EALS 2ndQ Module 4: Looking at Life - Life Science PDF

SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE SAINT ANTHONY SCHOOL Module 4 - Looking at Life: An Introduction to Life Science Lesson 11: The Evolving Concept of Life Academics. And beyond. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter, the students must be able to… Explain the evo...

SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE SAINT ANTHONY SCHOOL Module 4 - Looking at Life: An Introduction to Life Science Lesson 11: The Evolving Concept of Life Academics. And beyond. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter, the students must be able to… Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. Describe classic experiments that model conditions which may have enabled the forms to evolve. Describe how unifying themes in the study of life show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment.  CELL ▪ The basic unit of all organisms: thus, the presence of cells sets living things apart from nonliving things. ▪ Our understanding of cells started when the microscope was invented and has evolved as the field of Biology, and other cross fields emerged, such as Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.  CELL ▪ 1658, ATHANASIUS KIRCHER - Jesuit priest observed the maggots and other organisms emerged from decaying bodies of animals ATHANASIUS KIRCHER ▪ 1658, JAN SWAMMERDAM - described the oval-shaped red blood cells. He also noticed that a frog embryo consist of globular particles.  ROBERT HOOKE ▪ 1665, English Physicist, described the “cells” as microscopic compartments in a sliced piece of cork. ▪ Cells - from Latin word cella which means small room. ▪ Cell walls - boundaries of plant cells. ▪ Micrographia - summarizes his findings on microscopy. ▪ One of the first creators of the microscope, he invented a compound microscope with light illuminator.  Antonie Philips van Leewenhoek ▪ 1668, Dutch Scientist, learned to grind and studied microscopic particles and organisms that are invisible to the naked eye called animalcules (protozoans, sperm cells, microrganisms in pond water and teeth, and many others). ▪ He did not invent the microscope. ▪ He was recognized for creating microscope with high magnification power (up to 300x) 1740, How microorganisms or animalcules emerge? ✔ NEEDHAM’S TEST ✔ John Turberville Needham (1713-1781) an English Biologist ✔ microorganisms do not come from pre-existing ones. ✔ He conducted an experiment where in he heated infusions (nutrient broth). NEEDHAM’S TEST  SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT ▪ Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) – Italian scholar who sought to verify Needham’s test in 1767. ▪ Through this, it has been established that all forms of life come from pre-existing ones. SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT  1831, Robert Brown ▪ Some parts of the cell particularly nucleus was recognized. ▪ It is not only present in epidermal cells of leaves of an orchid but also in parenchymal and internal cells.  1838, Cell Theory ▪ Matthias Jacob ▪ Cytoblast - Schleiden’s Schleiden - botanist, he proposal. This suggest proposed that all that the cell starts not structural features of from non - cellular plants have cells. material but a substance ▪ Theodore Schwann - inside it. zoologist, stated that all tissues are also made up of cells.  1850, Cytoplasm ▪ Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow and Albert Kolliker - They refuted the idea of Schleiden and conducted an experiments. ▪ Kolliker introduced the term “cytoplasm” DISCOVERIES OF OTHER CELL ORGANELLES ▪ 1897 - discovered the endoplasmic reticulum (ergoplasm). ▪ 1898 - discovered the mitochondrion Carl Benda by Carl Benda ▪ 1898 - discovered the Golgi Apparatus by Camilo Golgi. Camilo Golgi  WALTHER FLEMMING ▪ Chromatin - importance of subnuclear structures. ▪ 1882 - he coined the term “mitosis” and observed the splitting of chromosomes. Carl Benda  WILHELM WALDEYER ▪ 1888 - Metaphase and other phases of the cell cycle were also studied and reported in plants, animals and microorganisms. Carl Benda  SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE SAINT ANTHONY SCHOOL Lesson 12: The Origin of the First Life forms Academics. And beyond. The Origin of the first life forms ✔ Cell Theory - All cells come from pre-existing cells. ✔ Theory of Special Creation - theological doctrine. ✔ states that man and everything on Earth was a result of unconditional divine decree. ✔ Duane Tolbert Gish - former Vice Pres. of the Institute of Creation Research. “Evolution: The Fossils say No” The Origin of the first life forms ✔ Cosmozoic or the Panspermia Theory - suggests that life forms are widespread in the universe in the form of spores. ✔ Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis - organisms arise from nonliving components. The Origin of the first life forms ✔ Biogenesis Theory ✔ Francesco Redi (1626-1697) an Italian Scientist ✔ He designed a scientific experiment to demonstrate that maggots do not just appear spontaneously but are produced from the eggs of flies. ✔ Experiments on the Generation of Insects - 1668 The Origin of the first life forms ✔ Oparin - Haldane Theory John Burdon ✔ John Burdon Sanderson Sanderson Haldane Haldane and Aleksandr Oparin ✔ individually proposed that the early life on Earth emerged from oceans. Aleksandr Oparin The Origin of the first life forms ✔ Urey - Miller Hypothesis ✔ 1952, supported Oparin - Haldane Theory. ✔ the highly reducing atmosphere of the early Earth contains methane, water vapor, and gases other than oxygen.  SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE SAINT ANTHONY SCHOOL Lesson 13: The Unifying Themes in the Study of Life. Academics. And beyond. Hierarchy of Organisms Ecosystems Hierarchy of Organisms ✔ Cell - The basic unit of life. All cells are comprised of biomolecules that make up the different parts of cells or organelles. ✔ Tissue - a group of cell that perform similar functions  Hierarchy of Organisms ✔ Organ - different tissues that contribute to a specific function. ✔ Organ system -group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. Each system is crucial for the life of an individual. Hierarchy of Organisms ✔ Species - group of individuals that could breed and produce a viable offspring. ✔ Community - different species exist. ✔ Ecosystem - formed when biotic and abiotic components are taken into account.  Hierarchy of Organisms ✔ Ecosystem within similar geographic location lead to formation of biomes. ✔ Biospehere - totality of all biomes in our plant represents the livable space. Characteristics of Organisms ✔ All organisms adapt to their ever-changing environment. ✔ Adaptive features: shape of beaks of birds, body coverings (hair and fur of mammals), overall shapes of trees. ✔ Long term adaptation to environmental conditions lead to evolutions. Characteristics of Organisms ✔ Homeostasis - organisms maintain a regulated internal environment. ✔ All organisms require a constant amount of energy for them to survive. ✔ Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - molecules that serves as energy currency within cells. ✔ All organisms grow and undergo phases of development. ✔ Nutrient - helps build and rebuild the parts of organisms. Characteristics of Organisms ✔ Organisms respond to their environment. ✔ Plants respond to their environment in form of tropisms, namely phototropism, geotrophism, and thigmotrophism. ✔ Quorom sensing - bacteria and cells respond to changes in their environment. Characteristics of Organisms ✔ Perpetuation of organism is important. ✔ All organisms must be able to reproduce sexually, asexually or both. ✔ hydra - budding ✔ bacteria - binary fission ✔ ferns - spore formation ✔ plants - sexually or asexually ✔ animals and humans - produced offspring through sexual ✔ Parthenogenesis - fertilization of ovum without sperm Symbiosis ✔ “living together” ✔ No single organism could live alone, interdependence among living things. ✔ Symbiotic Relationship: ✔ mutualism ✔ commensalism ✔ parasitism ✔ competition Symbiosis ✔ Predation is not a symbiotic relationships, but when predator eats its prey, energy is transferred to the next organism in the food chain. ✔ Ten Percent Law - states that approximately 10% of the energy is passed to the succeeding trophic levels in an ecosystem.  SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE SAINT ANTHONY SCHOOL Lesson 14: The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life Academics. And beyond. Cell Organelles: ▪ Phospholipids bilayer of the cell membrane - serves as protective barrier and controls the entry and exit of substances into and from the cell. ▪ Protein transporter can be classified as: ✔ UNIPORT - allows unidirectional movement of substances. ✔ SYMPORT - facilitates contransport of substances in one direction. ✔ ANTIPORT - allows entry of a substance together with an exit of the other. Cell Organelles: ▪ Cell wall - a rigid structure that provides the cell its shape and prevents the plant cells from bursting due to high tugor pressure. ▪ Mitochondrion - responsible for the generation of ATP. It is also the organelle that initiates series or reactions for programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. Cell Organelles: ▪ Golgi Apparatus - discovered by Camilo Golgi, an Italian scientist, in 1897. It is usually located near the nucleus and are linked to other organelles through microtubules. ▪ Vacuole - part of the cell where water and waste materials are stored. Plant cells have significantly larger vacuole than animals. Cell Organelles: ▪ Peroxisome - is a membrane-bound vesicle which contains a dense crystalline core of oxidative enzymes. are called microbodies , involved in oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). It also synthesize plasmalogens, phospholipids that are found in myelin sheath of the brain. Cell Organelles: ▪ Lysosomes - contains hydrolytic enzymes that are used for digestion. “suicide bag of the cell” due to its role in autophagy, a process wherein an organelle must be degraded is surrounded by a double membrane structure called phagopore. Cell Organelles: ▪ Nucleus - membrane-bound organelle which contains the nucleolus. ❖ Nuclear envelope: ✔ Outer membrane - contains ribosomes and continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum ✔ Inner Membrane - attached to the nuclear lamina. Lamina - provides support proteins that comprise the nuclear membrane. Cell Organelles: ▪ Nucleolus - houses the genetic material of eukaryotes. It is the site where replication and transcription of the genome of the organisms occurs. ▪ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - is comprised of a network of membranes that interface the cytoplasm. Folding of the nascent protein is one of the important task of the RER because the proteins are only functional when they are folded properly. Cell Organelles: ▪ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - is extensively developed in some organs of the body. It is abundant in the liver where biotransformation occurs. ✔ Hydrophilic (lipophilic) - is processed to become more water soluble for easier elimination through the urine. ▪ Ribosome - composed of small and large subunits. ✔ small subunit - interacted with the mRNA. ✔ large subunit - binds to the mRNA - small subunit complex. Cell Organelles: ▪ Cytoplasm - composed of other important substances that support the metabolic function of the cell. ▪ Flagellum - composed of filamentous protein that is powered by a molecular motor. This motor uses energy from ATP for movement. used for locomotion. Cell Organelles: ▪ Chloroplast - found among photosynthetic organisms. It contains pigment chorophyll which absorbes all wavelength of light except green. Assessment Seatworks: Checkpoint (Pages 75 - 76, 1-10 only) Checkpoint (Pages 79 - 80, 1-10 only) Checkpoint (Pages 83 - 84, 1-10 only) Assignment: 21st Century Literacy Skills (Pages 76, 80, 84)