Life Science Midterm Review Questions PDF

‭Nature, Nurture and Norm-of-Reaction‬ ‭12.‬‭What is the norm of reaction and how does the slope describe the relation‬ ‭between genotype and phenotype?‬ ‭ he norm of reaction is the set of all phenotypic expressions possible for a given‬ T ‭genotype if raised unde...

‭Nature, Nurture and Norm-of-Reaction‬ ‭12.‬‭What is the norm of reaction and how does the slope describe the relation‬ ‭between genotype and phenotype?‬ ‭ he norm of reaction is the set of all phenotypic expressions possible for a given‬ T ‭genotype if raised under all possible different environmental conditions. The norm of‬ ‭reaction graph represents the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes. The‬ ‭x-axis in the graph represents the environment and the y axis in the graph represents‬ ‭the possible phenotypes. The data lines on the graph represent the different genotypes‬ ‭being tested. If the slope is steep, that means the environment plays a large role in the‬ ‭change of the organism’s phenotype.‬ ‭13.‬‭What is evolutionary fitness‬ ‭ volutionary fitness is the relative reproductive success of a phenotype or genotype.‬ E ‭Alleles that confer highest fitness on the individuals carrying them will increase their‬ ‭market share in a population. Critical to assessing fitness is understanding that it is‬ ‭measured: 1. Relative to other geno/phenotypes in the population 2. In a specific‬ ‭environment 3. By reproductive success.‬ ‭14.‬‭What is evolutionary mismatch? Include an example.‬ ‭ volutionary mismatch is when the environment changes too fast or an individual is‬ E ‭taken out of adapted areas. For example, humans before were accustomed to the hunter‬ ‭gatherer lifestyle so we were biologically programmed to eat when we could due to the‬ ‭limited food. However now we don’t have a limited supply of food so people can actually‬ ‭over eat and not be able to manage their weight.‬ ‭Genetics‬ ‭15.‬‭How do dominant and recessive alleles differ?‬ ‭ ominant alleles only require one allele in a pair in order for it to display the trait it holds‬ D ‭whereas a recessive trait requires both alleles in a pair for it to display the phenotype.‬ ‭16.‬‭How do you use probability to determine inheritance of a trait?‬ ‭ ith Mendel’s law of segregation and through calculating the coefficient of relatedness‬ W ‭in pedigrees.‬ ‭17.‬‭How does Mendel's first law explain why offspring look like their parents?‬ ‭ endel’s first law explains why offspring look like their parents because it states a‬ M ‭gamete receives only one allele for each gene (one from each parent).‬ ‭18.‬‭How do you predict offspring genotypes of sex linked traits?‬  ‭ ll sexlinked traits will always be held within the sex chromosomes which is also known‬ A ‭as the x chromosomes. Ex) Color blindness is carried on the x chromosome. Females‬ ‭are carriers and males are more likely to have color blindness due to only having one x‬ ‭chromosome.‬ ‭19.‬‭**Analyze pedigree pic‬ ‭20.‬‭How does biological sex determination among species vary?‬ I‭n mammals females have two of the same sex chromosomes, turtles have different sex‬ ‭chromosomes but the way sex is determined is through temperature. In bees and wasps‬ ‭the males are haploid and females are diploid.‬ ‭21.‬‭Does having a particular genotype esure you will have a particular phenotype?‬ ‭ o, having a particular genotype does not ensure you will have a particular phenotype‬ N ‭because it is possible for an organism to carry a gene/allele but not display it.‬ ‭22.‬‭Using blood types, explain how multiple alleles in a population come together.‬ ‭ here are four possible blood types, A, AB, B, and O where A and B are dominant over‬ T ‭O and are codominant to one another. A person with a phenotype of A may have a‬ ‭genotype of AA or AO. A person with a phenotype of B could have a genotype of BB or‬ ‭BO. A person with a phenotype of AB can only have a genotype of AB. And lastly if a‬ ‭person has a phenotype of O their genotype would have to be OO.