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Questions and Answers
What is a key benefit of current HEVs regarding battery recharging?
What is a key benefit of current HEVs regarding battery recharging?
What is a major challenge in reducing vehicle weight to improve efficiency?
What is a major challenge in reducing vehicle weight to improve efficiency?
What advanced material is being used in newer vehicles to reduce weight?
What advanced material is being used in newer vehicles to reduce weight?
How can wind resistance be decreased in vehicles?
How can wind resistance be decreased in vehicles?
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What allows some of the vehicle's kinetic energy to be recaptured as electricity?
What allows some of the vehicle's kinetic energy to be recaptured as electricity?
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What is expected to emerge in the next 10 years regarding vehicle propulsion systems?
What is expected to emerge in the next 10 years regarding vehicle propulsion systems?
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What is a way to improve fuel economy and emissions characteristics of vehicles?
What is a way to improve fuel economy and emissions characteristics of vehicles?
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What is a method to decrease resistance in vehicles?
What is a method to decrease resistance in vehicles?
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What is a type of vehicle that uses a regenerative braking system?
What is a type of vehicle that uses a regenerative braking system?
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What is expected to lead the market in the next 10 years?
What is expected to lead the market in the next 10 years?
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Study Notes
Railway Capacity
- Used Capacity: actual traffic volume over the network, usually lower than practical capacity
- Practical Capacity: around 60-75% of theoretical capacity
- Available Capacity: difference between Used Capacity and Practical Capacity, indicating additional trains that can be handled by the network
Railway Operation Result
- Operating Days: actual data
- Km.Train Run: actual data (North Ave - Taft), 16.9 km
- Train Km: Km Train Run x No. of Trip
- Car Km: Km Train Run x No. of Car
- Revenue: actual data or (Fare Rate / Km) x (Pax.Km)
- Seat-Km Offering: Train Cap. x Train Km
- No. of Pax: actual data or (Pax./Km) x (Ave. Distance Travelled/Pax)
- Pax./Km: LF x Seat-Km Off. or No. of Pax x Avg. Distance Travelled
- Load Factor: Pax-Km/Seat-Km Off. Ave. Distance Travelled
- Avg. Distance Travelled: (Revenue/Pax)/Fare Rate
Railway Capacity Analysis
- Synthetic and analytical methods: use mathematical formulae to describe capacity constraints
- Asynchronous methods: model dynamic scheduling processes using discontinuous events
- Synchronous methods (traffic simulation): reproduce railway operation processes over time, providing values close to reality
- OpenTrack: a railway network simulation program for capacity estimation and analysis
- RailSys: a software system for analysis, planning, and optimization of railway operations
- Rail Traffic Controller (RTC): a Windows-based program for simulating train movement through rail networks
Railway Structure
- Track carrying structures: bridges, trestles, viaducts, culverts, scales, inspection pits, unloading pits
- Ancillary structures: drainage structures, retaining walls, tunnels, snow sheds, repair shops, loading docks, passenger stations, fueling facilities, towers, catenary frames
Operations Management
- Operations management: managing business operations to ensure efficiency and product delivery
- Functions: product design, forecasting, supply chain management, delivery management
- Ideal skills: organizational abilities, coordination, people skills, tech-savviness
Vehicle Technologies
- Electric vehicles (EVs): powered by electric motors, using batteries charged through central charging stations or portable chargers
- Issues: cost, infrastructure, performance
- Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs): combine electric motor and battery pack with internal combustion engine
- Plug-in hybrid vehicles: allow for external charging
- Fuel cell vehicles: use hydrogen as fuel
Ways for Improvement
- Component technologies: advanced components reduce friction, decrease vehicle weight, and improve system efficiency
- Lightweight materials: reduce vehicle weight without compromising passenger safety
- Decreased resistance: reduce wind resistance through aerodynamic design and regenerative braking systems
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Description
Learn about the different measures of capacity in railway operation, including practical capacity, used capacity, and available capacity.
