Tourism Management Revision PDF

Tourism Management Definitions Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon involving people traveling outside their usual environment. Tourist Demand - The total number of people traveling or wishing to travel, to use facilities and services at places away from the...

Tourism Management Definitions Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon involving people traveling outside their usual environment. Tourist Demand - The total number of people traveling or wishing to travel, to use facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence" Real Tourists: they want and can travel Potential Tourists: they want but can't travel Deferred Demand: those who can but don't want to travel. OTA → Online Travel Agency DMC → Destination Management Company MICE → Meetings, Incentives, conferences and exhibitions 1. Evolution Briefly explain the evolution of tourism throughout history. Classical and Medieval Times - Travelled for religion, military, commercial, adventure, and exploration purposes. → 14th - 16th Century - Commercial routes and infrastructures, boosted mass tourism by improving transportation and raising the income of the middle class. → 17th - 19th Century - The Grand Tour, a traditional educational journey taken by young European aristocrafts. → 18th-19th Century - Industrial revolution and technological advances → 1841 - First Travel Agency, Thomas Cook, a tourism pioneer who organized tours. → 1919 - First commercial flight, from London to Paris → 1996 - Expedia Foundation as a division of Microsoft → 1997 - Air transport liberalization in Europe → 2007 - Airbnb Foundations → 2020 COVID-19 2. Key points that enabled the development of Tourism, allowing everyone to travel → Trains → Planes → More and bigger roads, → Cars etc…  3. Tourism Impacts Economic Positive economic tourism impacts: Job Creation Income Generation: Tourism generates direct income (money tourists spend at hotels, restaurants) and indirect income (money spent by businesses that serve tourists). Example: A tourist visiting Paris spends money at a hotel, and the hotel buys bread from a local bakery, indirectly generating income for the baker. Economic contribution to the balance of payment: Foreign tourists bring money into a country, improving its financial situation and helping fund public services. Example: Tourism contributes significantly to Spain's economy, helping maintain infrastructure like roads and airports. Negative tourism impacts: Price inflation: Local businesses raise prices to capitalize on tourist spending, making life more expensive for residents. Example: In Venice, Italy, the cost of housing and groceries has skyrocketed due to high demand from tourists.  Insecure job market: Tourism jobs often depend on seasons and lack stability, with many being temporary or poorly paid. Example: In ski resorts like Aspen, Colorado, jobs for instructors and hotel staff drop sharply in the off-season. Infraestructure costs Building and maintaining infrastructure for tourists (roads, airports, sewage systems) can burden local governments. Example: Maldives spends heavily on maintaining its airports and water systems to cater to luxury tourists. Economic overdependence:Tourism can bring a lot of money to a place, but if a country or town relies too much on it, their economy can be in trouble when tourists stop coming. This might happen during certain times of the year (like winter for a beach destination) or because of unexpected problems like a pandemic, bad weather, or political issues. Example:COVID-19 pandemic Social-cultural Positive social-cultural tourism impacts: Intercultural contact Cultural exchange - Tourism allows people from different cultures to meet, exchange ideas, and learn from one another. Revalorization of identity symbols and traditions : Tourism encourages locals to take pride in their culture, traditions, and heritage by showcasing them to visitors. Example: In Mexico, Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) traditions are preserved and celebrated more widely because tourists show interest in attending festivals and buying related art. Perservation of traditional lifestyles:Income from tourism can support the continuation of traditional crafts, music, or rituals that might otherwise disappear. Example: Handicrafts like Moroccan pottery or Balinese wood carvings are still practiced because tourists buy them, providing income to artisans. Negative social-cultural tourism impacts: Increase of crime rates: More tourists can lead to higher crime rates, as criminals may target visitors who are unfamiliar with the area. Example: Pickpocketing is common in tourist hotspots like Barcelona because tourists are seen as easy targets.  Crowded spaces: loss of public spaces, "ghost villages"…Tourists can overcrowd public areas, making them less accessible to locals or even turning neighborhoods into "ghost villages" when short-term rentals push residents out. Example: In Venice, the high number of tourists has displaced many locals, leaving some neighborhoods empty of residents and full of hotels or short-term rentals like Airbnbs. Erosion in relationships network: When residents are forced to leave due to rising rents or tourism-focused businesses, community ties can weaken. Example: In Amsterdam, rising housing costs caused by tourism have pushed locals out of the city center, breaking up close-knit communities. Environmental Positive environmental tourism impacts: Tourism as an incentive for conservation and restoration of natural and cultural endangered environments: Tourism can finance the preservation of endangered environments and cultural heritage, making them sources of income. Example: Entrance fees from tourists visiting the Galápagos Islands are used to fund conservation programs. Example: In Rome, tourist revenue helps maintain landmarks like the Colosseum and the Trevi Fountain. Negative environmental tourism impacts: Direct impacts on flora and fauna: pollution and waste:Tourist activities harm local ecosystems through pollution, waste, and habitat destruction. Example: Coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef are damaged by snorkeling, diving, and boat anchors. Water consumption: Tourists use large amounts of water for showers, pools, and lawns, straining local supplies. Example: Hotels in Cancun, Mexico, use far more water than local residents, causing water shortages. Impacts on landscapes: Tourists use large amounts of water for showers, pools, and lawns, straining local supplies. Example: Hotels in Cancun, Mexico, use far more water than local residents, causing water shortages. Tourist mobility: production of CO2: Planes, cars, and buses used by tourists emit greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. Example: Air travel to popular destinations like the Maldives significantly increases CO2 emissions.  