Railway-Operation_0622.pdf

P R E S E N T A T I O N RAILWAY OPERATION INTRODUCTION TO THE RAIL NETWORK AND OPERATIONS As stated in the UIC Code 406 (2004) , 'Railway infrastructure capacity depends on the way it is utilised. The basic parameters underpinning Profit 2022 Profit 2021 capac...

P R E S E N T A T I O N RAILWAY OPERATION INTRODUCTION TO THE RAIL NETWORK AND OPERATIONS As stated in the UIC Code 406 (2004) , 'Railway infrastructure capacity depends on the way it is utilised. The basic parameters underpinning Profit 2022 Profit 2021 capacity are the infrastructure characteristics themselves and these include the signalling system, the transport schedule and the imposed punctuality level' Capacity can be defined as the maximum number of trains that may be operated using concurrently a specific part of the infrastructure during a given time period and with a fixed level of service. As described in Dicembre & Ricci (2011) , it is conditioned by technical parameters, such as planimetry and altimetry of the infrastructure, speed limits, Taking into account such complexity, the UIC Code 406 identifies the typology and number of tracks, most significant parameters influencing level of service, i.e. number signalling and control systems of trains, average speed, heterogeneity of services and stability of (e.g. block sections length), timetable, and their relative trade-offs as determined by existing operational model (heterogeneity capacity limitations and succession of trains, level of service, commercial speeds, etc.) and priority rules.  CAPACITY CONCEPTS AND EVALUATION METHODOLOGIES Theoretical Capacity is the number of trains that 01 could run over a route, during a specific time interval, mathematically calculated using an empirical formula. It represents an upper limit for line capacity. Practical Capacity represents the practical limit of the 02 number of trains (usually considering the current train mix, priorities, traffic bunching, etc.) that can be moved on a line in order to guarantee a reasonable level of reliability. It is a more realistic measure than theoretical capacity, usually around 60%-75% of the latter. Used Capacity is the actual traffic volume over the 03 network, usually lower than the practical capacity. Available Capacity is the difference between the Used 04 Capacity and the Practical Capacity and provides an useful indication of additional trains that could be handled by the network. RAILWAY OPERATION RESULT OPERATING DAYS : ACTUAL DATA KM. TRAIN RUN : ACTUAL DATA (NORTH AVE - TAFT) (16.9KM) TRAIN KM : KM TRAIN RUN X NO. OF TRIP CAR KM : KM TRAIN RUN X NO. OF CAR REVENUE : ACTUAL DATA OR (FARE RATE / KM) X (PAX. KM) SEAT-KM OFFERING : TRAIN CAP. X TRAIN KM NO. OF PAX : ACTUAL DATA OR (PAX./KM) X (AVE.DISTANCE TRAVELLED/PAX*) PAX./KM : LF X SEAT-KM OFF. OR NO. OF PAX X AVG. DISTANCE TRAVEL LOAD FACTOR : PAX-KM/SEAT-KM OFF. AVE. DISTANCE TRAVELLED : (REVENUE/PAX)/FARE RATE RAILWAY CAPACITY Synthetic and analytical methods describe the problem by means of mathematical formulae and 01 may represent a good start for identifying major capacity constraints; they are mostly applied for determining a preliminary solution in simple situations, for comparison purposes or as reference. 02 Asynchronous methods represent in more detailed way capacity estimation, modelling the dynamic scheduling processes by means of discontinuous events. Synchronous methods (traffic simulation) are even more detailed; they are able to reproduce, by 03 means of specific software, the processes of railway operation over the time and provide with values quite close to reality. 04 OpenTrack (OpenTrack Railway Technology) is a railway network simulation program developed as part of a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Transport Planning and Systems (ETH IVT) research project. (http://www.opentrack.ch/) 05 RailSys is a computer-based software system for analysis, planning and optimisation of operational procedures in railway networks developed by RMCON Rail Management Consultants (http://www.rmcon.de/en/products/railsys-classicplanning.html) 06 Rail Traffic Controller (RTC) is a Windows-based program developed by Berkeley Simulation Software (BSS) to simulate the movement of trains through rail networks (http://www.berkeleysimulation.com/). RAILWAY STRUCTURE It encompass a wide array of construction intended to support the track itself or house railway operations. Common examples of track carrying structures are: Bridges trestles viaducts culverts scales inspection pits unloading pits and similar construction. Examples of common ancillary structures are: drainage structures retaining walls tunnels snow sheds repair shops loading docks passenger stations and platforms, fueling facilities, towers, catenary frames WHO’S WHO AND THEIR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Operations management is a field of business that involves managing the operations of a business to ensure efficiency in the execution of projects. It means that the individual in charge of the department will be required to perform various strategic functions. Some of the functions include: Product design involves creating a product that will be sold to the end consumer. It involves 01 generating new ideas or expanding on current ideas in a process that will lead to the production of new products. The operations manager’s responsibility is to ensure that the products sold to consumers meet their needs, as well as match current market trends. 