Earth Science 1st Qtr Exam Review PDF

EARTH SCI 1ST QTR EXAM REVIEWER FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM PLANET EARTH: ORIGIN, STRUCTURE, AND SUBSYSTEMS THE BIG BANG THEORY How was the universe created? Where did it come from? Astronomers theorize that it was Big Bang that was respon...

EARTH SCI 1ST QTR EXAM REVIEWER FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM PLANET EARTH: ORIGIN, STRUCTURE, AND SUBSYSTEMS THE BIG BANG THEORY How was the universe created? Where did it come from? Astronomers theorize that it was Big Bang that was responsible for the universe to come into being at a single moment. According to this theory, there was, at one time, a TERRESTRIAL PLANETS - CLOSE TO THE SUN very, very small but incredibly hot region where ASTEROID BELT - BETWEEN EARTH & MARS all the matter and energy were concentrated. ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM: THE (SINGULARITY) NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS This Big Bang Theory states that the universe began in an instant, billions of years ago, in an A diffuse, roughly spherical, slowly rotating enormous explosion. This does not refer to nebula begins to contract. conventional explosion but rather an incredible As a result of contraction and rotation, a flat. burst of expansion. Rapidly rotating disk forms with the matter concentrated at the center that will become This expansion is called inflation. Space itself the proto-Sun. expanded at a tremendous speed – even faster The enveloping disk of gas and dust forms than the speed of light! This caused a rapid grains that collide and clump together into increase in size of the universe. small chunks or planetisimals. The terrestrial planets build up by multiple EDWIN HUBBLE collisions and accretion of planetisimals by gravitational attraction. Giant outer planets Hubble observed that the universe is continuously grew by gas accretion expanding. Moreover, he found FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM out that the galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its - The Sun is -99% of the mass of the Solar distance. Galaxies twice as far from us System move twice as fast. Also, he proved that the - -99% of the angular momentum is in the universe is expanding in every direction. planets SINGULARITY - single, unimaginably small hot HUBBLE EFFECT - the farther the object is the and dense point redder it appears SPEED OF LIGHT - 2997924568 m/s MOON - natural satelite UNIVERSE’S AGE - 13.8 billion yrs old SUPERNOVA SOLAR SYSTEM - explosion of a star - explosion will form meteors, comets, solar Planets 8 (MVEMJSUN) systems Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - TERRESTRIAL - its explosion formed the solar system Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune - JOVIAN SUN NEBULA→INCREASINGTEMPERATURE→ - made of hydrogen, and main source of PROTOSTAR energy The sun and planets formed together 4.6 billion 2. Water years ago, from a cloud of gas and dust called the - Dissolves & transports chemicals within solar nebula. A shock wave from a nearby and to and from a cell supernova explosion probably initiated the 3. Atmosphere collapse of the solar nebula. The sun formed in - Traps heat, shiels tha surface from harmful the center, and the planets formed in a thin disk radiation, and provides chemicals needed orbiting around it. for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide source: American Museum of Natural History 4. Energy - Organisms use light for chemical energy to - The universe is measured by area/rate. run their life processes. - Frequency is NOT the FASTEST thing in the 5. Nutrients universe - Used to build and maintain an organisms - Rate = d/t body. CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARTH CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAKE THE EARTH Whole Earth has significant Fe – due to the core HABITABLE: Its location in the GOLDILOCKS ZONE or HABITABLE ZONE MINERALS: PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS Earth’s crust is mostly Si and O MINERALS Earth’s mantle is similar to the crust, but with lower Characteristics Si, and higher Fe and Mg. (mostly iron) Physical Properties Chemical Properties Natural Resources MINERALOGY It is the study of minerals Cells → Life Atoms → Matter Minerals Inorganic - deals with carbon Organic - doesn't deal with carbon MINERALS A naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered array of atoms and having a specific chemical composition. Formed in nature FACTORS THAT MAKE THE EARTH Inorganic - formed by natural geologic HABITABLE: process 1. Temperature Solids - crystalline substances that are - Influences how quickly atoms & molecules solid at temperature at Earth’s surface move  Crystalline atoms - arranged in an orderly repetitive manner Can be represented by a chemical formula Atoms have the same crystalline patter and with specific chemical composition. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 1. LUSTER 2. HARDNESS 3. STREAK 4. CLEAVAGE COLOR 5. FRACTURE 6. COLOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY 7. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - It is a number that represents the ratio to 8. CRYSTAL FORM the weight on an equal volume of water. - Gold has a specific gravity of 19. What does LUSTER this imply? - Refers to the way light is reflected from a - This tells you how many times denser than mineral surface. water the mineral is. - Some have metallic surface such as gold, - METALLIC> NON METALLIC silver, and copper. - Others are described as vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy, or dull. HARDNESS - Refers to the mineral’s resistance to being scratched. - The harder ones are difficult to scratch. The CRYSTAL FORM softer ones are less resistant to scratches. External features of a mineral reflect its STREAK orderly internal arrangement of atoms. - Refers to the color of the powdered mineral. - The sample is rubbed across a piece of unglazed porcelain or streak plate. CLEAVAGE - Tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. - Described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they met. - Has a plane of weakness and is easy to break. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS FRACTURE - Taste & Fizz Test - Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are NATURAL RESOURCES said to fracture when broken. The Earth’s crust and oceans are the - Some break like glass, some into splinters sources of a wide variety of useful and or fibers. essential materials. - Does not have a plane of weakness Renewable resources can be replenished.  Nonrenewable are some basic resources MOH’S HARNESS SCALE (LEAST HARD TO such as iron, aluminum, and copper. Others HARDEST) are fuel like oil, natural gas, and coal. 1. TALC Rich deposits of metallic minerals such as 2. GYPSUM Fe, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Cr, Zn, and Pb are also 3. CALCITE located. 4. FLUORITE What is the precious metal that can be 5. APATITE found pure in nature? 6. FELDSPAR Mercury reserves are located in Albay and 7. QUARTZ Palawan 8. TOPAZ Our biggest lead deposits are found in 9. CORUNDUM Ayala, Zamboanga. 10. DIAMOND Molybdenum deposits occur in Batangas. Platinum is a catalyst in refining petroleum. ROCKS GOLD Metal for adornment. ROCK It exhibits a shiny yellow color. - A naturally occurring solid aggregate of one Specific gravity = 19.3 or more minerals. WATER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS: - holds aggregate minerals together to form 1. Luster - means shine bright or polished rocks 2. Streak - color of mineral substance when it - been grounded to a fine powder THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF ROCKS 3. Specific Gravity - is a comparison or ratio IGNEOUS ROCK of the weight of the mineral to the weight of SEDIMENTARY ROCK an equal volume of water. METAMORPHIC ROCK - difference bet. the weight of the mineral in air and the weight of the PETROLOGY mineral in water. - It is the scientific study of rocks. Specific gravity = Weight of the minerals - Petrologists classify rocks based on how Weight of the equal vol. of water they were formed. 4. Cleavage - is a fine crack that is smooth and almost perfect crack. IGNEOUS ROCKS 5. Fracture - is not a smooth, rough and not - Formed from hardening and crystallization uniform of magma or molten material that originates 6. External Crystal Form - means the deep within the earth. external shape of an individual crystal and TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS what it looks like outside is a direct reason EXTRUSIVE behind how it is found inside - Igneous rocks cool quickly and as a result, these rocks are fine-grained or lack of NON-METALLIC MINERALS crystal growth. 1. LIMESTONE - External and found outside Earth’s surface 2. FLEDSPAR INTRUSIVE 3. CLAY - Igneous rocks are formed from magma that 4. SILICA cools slowly and as a result these rocks are 5. REDMARBLE coarse grained. - Opposite of extrusive and found inside Earth’s surface IGNEOUS ROCKS CLASSIFICATION PORPHYRITIC COMPOSITION - large crystals with small crystals - It refers to the mineral’s chemical make-up. GLASSY FELSIC - a rock that looks like colored glass with no - Igneous rocks that are light in colors; visible mineral crystal feldspar and silicates, gray or pink. PYROCLASTIC - Silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which - results from explosive fragmentation of are enriched in the lighter elements such as volcanic material. silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, and potassium MAFIC - Dark-colored igneous rocks made up of magnesium, calcium and iron - Kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content. INTERMEDIATE - Refers to igneous rocks between mafic and felsic composition. - Salt and pepper color, or intermediate - Igneous rocks with a chemical composition METAMORPHIC ROCKS of a rock that has 515.63wt% SiO2 - Forms from pre-existing rocks: either ULTRAMAFIC metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other - Denotes igneous rocks that are composed metamorphic rocks that have been altered chiefly of mafic minerals and are typically by agents of metamorphism. green to black. Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite - Igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silicon content, less than 45%. METAMORPHISM - Transformation of one rock type into another. - Regional - due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of the earth. - Contact - the rock minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with magma METAMORPHIC ROCKS TEXTURE TEXTURE - Refers to the size - Overall appearance of a rock based on the arrangement and size, shape, and arrangement of grains within the interlocking mineral crystals rock. APHANITIC FOLIATION - fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid - Any planar arrangement of mineral of microscope grains or structural features within PHANERITIC the rock - coarse-grained rocks - Foliated rocks vs Non-foliated rocks  ORGANIC - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s past. - Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over long period of THE ROCK CYCLE time harden into rocks. - Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary rocks HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE FORMED 1. Erosion & Transportation - eroded sediments end up in the water and begin to settle down 2. Deposition - with time, more sediments are added to newly formed sedimentary layers 3. Compaction - the release of moisture from the sedimentary layers makes the layers compact 4. Cementation - salt crystals glue the layers to form more compact sedimentary rocks THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CLASTIC - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale CHEMICAL - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES: EXOGENIC AND forming minerals. There is a change in ENDOGENIC composition Note: Both almost always occur together in nature Earth undergoes constant change - formation or and reinforce each other. deformation - much of which is visible on its surface. This change is brought about by processes PHYSICAL WEATHERING called "geological processes." These