Psychology Questions PDF

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion? Select one: a. Cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction. b. People can experience different emotions to the same outcome. c. The physiological and...

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion? Select one: a. Cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction. b. People can experience different emotions to the same outcome. c. The physiological and cognitive systems interact to produce emotion. d. Emotion is a motivational phenomenon. Which is known as the bonding hormone? Select one: a. Testosterone b. Cortisol c. Oxytocin d. Dopamine Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event? Select one: O a. primary appraisal b. perception of the stimulus event c. sympathetic nervous system activation d. parasympathetic nervous system activation Which one is not one of Grice's maxims? Select one: a. Maxim of cooperation b. Maxim of manner c. Maxim of relation d. Maxim of quantity We stop when the traffic light is red. How do we call this phenomenon? Select one: a. Escape learning b. Avoidance learning c. Discrimination d. Predictability Which of the following is not a mechanism driving forgetting episodic memories Select one: O a. decay. b. memory inhibition. c. extinction. d. interference. Select the correct end to this sentence: Results from the think/ no-think paradigm developed by Michael Anderson and Colin Green suggest that... Select one: O a. forgetting from semantic memory occurs via inhibitory processes. b. a key mechanism of forgetting is consolidation failure. c. the biggest driver of forgetting from episodic memory is memory inhibition. d. inhibitory processes might play a role in the forgetting of episodic memories. What defines the timbre of a sound? Select one: a. spectral content and amplitude envelope b. sound onset and offset c. fundamental frequency d. amplitude Which one of these is a widely used test of semantic memory? Select one: a. Pyramids and Palm Trees Test. b. Doors and People Test. c. Rey-Complex Figure Test. d. Recognition test. Which one is not true about the modularity theory of mentalization? Select one: Oa. We can make predictions about behavior based on mental state attribution. b. mentalization happens with the help of an encapsulated cognitive faculty. c. mentalization develops around 5 years of age. d. all of these statements are true. Which of the following is NOT true about sound localization? Select one: a. it has a dominance over visual localization b. relies on the spatial position of the ears and the head c. relies on inference d. automatic Which of the following symptom families appears most often first from the list below in Alzheimer's disease? Select one: a. retrograde amnesia. b. impairment of semantic retrieval. c. global amnesia. d. anterograde amnesia. The Relevance theory of communication.... Select one: a. keeps all of Grice's maxims. b. claims that it is enough to recognize the speaker's informative intentions for successful communication. c. claims that ostensive signals are used to express the speaker's communicative intentions. O d. neither of these statements is true. Which statement is not true about the code model of communication? Select one: a. Communication is symmetric. b. It can be used to interpret statements with ambiguous meaning. c. Communication is serial. d. It can be applied to various forms of communication. The negative reinforcement: Select one: a. Decreases the possibility of the occurrence of the behavior b. The appearance of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus after the behavior c. Increases the possibility of the occurrence of the behavior d. The disappearance of a pleasant or appetitive stimulus after the behavior All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that: Select one: a. emotion activation arises from the combination of cognitive and biological events. b. the stimulus event, not the appraisal, causes emotion. c. emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event. d. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion. The experiment of Garcia and Koelling (1966) was a good example for one of these phenomena: Select one: Oa. Applying negative reinforcement b. Shaping c. The biological constraints of conditioning d. Escape learning Imagine that tomorrow at an exam you cannot recall a learned answer because you had also learned for today's exam. Which of the following processes can be at work? Select one: a. repetitive interference b. transitive interference c. retroactive interference d. proactive interference The emotion of _ facilitates cohesiveness in social groups. Select one: a. distress or sadness b. fear c. anger d. disgust The possible organization of semantic memories has been described by several prominent theories in the past 50 years. Which of the following theories is not one of these theories? Select one: a. Knowledge theories. b. Prototype theories. c. Semantic network theories. d. Scenario theories. The facial feedback hypothesis Select one: a. has been shown to be false b. is a cognitive theory of emotion c. asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior d. explains how infants communicate their feelings to adults In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a. motivation is more sensitive to changes in the environment, while emotion is more sensitive to changes in the person b. emotions and motivation are so similar that it makes sense to treat them as synonyms. c. motivational states act as an on-going readout about the person's emotional experience. d. emotions function as one type of motive. Which of the following statements is true? Select one: O a. Recollection and familiarity are two separate memory systems. b. Familiarity is a memory system, recollection is a memory process. c. Episodic memory is a memory system, recollection is a memory process. d. Both semantic memory and recollection are memory systems. The audibility function shows Select one: O a. sounds