4. Elements to analyze characterize the tourism demand (TOURISTS AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS) Definition: "The total number of people traveling or wishing to travel, to use facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence". Elements to analyze: → Tourist profile ex. generation → Nationality → Income and spending → Type of stay → Motivation → Tourist Satisfaction New types of families: Solo Travellers DINKY - Double income No kids PANK - Professional aunt, No kids Single with kids 5. What is a DMO and its role The UN Tourism defines DMOs as organizations responsible for the management and/or marketing of destinations and generally falling into one of the following categories: → National Tourism Authorities or Organizations → Regional, provincial or state DMO → Local DMO Main Functions: → Strategic planning → Market intelligence (data analysis, market research...) → Formulation (or participation in the formulation process) and implementation of the destination's tourism policy. → Products and tourism business development → Digitalization and innovation → Crisis Management → Training → Promotion, Marketing, Brand Creation → Investment financing and promotion 6. Companies in the tourism sector Transportation F&b Leisure Guiding Intermediaries  7. TTOO, and the difference between TTOO and retailers TOUR OPERATORS (TTOO) → They create and distribute tourist products. In general, they do not sell directly to the customer but through retailers. RETAILERS → They are the distributors of the products created by the TTOO. They can create their own products and sell directly to the public. 8. Why is transportation important for tourism activity Develops the tourism activity Connects tourism to destinations Part of the tourism activity (experience, accessibility...) Without effective transportation, tourism would be very limited. 9. Tourism promotion and Destinations Definition: "An indispensable tool to raise awareness of the services and products intended for potential tourists/travelers, that is, to communicate." It is a key element to inform about the existence of a product, service, or tourist attraction in a specific territory or to promote a destination Objectives → To showcase the tourism offerings of a destination. → To enhance the appeal of a destination. → To promote and position a city, municipality, or country as a tourist destination to attract more visitors. Quiz made by Irene and answers: 1. If I stay less than 24h in a destination, I'm… an excursionist An excursionist 2. Inbound Tourism refers to… Visitors from overseas coming into the country 3. I live in Barcelona and I travel to Málaga - Domestic Tourism 4. Briefly explain the evolution of tourism throughout history 5. True - Outbound Tourism is that of the residents of a country of reference that travel only outside this country. 6. What are the key points that enabled tourism development, thus allowing everyone to travel? 7. List three positive and negative economic, social, and environmental tourism impacts. 8. The tourist demand is mainly composed of… Potential and Real Tourists 9. Which elements can we analyze in order to characterize the Tourist Demand? 10. False - Different generations have the same interests, so it is not important taking this into account when analyzing the demand of a destination or product. 11. The actors (stakeholders) involved in the tourism sector are... Public Administration, Tourists, Enterprises, Residents, Territory 12. What is a DMO and its role? 13. The five pillars of a Smart Destination are… Governance, Technology, Innovation, Accessibility, Sustainability 14. List different types of companies that make up the tourism sector 15. Tourist intermediaries are… Companies that provide mediation between tourists and other companies. 16. Intermediaries are classified according to… a. Specialization b. Motivation of the trip c. Distribution Channel d. Origin of the trip e. Activity they provide 17. The main difference between an incoming and outgoing Travel Agency is… Outgoing TTAA specializes in trips for going abroad and Incoming TTAA are specialized in one area or city. 18. What is a TTOO and what is the main difference between TTOO and retailers? 19. What is a Destination Management Company (DMC)? This is the term used for a professional services company offering extensive local knowledge, expertise and resources for the use in the design and execution of events, meetings and conferences in their given location. 20. Why is transportation fundamental for tourism activity? Air Travel 21. Air transportation has allowed more people to travel. Why? It allows quick access to distant destinations. Main advantages: Fast Connects global destinations Time-saving Efficient for long distances  22. What are the important facts in air transportation history? Air alliances and low-cost airlines An airline alliance - aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial(large)level. Through these alliances, the airlines can share infrastructures, human resources, logistic centres, among others. - Star Alliance (the first one) - Skyteam The low-cost airlines were born in the 1980s in the US, started by Southwest Airlines. 23. What is an Air HUB? Hub is a term that expresses the connectivity of an airport with other airports. Main connecting point that facilitates transfer to various locations without the need for direct flights from all cities. 24. True - A charter flight is an unscheduled flight that is not part of a regular airline routing. Main challanges of air "The aviation sector produced approximately 915 million tonnes of CO2 globally in 2019 , representing 2.1% of total annual human emissions" Transportation 25. A tourist train - a rail operation intended to be a museum-style attraction to see, a tour as an activity to do. 26. "Providing all the services that a cruise might need in every port of call, including staff". This definition belongs to… Consignees  27. True - A Convention Bureau only provides information to professionals of tourism. 28. Induced Images are… The images done by the destination through campaigns, social media.. 29. Why is Tourism Promotion so important for destinations? 30. Which of the following marketing strategies is key to the success of a tourist destination in developing a competitive advantage in territorial tourism? Differentiated marketing focusing on specific market segments. PP9- Tourist Information Services and promotion Tourist Info: Information provided to assist travelers before, during, and after the trips. Ways of sharing information: ONLINE: Websites, Social Media, Blogs, e-mailing... PUBLICITY: Films, advertisements, TV and radio programmes,... MASS MEDIA: press conferences, press releases... PRESENTIAL ACTIVITIES: fairs, congresses, TIC, Workshops... PUBLICATIONS: journals, brochures, maps,… CORPORATE IMAGE: brand, logo, slogan… Pre-trip Information social Media, Blogs, Official websites On-site information tourist Offices, Guides Post-trip information oFeedback and reviews platforms: TripAdvisor,... Tourist Information Centre (TIC) - Tourist Office: They provide information directly to the tourists.