Biology: The Science of Life PDF

jabdsnbkls  GUESS THE WORD P N T A L GUESS THE WORD P L A N T  GUESS THE WORD A S N A M L I  GUESS THE WORD A N I M A L S  GUESS T...

jabdsnbkls  GUESS THE WORD P N T A L GUESS THE WORD P L A N T  GUESS THE WORD A S N A M L I  GUESS THE WORD A N I M A L S  GUESS THE WORD M M I O O I N R C A C R S S  GUESS THE WORD MICROORGANISMS  GUESS THE WORD I N O S I N G E A V T S T GUESS THE WORD INVESTIGATIONS  GUESS THE WORD C G N I E T E S GUESS THE WORD GENETICS  GUESS THE WORD A O N T M E E Y GUESS THE WORD ANATOMY  JOB WELL DONE!!! IT’S ALL ABOUT YOU  Biology: The Science of Life The study of biology is important in understanding every aspect of living organisms, their environment, and their relationship.  What is biology? Biology is the science that deals with functions, and relationships of living things and their environment. Microbiology Three Major Divisions of Botany Biological Sciences Zoology What is Zoology?  What is Microbiology? BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Cytology Embryology Genetics Morphology Taxonomy Evolution Ecology Biochemistry Physiology Cytology Cytology is the study of cells, their structures, role, biochemistry, communication, and behavior Genetics Genetics is a study of -DNA, genes and chromosomes -heredity, variations, mutations and traits -genetics disorders using genetic technologies  Taxonomy Taxonomy deals primarily with the description, identification, One way to remember the classification system is to use the mnemonic: King Phillip Calls Out For Good Soup. nomenclature and classification of organisms One way to remember the classification system is to use the mnemonic: King Phillip Calls Out For Good Soup.  Ecology Ecology the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment. Branch of biology that was One way to remember the classification system is to use the mnemonic: King Phillip Calls Out For Good Soup. developed from natural history Study the relationship between living and non-living parts of the world.  Physiology Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. It is derived from the Greek words physis meaning “nature” and logos meaning “word”. Embryology Embryology the study of the origin and development of an organism. Evolution Evolution is a change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations Biochemistry "Chemistry of the living cell" Biochemistry: is the science concerned with studying the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reactions. It bridges the study of chemistry and biology. Biochemistry "Chemistry of the living cell" Biochemistry: is the science concerned with studying the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reactions. It bridges the study of chemistry and biology. Life and its Beginnings HOW DID LIFE COME ABOUT ON EARTH?  EARLY BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Spontaneous generation - is the idea that life could appear from nonliving material. Abiogenesis - living things could arise from non-living matter. In biology, abiogenesis (from a- 'not' + Greek bios 'life' + genesis 'origin') or the origin of life is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. EARLY BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE People in the past believed that: a) eels came from the slime in river mud b) rats came from garbage or dirty laundry c) maggots came from rotting material d) mice came from a pile of wheat husks e) frogs came from mud EARLY BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Biogenesis Biogenesis is when living things can only be produced by another living thing and not by a non-living thing. Biogenesis is the belief that life originates from preexisting life. preexisting life – by means of reproduction.  Redi’s experiment Needham’s experiment Spallanzani’s Experiment Pasteur’s Experiment  Redi’s experiment In 1668, Italian physician Francesco Redi conducted challenged the an experiment that idea of spontaneous generation. His experimental setup involved disproving spontaneous generation using maggots that arose in decaying meat. He designed the experiment using two sets of jars that were identical but the other with a gauze covering.  Redi’s experiment Redi observed that flies were attracted to both jars but settled only on the meat of the open jar since the gauze blocked flies from hovering onto the meat in the other jar. After several days, Redi observed that maggots arose from eggs laid by flies on the rotten meat but not on the meat in the covered jar. He concluded that life arose from living matter such as maggots from eggs, not from spontaneous generation in the meat.  Needham’s experiment In 1748, English priest John Needham challenged Redi's experiment. It was a common knowledge at that time that boiling could kill microorganisms. Needham's experiment tested whether or not microorganisms can appear spontaneously after boiling. broth- soup consisting of meat or vegetable chunks, and often rice, cooked in stock.  Needham’s experiment He placed a solution of boiled mutton broth in a container and heated it. broth- soup consisting of meat or vegetable chunks, and often rice, cooked in stock.  