having the same loudness, but different frequencies Ob. characteristic frequency of sounds with different amplitude c. relationship between amplitude and loudness d. hearing threshold in relation to different frequencies Which one is not one of the heuristics described by Kahneman and Tversky? Select one: a. confirmation b. anchoring and adjustment c. representativeness d. availability Who put forth the Relevance theory of communication? Select one: O a. Fodor b. Shannon and Weaver c. Sperber and Wilson d. Grice A person suffers from retrograde amnesia since one year ago. Which cognitive process is impaired most from the list below? Select one: a. Remembering salient events from the person's life that happened a couple of months ago. b. Remembering salient events from the person's life that happened several years ago. c. Remembering spatial locations seen a couple of days ago. d. Remembering salient events from the person's life that happened a couple of days ago. What is NOT true about learning? Select one: O a. Permanent change in behavior b. It can involve only one stimulus c. It is based on experiences d. Cognitive maturation The Wason task... Select one: a. shows that the content of the task can influence task difficulty even if the logical form of it remains the same. b. requires deduction. c. is easier to solve with pragmatic rules. d. all of the above. The two factors that are highlighted in the Flow Model are.. Select one: a. Personal skills and time dedicated to the task b. Time dedicated to the task and challenge level of the task c. Personal skill and challenge level of the task Which statement is true? Select one: a. First memories appearing in our autobiographic memory are semantic memories. b. Autobiographic memory is identical to episodic memory. c. Autobiographic memories are independent of semantic memory. d. Autobiographic memories have semantic components. When we keep on calling a busy number, it's an example for: Select one: a. Fixed ratio schedule reinforcement b. Fixed interval schedule reinforcement c. Variable interval schedule reinforcement d. Variable ratio schedule reinforcement Which one of the following anatomical structures is NOT involved in the processing of sound? Select one: a. Eustachian-tube b. pinna c. basilar membrane d. tympanic membrane Which on is a symptom of semantic dementia? Select one: a. impaired episodic recall. b. impaired word retrieval. c. increased semantic nets in the brain. d. reduced priming. Which heuristic makes us ignore base rates in forming judgments? Select one: a. availability b. representativeness c. anchoring and adjustment d. similarity The framing effect emerges in the 'Asia disease" experiment of Kahneman and Tversky because of.. Select one: a. the representativeness heuristic. b. of loss aversion. c. the availability heuristic. d. belief bias. Motivation study concerns itself with the processes that give behavior its: Select one: a. feedforward and feedback b. energy and direction c. benefits and costs d. success and failure Problem-space theory.. Select one: O a. claims that we always use algorithms to solve a problem. b. was put forth by Kahneman and Tversky. c. claims that we use operators to navigate between possible states. d. all of the above. Which need does not lead to intrinsic motivation? Select one: a. Need for competence b. Need for relatedness c. Need for autonomy d. Need for safety Which of the following is not true about the traveling wave theory of hearing? Select one: a. proposed by George von Békésy b. sounds with different frequencies cause the maximal bending of the different part of the basilar membrane c. the basilar membrane codes high frequency sounds near the base and low frequency sounds near the apex d. sounds with different frequencies resonate certain parts of the basilar membrane similar to the strings of the piano Answers: b. People can experience different emotions to the same outcome. c. Oxytocin c. sympathetic nervous system activation a. Maxim of cooperation b. Avoidance learning c. extinction. d. inhibitory processes might play a role in the forgetting of episodic memories. a. spectral content and amplitude envelope a. Pyramids and Palm Trees Test. c. mentalization develops around 5 years of age. a. it has a dominance over visual localization d. anterograde amnesia. c. claims that ostensive signals are used to express the speaker's communicative intentions. b. It can be used to interpret statements with ambiguous meaning. c. Increases the possibility of the occurrence of the behavior d. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion. c. The biological constraints of conditioning d. proactive interference a. distress or sadness a. Knowledge theories. c. asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior d. emotions function as one type of motive. c. Episodic memory is a memory system, recollection is a memory process. d. hearing threshold in relation to different frequencies a. confirmation c. Sperber and Wilson b. Remembering salient events from the person's life that happened several years ago. d. Cognitive maturation d. all of the above. c. Personal skill and challenge level of the task d. Autobiographic memories have semantic components. c. Variable interval schedule reinforcement a. Eustachian-tube b. impaired word retrieval. b. representativeness b. of loss aversion. b. energy and direction c. claims that we use operators to navigate between possible states. d. Need for safety d. sounds with different frequencies resonate certain parts of the basilar membrane similar to the strings of the piano More: 1. Which part of the brain is responsible for the executive functions? - Prefrontal: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex 2. What is a form of creativity? - Divergent thinking 3. Saying "no, I don't think so" is associated with which brain part? - Prefrontal cortex 4. Motivational theories say that drive leads to... - Energizes -> causes a behavioral response or an action 5. WCST stands for... - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (associated with shifting cognitive flexibility and cognitive control) 6. Campbell and Robson's multichannel model... - The visual system creates neural representations on different spatial scales (related to emotional flight reaction) 7. What is it called when you take aspirin, and it has a good effect, and you want to take it again? - Negative reinforcer 8. What is not true about the somatosensory cortex? - In occipital lobe 9. In facial metrics, what is an attractive feature in women? - All (assuming the question suggests multiple attributes are considered attractive) 10. Köhler experiment with monkeys showed...? - Insight 11. What is true for implicit memory and not explicit memory? - See it in behavior 12. What kind of memory is it when you remember something that will happen in the future? - Prospective memory 13. How was motivation explained in the 1700s? - Motivation arises from the passions of the body and the reason of the mind 14. Subjective experience of joy... - Medial forebrain bundle 15. Brain structure part of top-down attentional control? - Frontal cortex 16. Describing word of language and words: - Syntax, semantics, linguistics 17. Which of the following statements best reflects the study of motivation circa 1700? - Motivation arises from the passions of the body and the reason of the mind 18. A rat deprived of food will learn a new response even if it is given only a nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened substance after performing the new response. This finding is most problematic for which theory of motivation? - Drive theory 19. The greater one's effectance motivation, the greater one's desire to seek out and approach situations that: - Challenge existing skills and competencies 20. According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it: - Acts more like a negative reinforcer than a positive reinforcer 21. According to the multichannel model of vision (Campbell & Robson, 1968), the visual system... - Creates neural representations on different spatial scales 22. Information from the left visual field goes to... brain areas: - Right 23. Sensory information that depends upon both touch and kinesthesis is called: - Haptics 24. Schematic knowledge is useful as: - Form a hierarchy with scripts and frames, so include all of our knowledge 25. On Conway's (2005) memory model the concept of working self: - Comprises a set of active goals and self-images 26. One of the following is NOT the part of Baddeley's working memory model: - Semantic buffer 27. Which syndrome is characterized by ignoring one side of the space? - Hemispatial agnosia 28. Basic speech sounds are called: - Phonemes 29. The stage of creative thought during which problem solving proceeds at a subconscious level is the __________ stage: - Illumination 30. Whose theory of motivation is being summarized: The purpose of behavior is to serve the satisfaction of bodily needs? - Freud 31. If need-based energy accumulates unchecked over time, motivation arises as a sort of emergency warning system in the form of psychological anxiety that signals action needs to be taken: - Freud 32. Once action is initiated, both bodily need and psychological anxiety are quieted: - Freud’s drive theory 33. The outstanding feature of Hull's drive theory was that: - Motivation could be predicted from antecedent conditions before it occurred 34. A crucial concept in Hull’s theory of motivation that explained when learning occurred and when habit was reinforced was: - Circle (or cycle) of motivation (?) 35. What important event in the history of motivation occurred in the 1960s? - Motivation researchers began to reject "grand" theories in favor of "mini-theories." 36. A mini-theory of motivation seeks to understand and explain: - A single motivational phenomenon 37. Three historical events explain why motivation study left behind its grand theories in favor of embracing mini-theories. Which of the following is not one of those events? - The assumption that human beings are naturally active rather than naturally passive 38. Plato's portrayal of how the mind generated motivation was remarkably similar to whose later portrayal of how the mind generated motivation? - Freud (appetitive aspect corresponds to Freud's id, the competitive aspect to the superego, and the calculating aspect to the ego) 39. Amnesic patients in classic conditioning learning (eye-blinking) situation usually? - Learn at a normal rate 40. The process of Tulving calls “mental time travel”: - Episodic 41. The Gestalt psychology claims that: - Organisation of associations 42. Binocular parallax in spatial vision interacts with monocular effects:  - Is a factor independent of object/shape perception 43. Which of the following brain areas is important for top-down attentional control: - Frontal cortex 44. Which of the following brain structures is involved in generating pleasure or the subjective experience of reinforcement? - Medial forebrain bundle 45. After Spering (1960) briefly presented participants with a matrix of letters, a tone was emitted in order to: - Avoid the problem of forgetting during reporting 46. True or false: The Primary visual cortex is located in the parietal lobe. - False, the primary visual cortex is placed in the occipital lobe 47. The role of the ear basilar membrane in hearing is the: - Coding of frequency 48. Size-constancy is: - Independent of viewing conditions 49. Conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth: - Needs 50. The study of what speakers say and the meaning of the language they use: - Pragmatics 51. Psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected: - Relatedness 52. Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion? - Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states 53. When an individual possesses very high personal skills and competencies for a given activity and then engages in an activity with a very low opportunity: - Boredom 54. The primacy advantage refers to the recall benefit seen for: - Visual stimuli occurring early in a study list 55. If you are trying to memorize a passage, but the text is blurred, you will first experience difficulty in which memory process? - Encoding 56. Also called sustained attention, the ability to maintain alertness continuously over time: - Vigilance 57. The Stroop-effect: - Argues against response selection 58. Implicit memories are unlike explicit memories in that implicit memories are: - Reflected through performance 59. According to feature integration theory: - Feature binding is automatic 60. Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that: - Reduce the number of alternatives 61. The spreading activation model (Collins & Loftus 1975) of semantic representation: - Uses Wittgenstein (?) 62. Which of the following is usually associated with creativity: - Divergent thinking 63. Which of the following is NOT a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion? - It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children 64. If a person takes an aspirin... - Negative reinforcer 65. If you are trying to memorize a passage, but the text is blurred, you will first experience difficulty in which memory process? - Encoding 66. The ability to speak languages is referred to as: - Bilingualism 67. One of the following is NOT an implicit learning form: - Incidental encoding 68. A perceptual set that causes one to become hung up on wrong solutions or remain blind to alternatives is called:  - Fixation 69. Information from the left visual field goes to... brain areas: - Right 70. Apparent movements: - Depend on temporal relations 71. The receptive field of the ganglion cells: - On or off cells 72. In the primary visual cortex: - You find simple and complex cells 73. Which of the following is not associated with forgetting: - Reinstating the context 74. LTM: - None 75. WCST stands for: - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is an instrument to measure abstraction 76. The greater one’s effectance motivation, the greater one’s desire to seek out and approach situations that: - Challenge existing skills and competencies 77. Implicit memories are unlike explicit memories in that implicit memories are: - Reflected through performance 78. Refers to the process of organizing sensory information: - Perception Sure, let's continue with the rest of the responses based on your provided questions and answer choices: 79. According to goal-setting theory, a difficult goal increases performance because: - It energizes the performer and sustains persistence 80. A rat deprived of food will learn a new response even if it is given only a nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened substance after performing the new response. This finding is most problematic for which theory of motivation? - Drive theory 81. Köhler experiment with monkeys showed: - Insight 82. A behavior that occurs because it has been instrumental in producing certain consequences is called: - Operant behavior 83. The total process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in the brain is called: - Memory 84. A neuron with a resting potential of -70 mV will depolarize: - When sodium ions (Na+) enter the neuron 85. A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the control of muscle action, learning, and memory: - Acetylcholine 86. Bodily response precedes the experience of emotion according to which theory? - James-Lange theory 87. The neurotransmitter linked to mood regulation, particularly in depression: - Serotonin 88. Which brain structure is primarily involved in the formation of new memories? - Hippocampus 89. The phenomenon where one visual stimulus influences the perception of a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention, is known as: - Priming 90. Which type of long-term memory includes skills and habits? - Procedural memory 91. The brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience is called: - Neuroplasticity 92. The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories is called: - Consolidation 93. Which theory posits that we are motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards, rather than just internal states? - Incentive theory 94. A decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus is known as: - Habituation 95. The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another is called: - Phoneme 96. Which type of conditioning involves learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior? - Operant conditioning 97. The mental process that involves being aware of and responding to one's environment is called: - Consciousness 98. The tendency to respond in a particular way, based on past experiences or expectations, is known as: - Perceptual set 99. A neural mechanism that is thought to be involved in the automatic processing of complex patterns in the environment is called: - Feature detector 100. Which theory of emotion involves the simultaneous experience of bodily response and emotion? - Cannon-Bard theory 101. The cognitive bias where an individual's overall impression of a person influences their feelings and thoughts about that person's character is known as: - Halo effect 102. The part of the brain involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and planning is the: - Prefrontal cortex 103. What type of memory is characterized by the recall of personal experiences and events? - Episodic memory 104. The technique of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior is known as: - Shaping 105. The learning process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response is called: - Classical conditioning 106. The law that states the strength of a memory trace depends on the amount of attention and effort invested in the encoding process is called: - Levels of processing theory 107. Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts in behavior? - Psychoanalytic theory 108. The part of the neuron that receives incoming signals from other neurons is the: - Dendrite 109. An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is known as their: - Personality 110. The concept that individuals strive to reduce a state of tension caused by unmet needs is central to which theory? - Drive reduction theory 111. The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and failures to external factors is known as: - Self-serving bias 112. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response? - Sympathetic nervous system 113. A method of problem-solving that involves trying different solutions until one works is called: - Trial and error 114. Which area of the brain is associated with speech production? - Broca's area 115. The theory that posits we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization, is known as: - Maslow's hierarchy of needs 116. The phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention, is known as: - Priming 117. The principle that the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is limited to about seven items, plus or minus two, is called: - Miller's law 118. A learning process in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher is called: - Operant conditioning 119. The ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others is referred to as: - Emotional intelligence 120. The type of memory that stores general world knowledge, such as facts, ideas, and concepts, is called: - Semantic memory Certainly! Let's continue: 121. The reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is called: - Variable-ratio schedule 122. The psychological phenomenon in which people experience a decrease in motivation after being rewarded for something they already enjoy doing is called: - Overjustification effect 123. The cognitive bias where individuals overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events is known as: - Hindsight bias 124. The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves: - Associating items to be remembered with specific physical locations 125. The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed is known as: - Object permanence 126. The phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus, even if the latter is not consciously perceived, is called: - Subliminal perception 127. The part of the brain that regulates vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing is the: - Medulla oblongata 128. A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in reward and pleasure systems in the brain is: - Dopamine 129. The phenomenon where an individual feels unable to escape a painful or aversive situation, often leading to a state of passive resignation, is known as:  - Learned helplessness 130. The process by which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior is known as: - Attribution theory 131. The psychological theory that suggests people have an inherent tendency toward growth and fulfillment is known as: - Humanistic theory 132. The sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the daytime is called: - Narcolepsy 133. A neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite is: - Serotonin 134. The cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information is called a: - Schema 135. The phase of memory where information is transformed into a form that can be stored in the brain is called: - Encoding 136. The process by which a conditioned response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus is called: - Extinction 137. The brain structure involved in the regulation of emotions and linked to the limbic system is the: - Amygdala 138. The visual illusion that involves an incorrect perception of the size or length of an object due to the influence of surrounding objects is called: - Size constancy illusion 139. A strategy used in problem-solving and decision-making that involves following a step-by-step procedure to reach a solution is known as: - Algorithm 140. The tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited is known as: - Belief perseverance 141. The tendency for people to place a higher value on things they own compared to things they do not own is called: - Endowment effect 142. The mental shortcut that involves making judgments based on how easily information can be brought to mind is called the: - Availability heuristic 143. The phenomenon where the presence of others improves an individual's performance on simple or well-learned tasks is called: - Social facilitation 144. The psychological concept that involves a reduction in the drive to eat after the body reaches a certain level of satiety is called: - Satiety signal 145. The visual processing area of the brain located in the occipital lobe is called the: - Primary visual cortex (V1) 146. A psychological disorder characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) is called: - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 147. The theory that suggests that emotion is the result of physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation is known as the: - Schachter-Singer two-factor theory 148. The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases one's liking for it is called: - Mere exposure effect 149. A type of long-term memory that involves recollection of personal experiences and events is known as: - Episodic memory 150. The theory that posits that individuals are motivated by the desire to increase pleasure and reduce pain is called: - Hedonic principle 151. The concept that describes a person's belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation is known as: - Self-efficacy 152. The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is called the: - Serial position effect 153. A method used in therapy that involves exposing a patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome their anxiety is called: - Exposure therapy 154. The principle that states individuals are more likely to follow through with commitments that are voluntarily, publicly, and actively made is called the: - Commitment principle 155. The learning principle where behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it is known as: - Operant