‬ ‭Kin Selection and Reciprocal Altruism‬ ‭23.‬‭What are fitness and inclusive fitness? How do Belding’s ground squirrels help us‬ ‭understand this?‬ ‭ itness refers to an individual’s reproductive success or the number of offspring or genes‬ F ‭that contribute to the next generation. Inclusive fitness refers to an organism's total‬ ‭fitness, which is equal to their direct fitness plus their indirect fitness. Indirect fitness is‬ ‭fitness gained by aiding survival and reproduction of non-descendant kin, like siblings or‬ ‭other relatives. Belding’s ground squirrels help us understand the idea of inclusive‬ ‭fitness because some squirrels, usually older females, put themselves in danger by‬ ‭yelling when a predator is approaching. By issuing the warning she decreases her own‬ ‭chances of survival. In these squirrels inclusive fitness is more important than their own‬ ‭direct fitness.‬ ‭24.‬‭What does Hamiliton’s rule help us understand?‬ ‭ amilton’s rule helps us understand when and why individuals should exhibit apparent‬ H ‭altruism toward genetic relatives. It tells us why we look out for siblings more.‬ ‭25.‬‭Describe the evidence in support of Hamilton’s rule‬ ‭ he greater someone’s coefficient of relatedness is to someone else, the more likely‬ T ‭they are to exhibit kindness towards them. For example it is much more likely for a‬ ‭person to murder a stranger than it is for them to murder a family member. A person is‬ ‭also much more likely to lend money to a relative than a person they have no relation to.‬ ‭People who live together who are not related by blood are 11 times more likely to kill‬ ‭each other. Step children are 100 times more likely to be killed by a step parent than a‬ ‭biological child.‬ ‭26.‬‭How do you calculate coefficients of relatedness? Why is it important?‬ ‭ o calculate coefficient of relatedness, you first go up the pedigree and then back down‬ T ‭to the desired relative. You must always start by going up and you cannot zig zag up and‬ ‭down. Go up as far as you can and then go down on the path towards the relative. Every‬ ‭time you pass through a relative you multiply by 0.5. All paths are created equal. You‬ ‭must include every possible path, you add up the total of each path to solve for r. The‬ ‭coefficient of relatedness is important because it is a quantitative measure of how closely‬ ‭two individuals are genetically related and we can predict behaviors based on kinship.‬ ‭27.‬‭What is the difference between altruism and apparent altruism?‬ ‭ ltruism is the act of kindness or selflessness and apparent altruism is when an act‬ A ‭looks like altruism however it actually benefits the person acting selflessly more. Natural‬ ‭selection produces apparent altruism not true altruism.‬ ‭28.‬‭Under conditions should we see reciprocal altruism?‬ ‭ e should see reciprocal altruism when you assume they’re going to return the favor,‬ W ‭when it is more likely to concur and when you have repeated interactions with them.‬ ‭29.‬‭What are rules of thumb and how are they relevant to evolution and behavior?‬ ‭ atural selection causes us to have rules of thumbs for a lot of different things. It is when‬ N ‭we do what is best to increase our own fitness.‬ ‭30.‬‭Describe 3 strategies to increase cooperation among unrelated individuals‬ ‭Tinker with the perceived costs and benefits.‬ ‭-‬ ‭Reduce the perceived cost to the other person‬ ‭-‬ ‭Accentuate the benefit that you’ll receive from the cooperation‬ ‭Distinguish cheaters and kind people‬ ‭-‬ ‭Facilitate the building of reputations‬ ‭-‬ ‭Use “honest signals” that can’t be faked‬ ‭-‬ ‭Keep track of and punish cheaters‬ ‭Reduce the perceived vulnerability of partners‬ ‭-‬ ‭Make the first step: gifts‬ ‭-‬ ‭Acknowledge‬ ‭31.‬‭What is the ultimatum game? How does it help us understand reciprocal altruism‬ ‭and our sense of fairness?‬ ‭ he ultimatum game variations are strong evidence supporting our view that human‬ T ‭brain machinery is built to maintain relationships.‬