Earth And Life Science Reviewer-PDF

**REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE** **The Evolving Concept of Life** - Athanasius Kircher - maggots and other organisms emerged from decaying bodies of animals - **Lazzaro Spallanzani** -- proved that sufficient heating of broth will kill animalcules. - **Walter Flemming** - stu...

**REVIEWER IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE** **The Evolving Concept of Life** - Athanasius Kircher - maggots and other organisms emerged from decaying bodies of animals - **Lazzaro Spallanzani** -- proved that sufficient heating of broth will kill animalcules. - **Walter Flemming** - studied the chromatin of a cell - **Robert Hooke** -- cell as a microscopic compartments in a sliced piece of cork - **Jan Swammerdam** - a frog embryo consist of globular particles. - **Carl Benda -** discovered the mitochondrion. **Origin of First Life Forms** - **Theory of Special Creation** - men and everything on Earth was a result of unconditional divine decree. - **Coacervation Theory** - molecules assembled into primitive cells in the presence of water. - **Abiogenesis -** animals and plants arose from mud at the bottom of a pool. - **Cosmozoic** - life forms are widespread in the universe in the form of spores. - **Oparin-Haldane** Theory - life on Earth emerged from oceans. The Unifying Themes In The Study Of Life - **Homeostasis** -- balance - **Evolution** - long term adaptation to environmental conditions - Correct sequence of biological organization - **cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere** - Symbiotic Relationship 1. **Commensalism** -- remora and shark 2. **Parasitism** -- worm and digestive system 3. **Mutualism** -- bees and flowers - **Response of Plants** 1. **Phototropism** --light 2. **Geotropism** -- ground 3. **Thigmotropism** -- touch - **Ten Percent Law -- 10%** percent of the energy is passed in the trophic levels - **Cell wall** -- provide structure and shape for plants - **Lysosome --** contains hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion - **Vacuole** -- 90% of the entire cell volume. - **Flagella --** movement or locomotion - **Peroxisome --** oxidation of long chain fatty acid - **Glucose --** sugar - **Cellulose** -- cannot digest by animals due to lack of enzymes Bioenergetics - Types of System 1. **Isolated system** -- no matter and energy can enter or exit 2. **Closed system** - only energy can be transported in and out 3. **Open system** -- both matter and energy can in and out - **Enzymes --** catalyzed chemical reactions in organisms. - **Law of entropy** **-** level of disorder **increases** through time. - **Endergonic reaction** - absorbs energy from the environment - **Exergonic reaction** -- release energy - **Reverse mode of inhibition in enzymes --** increasing substrate concentration - **Thermodynamics --** relationship of heat to other forms of energy - **Bioenergetics** -- study of how organisms acquire and utilize energy - **Stroma -** Main site for calvin cycle or light independent reaction - **Thylakoid -** Main site for light dependent reaction - **Chlorophyll** -- green pigment in the chloroplast that contain magnesium - **Light dependent reaction** -- forms water which contains hydrogen ions - **CAM plants** -- water succulent such as cacti that opens their stomata at night and closes them at day time. - **C3 plants** -- susceptible to environmental changes - **Glycolysis** -- splitting of sugars - **Lactic acid fermentation** - converts pyruvate to lactate. - **Pollination** -- transfer of pollen from one flower to another 1. **Cross pollination -**process achieves higher genetic diversity. 2. **Self-pollination** -- same flower - **Stamen -** male reproductive part of a flower. - **Pistil or carpel --** female reproductive part of a flower. - **Fragmentation** - a growth spurt from a stem, roots, or leaf. - **Zygote --** fertilized egg - **Binary fission --** divides into two; paramecium - **Budding** -- hydra - **Regeneration** - lizards - **Humans and animals** -- sexual - **Parthenogenesis** -- fertilization occurs without the sperm **Central Dogma of Molecular Biology** - **Genome --** totality of all genes - **Gene --** segment of DNA - **DNA** -- deoxyribonucleic acid - **RNA** -- ribonucleic acid - **Nitrogenous bases** -- adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine - Purines -- **adenine and guanine** - Pyrimidines -- cytosine and thymine - Start codon -- **AUG** - Stop codon **-- UAA, UAG, and UGA** - **Genetic engineering** - altering of genetic make up to impart a new set of characteristics of a specie. - **Traditional biotechnology** -use of yeast in wine making. - **Modern biotechnology** -- genetic manipulation of organisms to display a new phenotype. - **GMO or Genetically modified Organisms** - increases the productivity of farmlands that sustain food availability. **Body Systems** - **Peristalsis -** squeezing movement of involuntary muscles of the esophagus. - **Dietary fibers -** non-nutritive food component composed of cellulose. - **Digestion --** is the process in which food is broken down into smaller pieces that could be absorb by the body. - **Villi -** finger-like structure that absorbs nutrients and channels them to the bloodstream. - **Closed system -** is a system where blood flows through the blood vessels. - **Open system --** observed in anthropoids, mollusks, echinoderms, and chordates. - **Mammalian Circulatory System -** comprises four chambered heart used to pump blood through pulmonary and systematic circuits. - **Circulatory System --** transports nutrients and facilitates gas exchange between the organism and the environment.