Needham’s experiment Then, he sealed it with corks to prevent anything from the environment from entering the flask and generate life. After several days, Needham observed that the broth turned cloudy and full of microorganisms. He then concluded that life in the broth was caused by spontaneous generation. In actuality, he did not heat it long enough to kill all the microbes in the broth.  Spallanzani’s Experiment In 1767, Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani challenged Needham's experiment. Spallanzani boiled a broth containing meat and vegetables placed in clean glass containers. Both containers were boiled but one setup was not sealed, allowing air to enter the flask.  Spallanzani’s Experiment Several days later, the open container was filled with a population of microorganisms but the sealed container remained sterile. sterile - free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; totally clean.  He concluded that life occurred from something that Spallanzani’s Experiment entered the unsealed flask and that it was the one responsible for life to grow. The results were not taken completely by the believers of abiogenesis who even stated that Spallanzani excluded air from his sealed flasks, which they believed was needed for spontaneous generation to occur.  Pasteur’s Experiment It was only in 1861 through Louis Pasteur's experiment that most scientists were convinced that spontaneous generation could not occur. Pasteur designed an experiment to test the idea that a vital element from air was necessary for life to occur. He boiled sugar solution with yeast in flasks with long neck. The flasks were left open to allow the vital element in air to enter but no organisms developed in the mixture.  Pasteur’s Experiment It was because the microorganism settled on the bottom of the curved neck of the flask and could not reach the mixture. He also cut the neck of the flask. Within two days, the solution was teeming with microorganisms because airborne microorganisms could easily enter the flask. This experiment supported the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation. CURRENT BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE. Current beliefs about the origin of life. Divine Creation Spontaneous Origin Panspermia Divine Creation The oldest hypothesis that life came from a divine being is the most widely-accepted belief. It is believed that life forms and everything in the universe were created through a supernatural power rather than naturalistic means. The belief that life arose from nothing but the power of a divine being is called creationism. Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation. Divine Creation Spontaneous Origin The theory of spontaneous generation states that life arose from nonliving matter. It was a long-held belief dating back to Aristotle and the ancient Greeks.  Panspermia The idea that life can be distributed throughout the universe, from planet to planet, is called panspermia. Some lifeforms, particularly the extremophiles, are hardy enough to survive the extreme conditions of space. Meteorites and comets are the most discussed methods for transportation, and the story is fascinating.  Panspermia The Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius popularized the idea that life arose outside Earth and life that forms were transported from another planet to seed life on Earth. Panspermia proposes that a meteor or cosmic dust may have carried to Earth significant amounts of organic molecules, which started the evolution of life UNIFYING THEMES ABOUT LIFE  What characteristics do all living things share? We are surrounded by living and nonliving things, but sometimes it is not easy to decide which ones are living and which ones are not. Reproduction and Growth Gathering and Using Energy Energy is the ability of organisms to do work and allows them to perform vital activities such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Gathering and Using Energy All living things require energy; green plants obtain energy from sunlight by means of photosynthesis, and humans and animals derive energy from food. Gathering and Using Energy Energy is produced when complex organic matter such as carbohydrates and proteins are break down into simple substances such as glucose and amino acids.  Gathering and Using Energy The process by which energy is released by the breakdown of food substance is called cellular respiration. Gathering and Using Energy All chemicals processes, reactions, and energy changes happening inside the body of an organisms are referred to as metabolism. Gathering and Using Energy These metabolic process include three activities: 1. Nutrient uptake 2. Nutrient processing 3. Waste elimination  Nutrient uptake and processing All living organisms need to feed in order to survive, grow, and reproduce. The process by which organisms acquire food is called nutrition.  Nutrient uptake and processing In plants, nutrition is performed by absorbing water and minerals from the soil and taking carbon dioxide from the air.  Nutrient uptake and processing Animals, nongreen plants, and some microorganisms feed on organic food obtained from plants and other animals. These acquired foods are the sources of energy.  Nutrient uptake and processing Nonliving things also absorb water and minerals, like in the case of a filter paper or a ball of cotton. But unlike living things, they are unable to convert the absorbed substance to become part of themselves.  