All of Science PDF

Prepared by: Flordeles D. Agustin, LPT. At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: ✓make a conceptual table map about the different hypothesis that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe through a group discussion; and; ✓discuss the formatio...

Prepared by: Flordeles D. Agustin, LPT. At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: ✓make a conceptual table map about the different hypothesis that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe through a group discussion; and; ✓discuss the formation of the solar system through a timeline; ✓Cite the importance of the different theories of the universe and the solar system through a minute paper. “What is this place? Where are we now?” - Carl Sandburg, “Grass” “Cosmos”- universe “logos”- study Branch of science that studies the origin, evolution and fate of the universe The totality of all space and time, all that is, has been, and will be. (Sulit – Braganza, 2005)  Any explanation of the origin of the Universe should be consistent with all information about its composition, structure, accelerating expansion, cosmic microwave background radiation among others. STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all matter and energy in it. It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of anti-gravity) STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements. STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE Stars - the building block of galaxies-are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation into a protostar-the hot core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions set in.  A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space. This organization of matter in the universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a large scale, it appears homogeneous and isotropic.  Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3. EXPLORATION : THEORIES BEHIND THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE. FIRST THEORY FIRST THEORY About 10 to 20 billion years ago , matter and energy were compressed and condensed in a hot tiny dense mass. FIRST THEORY ✓ Matter and energy were theorized as the same indistinguishable from each other. ✓ Due to random fluctuations, this tiny dense and compact point exploded tremendously. SECOND THEORY SECOND THEORY The density of matter in expanding universe remains unchanged due to the continuous creation of matter, thus adhering the cosmological THIRD THEORY ✓ Combines both Big Bang and Big Crunch as part of cyclical event. ✓ Universe follows infinite self- sustaining cycles such as expanding and contracting.  THIRD THEORY ✓ Universe is alive and keeps in pulsating in and out. ✓ Universe expand at a rapid rate with gravity and inertia will run out and gravity will be left and will cause the universe to pull it off itself and create a “crunch”.  EXPANDING UNIVERSE In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the “redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.  EXPANDING UNIVERSE He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a prism are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us.  EXPANDING UNIVERSE Red shift as evidence for an expanding universe. The positions of the absorptions lines for helium for light coming from the Sun are shifted towards the red end as compared with those for a distant star. This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and unchanging universe. 1. Much of the mass of the Solar System 1. Most planets rotate prograde is concentrated at the center (Sun) 2. Inner terrestrial planets are made of while angular momentum is held by materials with high melting points the outer planets. such as silicates, iron , and nickel. 2. Orbits of the planets elliptical and are They rotate slower, have thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, and on the same plane. lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen, 3. All planets revolve around the sun. helium, and noble gases. 4. The periods of revolution of the 3. The outer four planets - Jupiter, planets increase with increasing Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are distance from the Sun; the innermost called "gas giants" because of the dominance of gases and their larger planet moves fastest, the outermost, size. They rotate faster, have thick the slowest; atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid 5. All planets are located at regular interiors rich in hydrogen, helium and intervals from the Sun. ices (water, ammonia, methane). A.Except for hydrogen, helium, inert gases, and volatiles, the universe and Earth have similar abundance especially for rock and metal elements. B.The sun and the large planets have enough gravity to retain hydrogen and helium. Rare inert gases are too light for the Earth’s gravity to retain, thus the low abundance. C. Retention of volatile elements by the Earth is consistent with the idea that some materials that formed the Earth and the solar system were “cold” and solid; otherwise, the volatiles would have been lost. These suggest that the Earth and the solar system could be derived from materials with composition similar to that of the universe. The presence of heavy elements such as lead, silver, and uranium on Earth suggests that it was derived from remnants of a supernova and that the Sun is a second- generation star made by recycling materials.  