02 Forecasting involving making predictions of events that will occur in the future based on past data. One of the events that the operations manager is required to predict is the consumer demand for the company’s products. Supply chain management involves managing the production process from raw materials to the 03 finished product. It controls everything from production, shipping, distribution, to delivery of products. 04 The operations manager is in charge of delivery management. The manager ensures that the goods are delivered to the consumer in a timely manner. They must follow up with consumers to ensure that the goods delivered are what the consumers ordered and that they meet their functionality needs. IDEAL SKILLS OF AN OPERATIONS MANAGER Unlike the marketing or finance departments, where managers are responsible for their departments, operations management is a cross-department role where the manager assumes an array of responsibilities across multiple disciplines. To be successful, an operations manager must possess the following skills: Organizational abilities refer to the ability of the operations manager to focus on different projects 01 without getting distracted by the many processes. The operations manager should be able to plan, execute, and monitor each project to the end without losing focus. 02 An operations manager needs to have good coordination by knowing how to integrate resources, activities, and time to ensure proper use of the resources toward the achievement of the organization’s goals. People Skills. Most of the responsibilities of an operations manager involve dealing with people. 03 This means that they must know how to relate with the employees, outside stakeholders, and other members of senior management. An operations manager should know how to manage the fine lines with other colleagues by knowing how to communicate, listen, and relate to them on professional and personal levels. 04 Tech-savvy. In this age of rapidly advancing technologies, an operations manager needs to have an affinity for technology in order to be in a position to design processes that are both efficient and tech-compliant. Modern organizations are becoming increasingly tech-dependent in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market. VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES Technology using electrical energy to power automobiles has been in existence for over a century. However, for a number of reasons, including the energy density of petroleum fuels, the internal combustion engine has been the power source of choice for automobiles and most other vehicles. An electric vehicle (EV) is powered by an electric motor, as opposed to a gasoline or diesel engine. Power is supplied to the motor by batteries, which are charged through a central charging station (which can be installed in the owner's garage) or through a portable charger on board the vehicle, which is plugged into an electrical outlet. ISSUES ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE Cost. One of the most significant barriers to wide acceptance of electric vehicles is their higher 01 purchase cost. For example, the manufacturer's suggested retail price for a 1999 General Motors EV1 was approximately $33,995, which was considerably higher than a comparable 1999 Chevrolet Cavalier at $13,670. 02 Infrastructure. Another key obstacle to more widespread use of electric vehicles is the lack of fueling (charging) and maintenance infrastructure. Performance. Another major concern with electric vehicles is their performance. The batteries used 03 to power the vehicles tend to be quite heavy, limiting the range of these vehicles. With all the issues and concerns discovered, a Hybrid Electric Vehicle were introduced. HEVs combine an electric motor and battery pack with an internal combustion engine to improve efficiency. In current HEVs, the batteries are recharged during operation, eliminating the need for an external charger. ASSIGNMENT 01 Cost Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle 02 Infrastructure Fuel Cell Vehicles 03 Performance  WAYS FOR IMPROVEMENT Component Technologies Another way to improve the fuel economy and emissions characteristics of vehicles is to use advanced components that reduce friction, decrease vehicle weight, or improve system efficiency. Lightweight Materials An effective way to improve efficiency is to reduce the weight of the vehicle. However, simply reducing weight while using the same materials and structural design can compromise passenger safety. Therefore, newer vehicles are making extensive use of advanced materials such as composite or plastic body panels, and high-strength, lightweight aluminum structural components.  