Nutrient uptake and processing In living organisms, once raw materials are inside the body, it will be processed through various chemical reactions for repair, reproduction, manufacture of new body parts or continuous supply of energy for essential activities.  Nutrient uptake and processing Humans and animals derive Green plants obtain energy Fungi obtain energy by energy indirectly from the sun directly from sunlight via absorbing nutrients from other by ingesting food. photosynthesis organisms. Mode of nutrition and energy processing in various organisms Waste elimination Inside the body of the organism, all metabolic processes must be coordinated and regulated. Waste elimination In the metabolic level, the chemical reactions are processed to ensure efficient coordination via enzymes. Enzymes help regulate the rate at which these reactions occur, including the amount of nutrients to be processed into other forms. Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. Waste elimination The 3 main enzymes in the body: 1. Amylase (made in the mouth and pancreas; breaks down complex carbohydrates) 2. Lipase (made in the pancreas; breaks down fats) 3. Protease (made in the pancreas; breaks down proteins)  Waste elimination In the organismal level, regulatory chemicals in the form of hormones control the functions of activities, growth, and development.  Waste elimination The different organ systems help control the internal environment and maintain normal processes such as heart rate, body temperature, and fluid environment of cells. The maintenance of the body's internal environment is called homeostasis. Waste elimination Adapting and Evolving Certain responsive processes allow organisms to react to changes in their surroundings in a predictable and meaningful way. Categories of response include movement, irritability, individual adaptation, and evolution. Motility Most animals can move from one place to another by walking, flying, swimming, gliding, or jumping. Such movement is called locomotion or motility. Motility Corals may not appear to be moving all the time, but they move about during their larval phase, only attaching to a substrate upon reaching adulthood. Motility Some animals, such as sponges, cannot locomote but can move parts of their bodies.  Motility Plants also show slow movements of body parts like flowers blooming, tendrils clinging for support, shoots bending toward light, and vines creeping as they grow. Motility Microorganisms also move from place to place cilia using their locomotory organs such as cilia, flagella, or pseudopods. flagella Motility Animals exhibit movement for a variety of reasons- to search for food, to reproduce, and to respond to changes in the environment. Irritability External factors or stimuli, such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, food sources, or presence of chemical substances, affect living things. Irritability The reaction of an organism to stimuli is called tropism or response. Stimuli - something that causes something else to happen, develop, or become more active. Irritability What is tropism and its examples? Growth toward or away from a stimulus is known as a tropism. You might have noticed that plants bend toward the light. This is an example of a tropism where light is the stimulus, known as phototropism To obtain more light for photosynthesis, leaves and stems grow toward the light Irritability The ability of an organism to respond appropriately against a stimulus is called sensitivity or irritability. Houseflies are easily attracted to smelly foods. Sunflowers bend their stalks and follow the sun's direction. A baby cries when hungry. In all these examples, a stimulus caused the organism to respond in a predictable way. Adaptation For living things to survive and perform normal functions, the ability to adjust to changes in the environment is a must. Adaptation Living things need to adapt because the environment where they live varies and constantly changes. Food supply can be limited, temperatures and relative humidity fluctuate, and natural calamities occur. Adaptation Individual adaptation usually happens more slowly than responding to a stimulus because it requires some changes to occur in the organism.  Adaptation For example, your body will produce more red blood cells in response to lower oxygen levels. This is the reason why athletes practice endurance in elevated areas with low levels of oxygen. This practice will enable the body to produce more oxygen, which will be delivered to its muscle cells; thus, give the athletes more advantage once they are in the lowlands.  Evolution Evolution refers to the changes in characteristics of a group of organisms (populations) over time. Evolutionary adaptation is a gradual or rapid change in body structure or behavior to be better suited and to survive a new environment.  