GPT Final Preparation 2 PDF

GPT Final Preparation 2 1. Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to remain stable or improve during middle adulthood? o A) Fluid intelligence o B) Processing speed o C) Crystallized intelligence o D) Short-term memory...

GPT Final Preparation 2 1. Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to remain stable or improve during middle adulthood? o A) Fluid intelligence o B) Processing speed o C) Crystallized intelligence o D) Short-term memory 2. Levinson’s theory of middle adulthood emphasizes the importance of: o A) Stability in career and personal life o B) Reassessment of life goals and achievements o C) Focusing on physical health and fitness o D) Exploring new roles and identities 3. The term "sandwich generation" refers to: o A) Middle-aged adults delaying retirement o B) Adults who switch careers in midlife o C) Middle-aged adults caring for both their aging parents and their own children o D) People experiencing a midlife crisis 4. Emotional regulation in middle adulthood is best described as: o A) Declining rapidly o B) Stable and may improve with experience o C) Less effective than in early adulthood o D) Remaining the same as in early adulthood 5. Generativity in middle adulthood is most closely associated with: o A) Financial success o B) Mentoring younger individuals  o C) Traveling and leisure activities o D) Physical fitness 6. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "midlife crisis"? o A) A middle-aged adult who retires early to travel o B) A middle-aged adult who buys a sports car and starts dating younger individuals o C) A middle-aged adult who focuses on career stability and avoids change o D) A middle-aged adult who mentors younger colleagues at work 7. In middle adulthood, which of the following is a common social role adjustment? o A) Preparing for first-time parenthood o B) Coping with an empty nest o C) Entering the workforce for the first time o D) Establishing independence from parents 8. According to Erikson, the central psychosocial task of middle adulthood is: o A) Identity vs. Role Confusion o B) Intimacy vs. Isolation o C) Generativity vs. Stagnation o D) Integrity vs. Despair 9. Which of the following is a typical physical change in middle adulthood? o A) Improved flexibility o B) Increased bone density o C) Decreased muscle mass o D) Enhanced vision 10. How does cognitive processing speed typically change during middle adulthood? o A) It improves significantly  o B) It remains unchanged o C) It gradually declines o D) It increases dramatically Chapter 14: Late Adulthood 11. In late adulthood, which cognitive ability is most likely to decline? o A) Crystallized intelligence o B) Fluid intelligence o C) Emotional intelligence o D) Social intelligence 12. According to Erikson, what is the central task of late adulthood? o A) Maintaining independence o B) Achieving career success o C) Reflecting on life and finding a sense of integrity o D) Establishing new social networks 13. The "activity theory" of aging suggests that: o A) Reducing activities leads to better adjustment in old age o B) Staying active and engaged leads to higher life satisfaction o C) Physical activity is the most important factor in successful aging o D) Social activities should be limited in late adulthood 14. Which of the following is a common psychological issue in late adulthood? o A) Anxiety o B) Depression o C) Cognitive dissonance o D) Attachment issues 15. Social support in late adulthood is important for: o A) Enhancing cognitive functioning  o B) Reducing feelings of loneliness and depression o C) Improving physical health o D) Increasing financial security 16. Which of the following best describes changes in sensory perception during late adulthood? o A) Sensory perception remains stable o B) All sensory abilities improve o C) Sensory perception gradually declines o D) Sensory perception increases 17. Which theory of aging suggests that aging is the result of accumulated cellular damage over time? o A) Free-radical theory o B) Activity theory o C) Socioemotional selectivity theory o D) Disengagement theory 18. What is one of the key challenges in late adulthood according to the continuity theory? o A) Adapting to major life changes by maintaining a stable sense of self o B) Reducing activities to cope with physical decline o C) Engaging in new and unfamiliar activities o D) Disengaging from previous roles to focus on self-reflection 19. The socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that older adults prioritize: o A) Expanding their social networks o B) Achieving career milestones o C) Maintaining close and meaningful relationships o D) Learning new skills 20. Which of the following is a common physical change associated with late  adulthood? o A) Increased muscle strength o B) Improved lung capacity o C) Decreased bone density o D) Enhanced immune function Chapter 15: Death and Dying 21. In the context of death and dying, "anticipatory grief" refers to: o A) Grief experienced before a loss occurs o B) Grief that is delayed o C) Grief that occurs suddenly o D) Grief that is repressed 22. Which of the following is NOT typically a stage in Kubler-Ross's model of grief? o A) Denial o B) Acceptance o C) Reconciliation o D) Bargaining 23. What is the primary purpose of a living will? o A) To specify medical treatment preferences o B) To distribute financial assets o C) To appoint a guardian for children o D) To record funeral wishes 24. Hospice care is designed to: o A) Provide comfort and support to terminally ill patients and their families o B) Cure terminal illnesses o C) Prolong life at all costs  o D) Offer financial assistance to families 25. Which of the following best describes the "dual-process model" of coping with bereavement? o A) Balancing between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented activities o B) Focusing solely on grief work o C) Ignoring the loss and moving on quickly o D) Continuous engagement in social activities to avoid grief 26. The concept of "palliative care" refers to: o A) Aggressive treatment to cure illness o B) Treatment focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life o C) Long-term hospitalization o D) Psychotherapy for terminally ill patients 27. Which of the following is NOT typically a part of the grieving process? o A) Anger o B) Denial o C) Rationalization o D) Acceptance 28. A "living will" is a document that: o A) Specifies medical treatment preferences in case of incapacitation o B) Distributes assets after death o C) Names a guardian for minor children o D) Plans funeral arrangements 29. The "dual-process model" of grief suggests that: o A) Individuals oscillate between focusing on the loss and moving forward o B) Grief should be processed in a linear fashion o C) Individuals should suppress grief to move on  o D) Grief is the same for everyone 30. In the