THEORIES BEHIND THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM  The rouge stars passed close to the Sun about 5 billion years ago. Material in the form of hot gas, is tidally stripped from the Sun and the rogue star. The material fragments into the smaller lumps form the planets.  Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre- Simon Laplace. The flaws of this hypothesis include: 1) fails to explain how planets are formed (hot gas from the sun/star expands and will not form planets); 2) this type of encounters are extremely rare  About 5 billion years ago a great cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space. The cloud was at least 10 billion kilometres in diameter. The cloud shrank under the pull of its own gravitation. Prepared by: Flordeles D. Agustin MAN TO EARTH. SUBSYSTEMS       .       (1863-1945),    Earth’s innermost section Contains 1/3 of Earth’s mass Has a radius of about 3360 km (2,100 mi) w/c is larger than Mars.   Inner Outer   𝑔 𝑐𝑚3    𝑔 𝑐𝑚3  Has a temperature of 4800⁰C    The extreme high pressure of the inner core elevated the melting point leaving the inner core solid      𝑔 𝑐𝑚3  Heat from decaying radioactive material inside Earth drives the thermal convection currents. Discontinuity – interface between mantle and overlying crust marked by significant change in density that cause abrupt decrease in the velocity of the seismic waves.  Mohorovicic discontinuity or Moho  Andraga Mohorovicic  There is a change in the earthquake waves travel after reaching the depth of 16km. Earth’s solid exterior w/c composed of a great variety of rock types. The only surface of the Earth that can be directly observed. Comprises 1% of planetary mass. Comprises ocean floors and continents. Has density of 2.7 – 𝑔 3.0 3 𝑐𝑚  Oceanic crust Continental crust Composed of basalt, a heavy, dark-colored, iron- rich rock that is high in silicon and magnesium. 𝑔 Has density of 3.0 3 𝑐𝑚 Deep ocean floors and lava flows in the continent. Comprises the major landmasses on Earth exposed to atmosphere. 𝑔 Has density of 2.7 3 𝑐𝑚 20 to 70 kms thick Contains light colored rocks Granite, basalt, and other common rocks . 180 km thick layer of upper mantle that responds to stress by deforming and flowing slowly. Has a characteristic of a plastic solid Rock can flow horizontally and vertically at rates of a few centimeters per year. Causes the thermal convections. Prepared by: Flordeles D. Agustin ✓Center of the solar system ✓yellow dwarf ✓A glowing ball of plasma that is about 864,000 miles in diameter and 93 million miles away. ✓Source of light ✓At its center, thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium for 5 billion years What are the similarities and differences of these three planets?  MERCURY VENUS TERRESTRIAL EARTH MARS PLANETS JUPITER SATURN JOVIAN URANUS NEPTUNE Terrestrial Planets Solid mineral- containing crust and Earth-like composition Jovian Planets Gas giants of the solar system ✓Closest planet to the sun. ✓FASTEST PLANET to revolve around the sun. ✓ 1 year lasts 88 Earth days ✓Rotates 3x for each two revolutions around the Sun. ✓Holds very little atmosphere due to small size and weak gravitational field. ✓Day temperature = 315⁰C ✓Night temperature = -149⁰C ✓Brightest planet in the solar system. ✓“evening star” – March and April ✓“morning star” – September and October ✓Twin sister of planet EARTH ✓Revolve 243 Earth days ✓Rotates retrograde ✓12,112km in diameter, relative mass of 0.82 to ✓Surface temperature 480⁰C. ✓Atmosphere – consists of carbon monoxide ✓Has plateaus and mountains. ✓life planet ✓temperature extremes during the day, conducive during nights ✓it has water and thin atmosphere. ✓The RED Planet ✓1/9 mass of that of the Earth ✓2 Earth-years to orbit the Sun ✓Its atmosphere is about 95% carbon dioxide, 0.15% oxygen. ✓Its temperature in the equator is 30⁰C in the day to -130 ⁰C at night. ✓2 moons – Phobos & Deimos PHOBOS (inner) ✓ Fear ✓ orbits the same easterly direction with Mars ✓ 6000 km to Mars, period 7.5 hrs. DEIMOS (outer) ✓ flight/panic ✓ half size of Phobos ✓ Orbit Mars 30.3 hrs ✓ 20,000km to Mars ✓Thousands of small rocky bodies that create large gap between Mars and Jupiter. ✓Small grain of sand to kilometres in diameter ✓Many circles the Sun but ✓Ceres- the largest asteroid (750km) ✓Hermes – closest asteroid to Earth ✓Vesta- asteroid that can be seen by the naked eye. ✓King of all the planets ✓139,822 km in diameter (318x more massive that the Earth) ✓778,500,000 km (5.2 AU) distance from the Sun ✓ has 63 moons ✓Great Red Spot is a storm ✓“gas giant” ✓Rotates less than 10 hours ✓20x more massive than Earth’s core (iron, nickel and others) ✓Has 16 moons ✓10x Earth’s diameter ✓composed of HYDROGEN and HELIUM ✓Has FOUR major rings and hundred of ringlets ✓Innermost rings, middle ring, and outermost rings. ✓Has 23 moons in its rings  LAPETUS ✓ Very bright moon TITAN ✓ Largest moon ✓ 1.6x larger than Earth’s moon ✓ Revolves in 16 days ✓ Has methane atmosphere ✓ Has surface temperature -170°C ✓ Diameter of 47, 000km ✓ 14.6x mass of the Earth ✓ William Herschel (1781) ✓ Atmoshere has hydrogen and methane ✓ Its temperature is -170°C ✓ Has rings ✓ Has at least 17 moons ✓ Its axis is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular plane ✓ A cold planet ✓Uranus’ twin ✓Urban Leverrier and S.C. Adams ✓3.9x diameter than of Earth ✓Atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, helium w/ some methane and ammonia ✓Has at least 8 moons  NERIED ✓ Smaller moon ✓ Takes nearly a year to orbit Neptune TRITON ✓ Largest moon ✓ Orbits Neptune 5.9 days ✓ Has bright polar caps and geysers of nitrogen