Reproducing and Continuing Life Certain life properties relate to an increase in the size of the organism or increase in the number of organisms. Growth, development, and reproduction are processes that require metabolism because they cannot occur without nutrient uptake and processing. Growth A farmer soaks "palay" seeds in water to germinate them into seedlings, which later grow up to be mature palay plants that produce rice grains. Growth A duck egg hatches into a duckling and grows up to be an egg-laying mature duck. Growth Bacteria split by cell division and accumulate enough nutrients to become mature bacterial cells. This process of growth is common to all living things. Growth Growth is an increase in size and volume by converting food to become a part of body cells. Living things exhibit growth from within the cells in a process called intussusception. intussusception is a serious condition in which part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine. This telescoping action often blocks food or fluid from passing through.  Growth organogenesis, in embryology, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo. Development and Reproduction All living things undergo defined stages in their life cycle called development, which starts with birth and ends in death. Development and Reproduction No organism is immortal, but all living things have ways of making sure that their species survive. This is achieved by the ability to reproduce their own kind. Development and Reproduction Reproduction is a process by which genetic information is passed on from one generation to another as organisms produce offspring that resemble their parents. Development and Reproduction DNA is used as a physical carrier of the transferred genetic information through sexual reproduction. Can you identify your certain characteristics that were passed on by either your father or mother? DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Development and Reproduction Organisms reproduce in two ways. 1. sexual reproduction, 2. asexual reproduction Development and Reproduction 1. sexual reproduction organisms reproduce with the use of two individuals contributing their sex cells to produce a unique individual of their kind. Heredity: Unity Amidst Diversity Heredity- the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Heredity: Unity Amidst Diversity Animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms carry the common genetic material DNA, which is the molecule of life that carries the instructions for assembling the proteins responsible for forming a variety of structures. Heredity: Unity Amidst Diversity The presence of DNA in every living organism explains the unity of life. DNA differentiates a living organism from a nonliving thing. The molecular structure of DNA accounts for its ability to be used as a genetic material. Heredity: Unity Amidst Diversity DNA unifies the diverse forms of living organisms. All living organisms possess a unique inheritable genetic material (DNA) inside their cells. Organization of Life The scope of life on Earth is so immense, but it can be simplified by viewing it in two dimensions. The vertical dimension spreads the scope in terms of size scale from the microscopic DNA inside cells to the macroscopic view of the living sphere of the world, the biosphere. This dimension follows a path known as the hierarchical levels of biological organization. Organization of Life 6. Organismal Level 5. System Level 4. Organ Level 3. Tissue Level 2. Cellular Level 1. Chemical Level Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 1. Chemical Level The simplest level of organization (although first year chemistry students would disagree) is the chemical level of organization. At this level, simple atoms combine to form relatively simple molecules. ATOMS – C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen , Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 2. Cellular Level The cellular level is the most fundamental level of organization. A cell is the fundamental unit of life and the smallest unit capable of reproducing itself. Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 3. Tissue Level At the tissue level of organization, all such cells performing similar functions group together to form a unit called tissue. Groups of these cells join together to form a tissue, and this kind of organization is seen in some animals, where the tissues perform specific functions. Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 4. Organ Level An organism is made up of four levels of organization: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. These levels reduce complex anatomical structures into groups; this organization makes the components easier to understand.  Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 5. System Level Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels.  Organization of Life Organization of life shows the hierarchy of structures and system that defines life. 6. Organismal Level The most complex level of organization is the organismal level, where all eleven organ systems function in the human organism, the whole living person. Organization of Life The organism interacts with other organisms of the same kind known as population, while an array of populations sharing their habitat compose a community. These communities exist in an environment affected by both living and nonliving components known as ecosystem. All ecosystems on Earth whether they support life on land, water, or lower atmosphere make up what we call the biosphere.