REVIEWER-EASL-2A.docx

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 1: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE **DIVINE CREATION THEORY** This theory stated that there is a powerful deity that creates the universe. **STEADY STATE THEORY** Proposed in **1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi**. It states that the universe has been present...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 1: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE **DIVINE CREATION THEORY** This theory stated that there is a powerful deity that creates the universe. **STEADY STATE THEORY** Proposed in **1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi**. It states that the universe has been present ever since and therefore has no beginning and no end and has been expanding constantly.  **PULSATING THEORY** The pulsating universe *[combines both big bang and the big crunch]* as part of cyclical event. If this theory holds true, then the universe in which we live exists between a big bang and big crunch. This theory says that the universe follows infinite self-sustaining cycles such as expanding and contracting. **BIG BANG THEORY (13.8 billion years ago)** In **1927, an astronomer named Georges Lemaître** had a big idea. He said that a very long time ago, the universe started as just a single point. He said the universe stretched and expanded to get as big as it is now, and that it could keep on. stretching. Just **two years later**, an astronomer named **Edwin Hubble** noticed that other galaxies were moving away from us. And that\'s not all. The farthest galaxies were moving faster than the ones close to us. Theories on how the universe might end: 1\. Big Crunch - A theory that says the universe will last forever and become a cool, dark space as the stars cool and begin to burn out. 2\. Big Freeze/ heat death - A theory that says the universe will last forever and become a cool, dark space as the stars cool and begin to burn out. 3\. Big Reap - If the universe isn\'t dense enough to stop expanding, it will expand forever and the stars will die out. **LESSON 2: FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM** **THE SOLAR SYSTEM** The gravitationally bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit it. Composed of sun, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteors etc. (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.) **HYPOTHESES THAT EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM** - **Fission Theory -** Emanuel Swedenborg (1974) - particles come from the sun. - Split into a larger atom into 2 or more smaller ones. - **Capture Theory** - Michael Mark Wolfsoon - Rogue planets are captured by the star. - Low rotation speed of star is explained due to the formation of planets, - **Planetary Collision -** Planets Collide - Speculates that when Earth was a young planet and just beginning to form, it was hit by another emerging planet named \"Theia\". Moon was created after another planet smashed into a young, molten Earth billions of years ago. - **Stellar Collision** - Charles Messier - Binary Star Collide - Coming together of two stars, which through the force of gravity merge into one larger unit. - **Nebular Hypothesis** - Solar system originated from nebula. - The formation of the sun and the planets is coming from a large cloud of dust and gas (nebula) collapsed on its own gravity. *Become a widely accepted view of how all the star system and the origin of solar systems.* **LESSON 3: EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM + CORE, MANTLE, AND CRUST.** - A system is an interconnected set of components that are linked through interconnections that function to create an outcome. - Earth\'s layer\'s names are: **Crust**: the outer layer of rock on which humans and animals live and plants grow. -  **Mantle**: a semi-solid magma layer consisting of iron, magnesium, and silicon.  - **Core**: centrally located solid mass of metal (inner core) and a liquid mass of iron and nickel (outer core). **Factors that Make the Planet Habitable** 1\. **Temperature** -  how quickly atoms & molecules move 2\. **Water** - Dissolves & transports chemicals within and to and from a cell 3\. **Atmosphere** - Traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and provides chemicals needed for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. 4\. **Energy** - Organisms use light or chemical energy to run their life processes. 5\. **Nutrients** - Used to build and maintain an organism\'s body. LESSON 4: MINERALS A close-up of a list of minerals Description automatically generated LESSON 5: ROCKS A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive chemical and physical properties, composition and atomic structure. Rocks are generally made up of two of more minerals, mixed up through geological processes. Rocks, ingeology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Three Classification of Rocks: IGNEOUS ROCKS: Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state. Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic eruption. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: Sedimentation is the combined name for all the processes that cause organic and mineral particles to settle. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of the material at the Earth's surface within the bodies of water. These rocks are formed in four ways: 1\. Deposition of weathered remains of other rocks 2\. Accumulation and the consolidation of sediments 3\. Deposition of the results of biogenic activity 4\. Precipitation from solution. METAMORPHIC ROCKS: Metamorphic rocks are formed when rock changes over a period of time due to a lot of physical changes like pressure, heat and different chemical activity. Formed from other rocks that are changed by heat and pressure underground. Due to thermal metamorphism, the materials of rocks are chemically modified and recrystallized. The thermal metamorphism is classified into: Contact metamorphism - Contact metamorphism is a type of metamorphism that occurs adjacent to intrusive igneous rocks due to temperature increases resulting from hot magma intrusion into the rock. Regional metamorphism - Recrystallization of rocks takes place because of deformation created by tectonic shearing together with high temperature or pressure or both. Contact metamorphism - When rocks come in contact with hot intruding magma and lava, the rock recrystallizes under high pressure The rock cycle consists of series of processes that illustrate how rocks are constantly transformed between the three rock types igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Arrows represent processes (e.g., melting, burial, cooling, weathering) that can change the