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Questions and Answers
Which scientist is credited with proving that sufficient heating of broth will kill microorganisms?
Which scientist is credited with proving that sufficient heating of broth will kill microorganisms?
What is the process called where animals and plants are believed to have arisen from mud at the bottom of a pool?
What is the process called where animals and plants are believed to have arisen from mud at the bottom of a pool?
According to the ten percent law, what percentage of energy is passed between trophic levels?
According to the ten percent law, what percentage of energy is passed between trophic levels?
Which type of biological organization comes immediately after 'cell' in the correct sequence?
Which type of biological organization comes immediately after 'cell' in the correct sequence?
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What type of relationship is exemplified by a remora fish and a shark?
What type of relationship is exemplified by a remora fish and a shark?
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Which compound is not digestible by animals due to a lack of specific enzymes?
Which compound is not digestible by animals due to a lack of specific enzymes?
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In which type of system does neither matter nor energy enter or exit?
In which type of system does neither matter nor energy enter or exit?
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What is the term for the long-term adaptation of organisms to environmental changes?
What is the term for the long-term adaptation of organisms to environmental changes?
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What is the primary difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
What is the primary difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
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Which component is primarily found in thylakoids during photosynthesis?
Which component is primarily found in thylakoids during photosynthesis?
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What distinguishes CAM plants from C3 plants?
What distinguishes CAM plants from C3 plants?
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What does the term 'parthenogenesis' refer to in reproduction?
What does the term 'parthenogenesis' refer to in reproduction?
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In the context of genetic material, what is the role of RNA?
In the context of genetic material, what is the role of RNA?
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Which organisms undergo binary fission as a means of reproduction?
Which organisms undergo binary fission as a means of reproduction?
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Which of the following is a component of the central dogma of molecular biology?
Which of the following is a component of the central dogma of molecular biology?
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What is the function of stamen in flowering plants?
What is the function of stamen in flowering plants?
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Study Notes
The Evolving Concept of Life
- Athanasius Kircher observed maggots emerging from decaying animal bodies.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrated that heating broth kills microorganisms.
- Walter Flemming studied cell chromatin.
- Robert Hooke described cells as microscopic compartments in cork.
- Jan Swammerdam observed globular particles in frog embryos.
- Carl Benda discovered mitochondria.
Origin of First Life Forms
- Theory of Special Creation: Life formed through divine creation.
- Coacervation Theory: Molecules assembled into primitive cells in water.
- Abiogenesis: Life arose from non-living matter.
- Cosmozoic Theory: Life exists throughout the universe in spores.
- Oparin-Haldane Theory: Life emerged from Earth's oceans.
The Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
- Homeostasis: Maintaining internal equilibrium.
- Evolution: Long-term adaptation to the environment.
- Biological Organization: A correct sequential arrangement of biological units (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and biosphere).
- Symbiotic Relationships:
- Commensalism (e.g., remora and shark)
- Parasitism (e.g., a worm and digestive system)
- Mutualism (e.g., bees and flowers)
Response of Plants
- Phototropism: Growth towards light.
- Geotropism: Growth in response to gravity.
- Thigmotropism: Growth in response to touch.
Ten Percent Law
- 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels.
Cell Structure
- Cell wall: Supports plant cells.
- Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes.
- Vacuole: Large storage space (90% of cell volume).
- Flagella: Enables locomotion in some cells.
Bioenergetics
- Types of systems (isolated, closed, and open).
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
- Entropy increases over time (law of entropy).
- Endergonic reactions absorb energy.
- Exergonic reactions release energy.
- Thermodynamics relates heat to other energy forms.
- Bioenergetics studies how organisms acquire and utilize energy.
- Stroma and thylakoids are components of chloroplasts essential for photosynthesis.
- CAM plants open stomata at night; C3 plants respond to light.
- Photosynthesis processes include splitting sugars and converting pyruvate to lactate.
- Pollination transfers pollen, which can be cross or self-pollination.
Cross-Pollination & Self-Pollination
- Cross-pollination = Transfer of pollen to different flowers.
- Self-pollination = Transfer of pollen to the same flower.
Plant Reproductive Parts
- Stamen: Male part of the flower.
- Pistil: Female part of the flower.
Plant Reproduction
- Fragmentation: Growth from stems, roots, or leaves.
- Zygote: Fertilized egg.
- Binary fission: Cell division into two identical cells.
- Budding: Asexual reproduction in which new organisms grow from old ones.
- Regeneration: Growth of lost body parts.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Genome: The complete set of genes.
Genes and Molecules
- Gene: Segment of DNA.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid.
- RNA: Ribonucleic acid.
- Nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; pyrimidines and purines).
- Start codon (AUG)
- Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
- Genetic engineering: Altering genetic makeup for new characteristics.
- Traditional vs. Modern biotechnology.
- GMOs: Genetically modified organisms increase farmland productivity.
Body Systems
- Peristalsis: Involuntary muscle movement in the esophagus.
- Dietary fibers: Non-nutritive components (cellulose).
- Digestion: Breaks down food into absorbable pieces.
- Villi: Structures that absorb nutrients.
- Closed systems: Blood flows through vessels.
- Open systems: Blood flows freely in body cavities (e.g., mollusks, echinoderms, chordates).
- Mammalian circulatory system: Heart pumps blood through pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- Circulatory system: Transports nutrients and gases; essential for organism-environment interaction.
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution of the concept of life through significant scientific discoveries and theories. This quiz covers the observations of early scientists and various theories about the origin of life, including ideas on homeostasis and evolution. Test your knowledge on these unifying themes in biology.