WAYS FOR IMPROVEMENT Decreased Resistance Another way to improve efficiency is to decrease resistance, both from drag and from friction between the wheels and the road. Wind resistance can be decreased through redesigning the body to a more aerodynamic shape. Regenerative Braking A key component in the efficiency of electric vehicles (including hybrids and fuel cell vehicles) is a regenerative braking system. This system allows some of the vehicle's kinetic energy to be recaptured as electricity when the brakes are applied.  WHAT VEHICLE PROPULSION SYSTEMS ARE MOST COMMON? Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are still leading all other propulsion technologies, but a significant shift towards partial or complete electrification is expected in the next 10 years. Globally it’s expected that five classes of propulsion systems will emerge and provide a much more diverse range of options for consumers.  HOW WILL ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROPULSION SYSTEMS EVOLVE? As emission regulations tighten and consumers look for more efficient mobility systems, electric vehicles will reach widespread market adoption. But when will this occur? The shift towards electrification will be slow but undeniable. By 2030, upwards of 30% of new vehicles will be powered on electricity and will continue to grow thereafter. BRAKING SYSTEM Most brakes use friction on the two sides of the wheel, the collective press on the wheel converts the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat. For example, regenerative braking turns much of the energy to electrical energy, which may be stored for later use. The following are the most common types of braking systems in modern cars. It’s always good to know which ones fit your car for easy troubleshooting and servicing. Hydraulic braking system. This system runs on brake fluid, cylinders, and friction. By creating 01 pressure within, glycol ethers or diethylene glycol forces the brake pads to stop the wheels from moving. Electromagnetic braking systems can be found in many modern and hybrid vehicles. The 02 electromagnetic braking system uses the principle of electromagnetism to achieve frictionless braking. This serves to increase the life span and reliability of brakes. Advantages of Electromagnetic braking system: Electromagnetic braking is fast and cheap. In electromagnetic braking, there is no maintenance cost like replacing brake shoes periodically By using electromagnetic braking, the capacity of the system( like higher speeds, heavy loads) can be improved. A part of the energy is delivered to the supply consequently the running cost is reduced. In electromagnetic braking, a negligible amount of heat is generated whereas in mechanical braking enormous heat is produced at brake shoes which leads to a brake failure. BRAKING SYSTEM Servo braking system: Also known as vacuum or vacuum-assisted braking. Among this system, the 03 pressure applied to the pedal by the driver is increased. They use the vacuum that is produced in petrol engines by the air intake system in the engine's intake pipe or via a vacuum pump in diesel engines. A brake where power assistance is used to reduce the human effort. In a car, engine vacuum is often used to make a large diaphragm flex and operate the control cylinder. Servo braking system boosters used with the hydraulic brake system. The size of the cylinder and the wheels are practically employed. Vacuum boosters increase the braking force. Pushing the brake pedal releases the vacuum on the side of the booster. The difference in the air pressure pushes the diaphragm for braking the wheel. Mechanical braking system powers the hand brake or emergency brake. It is the type of braking 04 system in which the brake force applied on the brake pedal is carried to the final brake drum or disc rotor by the various mechanical linkages like cylindrical rods, fulcrums, springs etc. In order to stop the vehicle. TYPES OF BRAKES: Disc brake is a mechanism for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel from its motion. A disc 01 brake is normally made of cast iron, but in some cases, it is also made of composites such as carbon- carbon or ceramic -matrix composites. This is linked to the wheel and/or the axle. To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads is forced against both sides of the disc. Friction caused, on the disc wheel will slow or stop. TYPES OF BRAKES: Drum brake is a traditional break in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or pads that press 02 against a rotating drum-shaped part called a brake drum. The term \"drum brake\" usually means a brake in which shoes press on the inner surface of the drum. Where the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a standard disk brake , it is sometimes called a \"pinch drum brake\", although such brakes are relatively rare. ASSIGNMENT Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicles 01 Cost 02 Infrastructure 03 Performance Types of Coupling