuccessful revolt to weaken o The rise of the friar estates in the Philippines was due to the their cause. economic advancement as well as the reduced manual o The Regular Priests inadvertently inculcate the idea of labor promised by the religious orders who owned those nationalism and principles of progress to the young estates (Roth, 1977). Filipinos through their education. o Rather than academic incompetence, the main complaint Encomienda vs. Hacienda of the young students against colonial education is the lack o The encomienda was a legal grant that controlled of academic freedom. indigenous labor, often with the implication of forced labor o Throughout the 19th century, the colony witnessed the or tribute. clash of Church and Government over the administration o The encomienda system was more common in the early and controlled of the people. stages of Spanish colonization, especially in the 16th o The anti-Friar sentiments rooted in Propaganda century. Movement was only limited to the educated elite in Tagalog o The encomienda was not specifically tied to agriculture provinces. though labor was often used for agricultural purposes. o The hacienda is a large estates used for agricultural Socio-Cultural Development production using the labor of the local population. o The significance of land-ownership became apparent as the o The hacienda became more prominent in the 17th and 18th cash crop economy contributed wealth and prestige of the centuries. emerging principalia and middle class. o The hacienda was explicitly an agricultural system focused o Agrarian unrest took place in the majority of the provinces on large estates. with Friar estates where conflicts between the Church and the people became apparent. Hacienda de Calamba o The practice of banditry and inception of different o In 1759, Don Manuel Jauregui, a haciendero, entrusted his messianic movements increased as a result of oppressive lands, the haciendas of Calamba and Nagtajan to the measures and policies. Society of Jesus. o Other than issue of graft and corruption, the Spanish o In 1767, King Charles III issued a decree expelling the Jesuits colonial government failed to provide the people basic from the entire Spanish Empire including the Philippines. needs such as public works, schools peace and orders. o At the turn of the century, the government finally found an o The economic development of 19th century had widened interested buyer of the hacienda a Spanish layman, Don the gap between different classes of people in terms of Clemente de Azansa who acquired the land in 1803. wealth and power. o Upon his death, the Corporacion de Padres Dominicos de o Migration towards Manila and its neighboring towns and Filipinas acquired the hacienda in 1831. provinces escalated as people were attracted of its development. The Hacienda Calamba Case o Overpopulation and poor sanitation had spurred the proliferation of epidemics and other deadly diseases in the o The reconstructed Rizal house in Calamba should remind us vicinity of urban areas. of the agrarian roots of the Rizal story that teach us of the agrarian roots of Philippine social problems (Ocampo, Lesson 4: The Case of Hacienda de Calamba 2013). o The Mercado family was initially on good terms with the Introduction Dominicans who administered the hacienda. o The conflict started due to the unreasonable increase in o In the years of 1887-1891, an agrarian unrest arose within rentals, land confiscation, and other Dominican friars' the Hacienda de Calamba between the Dominican Orders unprincipled practices. who owned the land and the townspeople of Calamba as o This caused hardships to the tenants as economic crises its tenants. were present during that time and factors such as poor o This Case of Hacienda de Calamba is one of the most harvests, crops destroyed by unfavorable weather, and important turning points in the life of Jose Rizal who served pestilence. as the defenders of his fellow townsfolk against the o In Dec. 30, 1887, the government wanted to check on taxes deplorable actions of the Friars and the colonial by asking the Calamba tenants about rent paid to the government. Dominican hacienda. Origin of Friar Estates o In January 1888 they replied with a petition drafted by Rizal and signed by the principales of the town challenging the o The friar estates in the Philippines were lands owned by legitimacy of the land titles supposedly held by the religious orders, primarily the Dominicans, Augustinians, Dominicans. and Recollects, for centuries. o By February 1888, the Calamba tenants had refused to pay o The origin of the friar estates can be traced back to land rent. grants awarded to the early Spanish conquistadores who arrived in the Philippines.  GEED 037 | Reviewer | Lesson 1 – 4 | Midterms Exam o A year later, after trying in vain to collect rents due, the o In the in the recent years products of the tenants have Dominicans brought the case to the Justice of the Peace in decreased considerably because of the following: Calamba and lost. ▪ tenants are discouraged to work laboriously o The Dominicans appealed to the Provincial Court of Santa in their land due to the threat of disposition Cruz and won. by the Dominicans o The court then ordered the non paying tenants to vacate ▪ tenants are vigilant and does not have good the lands owned by the hacienda. faith to the state o After a while the evicted tenants began to return to the ▪ estate does not provide them assistance land, prompting Governor-General Valeriano Wyler in 1891 during a calamity or disaster to order the deportation of 25 individuals to Mindoro. ▪ the well to do tenants are obliged to pay the o To cut the long story short, the Dominicans won the case in rental of lots of the indigence and for the a higher court in Manila as well as the Supreme Court in flood without aid from the Estate Madrid. ▪ the increasing shortage of capital because of people are exhausted Plan to Establish a Filipino Settlement o Rizal thought of forming a Filipino settlement in Sandakan, Sabah when he encountered Englishman William Burgess Pryer and his wife in Hong Kong in 1892. o On March 7, 1892, Rizal boarded a ship to Sabah, to talk to British authorities about the possibility of setting up a Filipino colony there. o The BNBC was open to the idea of a Filipino settlement in Borneo and "offered permanent settlement for the emigrants and the sale or lease of 100,000 acres of land for 999 years." o Aside from this, the BNBC did not require the settlers to render free labor or serve in the military except if the island was under threat. o However, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol rejected the project proposal as he believes that this is against the interest of Spanish colonial rule. Petition of the Town of Calamba o On December 30 1887 the government sent an order asking the calamba tenants about their rental paid to the Dominican hacienda o In response more than fifty residents among them tenants and principales submit their report about the hacienda: 1. The state of the Dominican Order it's not situated in this locality but in fact constitutes the whole town of Calamba. 2. The products of the state increase to the benefit of the Dominicans due to the following: a. the tenants already clear and clean the forest and invest large capital in Estate b. the tenants were obliged to pay additional fee for each plant lots and hats that they built within the estate c. the rent of the town loves warehouses and warehouses are erected increased every time and official pers servant of the state measure them d. the state does not spend anything for the towns welfare either in festivals schools or other agricultural development despite of their excessive charge to the tenants