physical and chemical properties of a rock. Being \'circular\', the rock cycle has no beginning nor ending. Example: A sedimentary rock to another sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock \-- uplift and exposure \-\--weathering \-\--erosion\-\--transport ation\-\--deposition\--lithification\-\-- \> sedimentary rocks LESSON 6: EXOGENIC PROCESS All the forces that act outside the earth's surface and cause changes in the earth's surface are called exogenic forces. These forces that are constantly acting on the surface of the crust (erosion, transport, and storage) and are causing the evolution of landforms are called exogenic processes TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESS The earth's surface is composed of water and landmasses. The solid portion is made from rocks and minerals that could experience changes either physically or chemically. The weathered materials are transported by different agents from one place to another and will settle down in a particular area. These progressions that happen are achieved by forms called exogenic processes. It includes weathering, erosion, and deposition. Types of Exogenic Process 1\. Weathering - Surface rock is mechanically broken down and chemically weathered by various elements such as humidity, moisture, temperature, precipitation, etc. This process is called weathering. a.) Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes and this occurs because of the following b.) In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions presented below c.) The biological weathering is a type of weathering brought about by various activities of living organisms. Along with other types of weathering, biological weathering can contribute to the further degradation of rocks and rock particles by making them more susceptible to other environmental factors, whether be it biotic or abiotic factors. 2\. Erosion - Erosion is the process that removes rock, soil, and other dissolved material from one place on the earth's surface and then transports it to the other place. Running surface water, wind, glaciers, waves, karst, etc. are the agents of erosion. By glaciers, By wind, and By water. 3\. The movement of sediments downslope under the influence of gravity is called mass wasting. 4\. On the other hand, deposition is the process in which the weathered materials carried out by erosion settle down in a particular location. LESSON 7: ENDOGENIC PROCESS An endogenic process is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism. What is Magma? Magma is a combination of molten rocks and gases of the Earth's mantle and cores. How is magma formed? partial melting partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt at different temperatures. Partial melting takes place because rocks are not pure materials. Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature, but the pressure is reduced. Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced, and partial melting starts. What happens after magma is formed? -Cuarto (2016) described that magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and extrusion. -An intrusion is magma that moves upinto a volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano to grow on the inside. -An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. -Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption.  FOLDING WHEN ROCKS DEFORM BY PLASTIC DEFORMATION THEY CAN BEND AND FOLD. THE PROCESS OF FOLDING OCCURS WHEN ROCK IS COMPRESSED, AS IT IS ALONG COLLIDING PLATE BOUNDARIES FAULTING -IT IS THE FRACTURING AND DISPLACEMENT OF MORE BRITTLE ROCK STRATA ALONG A FAULT PLANE EITHER CAUSED BY TENSION OR COMPRESSION. -A BREAKI N ROCK ALONG WHICH AVERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL ROCK MOVEMENT HAS OCCURRED IS CALLED AFAULT. -THEPROCESSOFFORMINGAFAULT. -THE LINE OF FAULT WHICH APPEARS ON LAND SURFACE IS KNOWN AS THE FAULT LINE. THREETYPESOFFAULTING 1\. NORMALFAULT(CONVERGENCE) 2\. REVERSEFAULT(DIVERGENCE) 3\. TEARFAULT(TRANSFORM) METAMORPHISM It is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to the geologic structures which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks. EARTHQUAKE/SEISMICACTIVITY Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks. LESSON 8: Alfred Wegener and Theory of Continental Drift Major Causes of Deformation of the Earth's Crust 1\. Compressional Stress 2\. Tensional Stress 3\. Shear Stress 2 Kinds of ElastiC Deformation -Its either flows which we call ductile deformation -It fractures in what we call brittle deformation. Alfred Wegener Wegener was a German geophysicist and meteorologist. He first presented his hypothesis in 1912. In 1915, he published "The Origin of Continents and Oceans," which contained his theory on continental drift. Continental Drift Theory How Pangea broke up and moved away from each other to their current positions. States that continents were once a single landmass, then slowly and gradually moved to reach their present-day positions Evidences of Continental Drift Continental Jigsaw Puzzle Wegener noticed that continents resemble jigsaw puzzle pieces. Fossil Evidence The same species of extinct plants and animals are found in rocks of the same age but are on continents that are now widely separated. Evidence from Rocks and Mountains The rock layers and mountains line up and match perfectly together like those in South America and Africa, and North America. Rocks have same type and age. Ancient Climate A. Glacier Marks - glaciers are rivers of ice and snow that slowly move and leaves scratches on the rocks. B. Coal Deposits - Coal black or brownish-black sedimentary rocks from ancient plants. It is used as as fuel. LESSON 9: Plate Movements and Boundaries Plate Tectonics - teaches us that plates are constantly shifting Plate Boundaries - are where sections of the Earth\'s crust fit together 3 Types of Boundaries - convergent, divergent, transform SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY SONAR - Equipment that bounces sound waves of the ocean floor and find out its depth. HARRY HESS -American geologist -Proposed the Seafloor Spreading Theory in the 1960\'s SEAFLOOR SPREADING It is a process where new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and slowly pushes the old crust away towards the subduction zone EVIDENCE OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING 1.Age of Rocks Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge and older at the subduction zone. Seafloor spreading is faster than subduction, the ocean gets wider. Subduction is the faster than seafloor spreading, the ocean Mgets smaller. 2.) Magnetic Reversal also called magnetic "flip" of the Earth Magnetic North Pole becomes the magnetic South Pole of the Earth.