processes are A. FROST WEDGING divided into two, namely exogenous processes and - When water gets inside the joints, endogenous processes. We will deal with alternate freezing and thawing exogenous processes first. episodes pry the rock apart. - Water enters cracks of rocks and EXOGENIC PROCESS freeze. - Are destructive in nature as they are B. SALT CRYSTAL GROWTH involved in the tearing down of landforms - Force exerted by salt crystal that and breaking down of rocks into smaller formed as water evaporates from pieces or fragments. pore spaces or cracks in rocks can - Originate externally about the Earth which cause the rock to fall apart. means that the source of energy of these - Water enters cracks of rocks and processes is not the Earth itself but outside evaporates and leaves salts. of Earth. C. ABRASION - SUN is the best source of energy for - Wearing away of rocks by constant exogenous processes. Carried by wind, collision of loose particles. water, etc. D. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY - The second source of energy is GRAVITY. - plants and animals as agents of Ex. A rock high up on a mountain will mechanical weathering eventually fall or roll down the Earth due to gravity. CHEMICAL WEATHERING - Another source of energy is the living A. DISSOLUTION organisms themselves through their - Dissociation of molecules into ions; physical or chemical activities. common examples include dissolution of calcite and salt. WEATHERING - Water is acidic. - Is the physical breakdown and/or chemical B. OXIDATION alteration of rocks at or near Earth's surface. - Reaction between minerals and - No movement of materials and occurs in oxygen dissolved in water. situ (in place) as a response to low - Salt within the rock oxidizes and pressure, low temperature, and water and breaks the rock. oxygen-rich nature of the Earth's surface. C. HYDROLYSIS - Change in the composition of PHYSICAL WEATHERING minerals when they react with water. - Also called as Mechanical Weathering, - Can dissolve rocks or affect its disintegrates rocks, breaking them into composition. smaller pieces. CHEMICAL WEATHERING - Decomposes rocks through chemical reactions that change the original rock FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TYPE, EXTENT, HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS AND RATE AT WHICH WEATHERING TAKES Tropical cyclones PLACE: Thunderstorms Hailstorms A. CLIMATE Tornadoes - Areas that are cold and dry tend to Avalanches have slower rates of chemical Storm surges weathering and weathering is mostly Flash floods physical. Chemical weathering is Drought most active in areas with high Heat waves temperatures and rainfall. B. ROCKTYPE CYCLONE - The minerals that constitute rocks - An intense low pressure system have different susceptibilities to characterized by strong winds towards the weathering. Those that are most center, in a counter-clockwise flow in the stable to surface conditions will be northern hemisphere. the most resistant to weathering. Thus, olivine for example which Classification of Cyclone: crystallizes at high temperature conditions will weather first than TROPICAL Maximum winds from quartz which crystallizes at lower DEPRESSION 35kph to 63kph temperature conditions. C. ROCK STRUCTURE TROPICAL STORM Maximum winds from - Rate of weathering is affected by the 64kph to 118kph presence of joints, folds, faults, and TYPHOON Maximum winds bedding planes through which exceeding 118kph agents of weathering enter a rockmass. Highly-jointed/fractured TYPHOON rocks disintegrate faster than a solid - A large, powerful, and violent tropical mass of rock of the same dimension. cyclone. D. TOPOGRAPHY - Low pressure area rotating - Weathering occurs more quickly on counter-clockwise and containing rising a steep slope than on a gentle one. warm air that forms over warm water in the E. TIME Western Pacific Ocean - Length of exposure to agents of weather determines the degree of weathering of a rock. GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS - Processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damages, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions, or even environmental damages. HURRICANE VS TYPHOON - Debris jam causes a river or stream to HURRICANE overflow - Force winds can reach out as little as 40 km STORM SURGE of a small hurricane and as far as 240 km in - Rise of seawater above normal sea level on a large hurricane the coast. TYPHOON - As more water moves from the sea to the - Force winds can extend as far as 480 km coast, excess water piles up on the shore from the center of a large hurricane. line. - Storm surge can sweep across large THUNDERSTORM portions of coastal areas depending on the - A weather condition that produces lightning coastline and the slope of the sea line. and thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a EL NINO AND LA NINA tornado. - Complex weather patterns resulting from - Caused by convection. variation in ocean temperatures in the - Occurs mostly in equatorial zones Equatorial Pacific. - ENSO cycle (El Nino – Southern Oscillation) TORNADO - Typically lasts 9 to 12 months, up to years. - A violently rotating - Occurs every two to seven years. column of air extending from a TOOLS INTRACKING THE STORM thunderstorm to the - Satellite – is the most advanced technology ground. used in monitoring a cyclone or typhoon. It - Visible condensation can visualize exactly in real time the funnel whose formation and the path of a cyclone. narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of THE EYE OF THE STORM debris. FLASHFLOOD - Rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas like washes, rivers, dry lakes, and basins. - Distinguished from regular floods by a timescale of less than six hours FLOOD - The inundation of land areas which are not normally covered by water. - Usually caused by a temporary rise or the over-flowing of a river, stream, or other water course. - It may also be caused by a heavy and prolonged rainfall. Factors that may lead to flooding: - Prolonged rainfall over several days - Intense rainfall over a short period of time