conditioning 156. A psychological disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania is called: - Bipolar disorder 157. The branch of psychology that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another is called: - Social psychology 158. The ability to delay gratification and resist short-term temptations for long-term goals is known as: - Self-control 159. A phenomenon where a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that they expect it to come true, is called: - Self-fulfilling prophecy 160. The neurotransmitter that is most closely associated with the brain's reward system and pleasure centers is: - Dopamine 161. The psychological tendency to interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or theories is known as: - Confirmation bias 162. The type of amnesia where an individual cannot form new memories after the onset of amnesia is called: - Anterograde amnesia 163. A type of cognitive distortion where people view situations in extreme, black-and-white terms is called: - All-or-nothing thinking 164. The psychological model that suggests health is determined by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors is called the: - Biopsychosocial model 165. The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is known as: - Attribution 166. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent is called: - Cognitive dissonance theory 167. The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attitudes, and behaviors is known as the: - False consensus effect 168. A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others is called: - Antisocial personality disorder 169. A therapy technique that aims to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are causing people's problems, and thus change the way they feel, is known as: - Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) 170. The phenomenon in which people tend to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs or theories, even if it is inaccurate, is known as: - Confirmation bias 171. The neurotransmitter that is primarily responsible for mood regulation and is often linked to depression when in low levels is: - Serotonin 172. The concept that suggests people learn behaviors through the observation of others, including the consequences of those behaviors, is called: - Social learning theory 173. The type of memory that involves recalling factual information, such as names, dates, and concepts, is known as: - Semantic memory 174. The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal factors (such as personality traits) while ignoring situational influences is called the: - Fundamental attribution error 175. The psychological condition characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness, despite medical reassurance, is known as: - Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis) 176. A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior is called: - Sublimation 177. The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others is called: - Social psychology 178. The type of reinforcement schedule that delivers a reward after a varying number of responses is called: - Variable-ratio schedule 179. The neurotransmitter most closely associated with the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep is: - Serotonin 180. The branch of psychology that focuses on the treatment of mental illness and emotional disturbance is called: - Clinical psychology 181. The phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus, even if the latter is not consciously perceived, is called: - Priming 182. The concept in social psychology that suggests people are more likely to help others in emergency situations when there are fewer witnesses is called the: - Bystander effect 183. The theory that people are motivated to achieve a balance between their cognitions (beliefs, attitudes) and behaviors is known as: - Cognitive dissonance theory 184. A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently is called a: - Heuristic 185. The type of amnesia characterized by the inability to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia is called: - Retrograde amnesia 186. The phenomenon where a person's performance improves when they are in the presence of others is called: - Social facilitation 187. A psychological disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) is known as: - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 188. The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is known as: - Consolidation 189. The theory that suggests the presence of others leads to arousal, which enhances the dominant response is called: - Drive theory of social facilitation 190. The mental process of making sense of sensory information is called: - Perception 191. A disorder characterized by periods of severe depression and periods of excessively elevated mood (mania) is called: - Bipolar disorder 192. The neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the body's fight-or-flight response is: - Norepinephrine 193. The psychological theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors is known as: - Psychoanalytic theory 194. The part of the brain that is critical for processing and storing new explicit memories of names, images, and events is called the: - Hippocampus 195. The phenomenon where people perceive more variability among members of their own group compared to those in other groups is called the: - Outgroup homogeneity effect 196. The type of memory that stores information about how to perform different actions and skills is called: - Procedural memory 197. The psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential is known as: - Humanistic psychology 198. The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present is known as the: - Bystander effect 199. The mental process of attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else is called: - Projection 200. The neurotransmitter most closely linked with the regulation of mood, social behavior, and appetite is: - Serotonin