context of bereavement, "mourning" refers to: o A) The process of expressing grief o B) The legal process following death o C) The physical symptoms of grief o D) The internal experience of loss Applying Concepts Across Chapters 31. What is a common factor contributing to stress in both middle and late adulthood? o A) Career demands o B) Health issues o C) Retirement planning o D) Peer relationships 32. In middle adulthood, which type of cognitive ability is most likely to decline? o A) Crystallized intelligence o B) Fluid intelligence o C) Emotional intelligence o D) Social intelligence 33. Which of the following best describes the relationship between social support and mental health in late adulthood? o A) Social support has little impact on mental health o B) Social support reduces the risk of depression and anxiety o C) Social support increases cognitive decline o D) Social support is unrelated to physical health 34. Which of the following is most likely to predict a higher quality of life in late adulthood? o A) Financial stability  o B) Strong social connections o C) Educational attainment o D) Physical appearance 35. In the context of aging, the concept of "successful aging" typically includes: o A) Avoiding all physical decline o B) Maintaining physical, mental, and social well-being o C) Accumulating wealth o D) Isolating from stressful situations 36. How do life review and reminiscence contribute to the psychological well- being of older adults? o A) They lead to increased feelings of regret o B) They help older adults find meaning and coherence in their lives o C) They decrease social interactions o D) They increase cognitive decline 37. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "ego integrity" in late adulthood? o A) A person who feels fulfilled and satisfied with their life accomplishments o B) A person who regrets past decisions and experiences despair o C) A person who isolates themselves from family and friends o D) A person who avoids thinking about their past 38. Which factor is most likely to enhance cognitive functioning in late adulthood? o A) Physical exercise o B) Social isolation o C) Lack of mental stimulation o D) High-fat diet 39. The "selective optimization with compensation" model suggests that  successful aging involves: o A) Focusing on strengths and compensating for declines o B) Avoiding all challenges o C) Emphasizing social activities over physical activities o D) Rejecting new experiences 40. In middle adulthood, what is the role of "self-concept" in personal development? o A) It becomes less relevant as people age o B) It stabilizes and may improve with life experiences o C) It declines rapidly due to aging o D) It is unrelated to personal identity 41. How does "life expectancy" differ between men and women in late adulthood? o A) Women generally have a shorter life expectancy than men o B) Men generally outlive women by a significant margin o C) Women generally have a longer life expectancy than men o D) There is no difference in life expectancy between men and women 42. Which of the following factors can help mitigate the negative effects of aging on physical health? o A) Sedentary lifestyle o B) Regular physical activity o C) High-calorie diet o D) Social isolation 43. What is the relationship between cognitive decline and emotional well-being in late adulthood? o A) Cognitive decline has no impact on emotional well-being o B) Cognitive decline always leads to severe emotional distress  o C) Emotional well-being can be maintained despite cognitive decline o D) Emotional well-being declines as cognitive abilities decline 44. In the context of aging, what does the term "compression of morbidity" refer to? o A) Increasing the time spent in poor health before death o B) Shortening the period of illness and disability at the end of life o C) Extending life expectancy regardless of quality of life o D) Focusing on treating chronic illnesses in old age 45. How do older adults typically adjust to retirement? o A) They experience immediate satisfaction with no challenges o B) Adjustment varies widely depending on individual circumstances and personality o C) They all experience a decline in life satisfaction o D) Retirement always leads to social isolation 46. Which of the following is a common misconception about aging? o A) Aging inevitably leads to dementia o B) Most older adults maintain a high level of cognitive functioning o C) Physical decline is gradual and varies by individual o D) Older adults can learn new skills 47. What role does "wisdom" play in late adulthood according to developmental theorists? o A) Wisdom is unrelated to life experience o B) Wisdom increases the likelihood of depression o C) Wisdom involves practical knowledge and life experience that can guide others o D) Wisdom leads to isolation from others 48. Which of the following is a key factor in maintaining independence in late  adulthood? o A) Financial wealth o B) Strong family support o C) Physical and mental health o D) Avoiding social interactions 49. In the context of late adulthood, what is the significance of "legacy building"? o A) It refers to accumulating wealth to pass on to heirs o B) It involves creating a lasting impact through mentoring, storytelling, or philanthropy o C) It is about focusing solely on personal achievements o D) It involves disengaging from social roles 50. How do older adults typically perceive the concept of "successful aging"? o A) It is defined solely by physical health o B) It includes a balance of physical health, mental well-being, and social engagement o C) It is unattainable for most individuals o D) It requires avoiding all forms of stress Answer Keys Middle Adulthood 1. Which of the following cognitive abilities is most likely to remain stable or improve during middle adulthood? o Answer: C) Crystallized intelligence o Explanation: Crystallized intelligence, which involves accumulated knowledge and experience, tends to remain stable or even improve during middle adulthood, while fluid intelligence typically declines. 2. Levinson’s theory of middle adulthood emphasizes the importance of: o Answer: B) Reassessment of life goals and achievements o Explanation: Levinson’s theory suggests that middle adulthood is a time of reassessment, where individuals evaluate their life goals and achievements, leading to possible transitions or midlife crises. 3. The term "sandwich generation" refers to: o Answer: C) Middle-aged adults caring for both their aging parents and their own children o Explanation: The "sandwich generation" refers to individuals who are responsible for caring for both their own children and their aging parents, creating unique challenges. 4. Emotional regulation in middle adulthood is best described as: o Answer: B) Stable and may improve with experience o Explanation: Emotional regulation tends to become more stable and can improve with age as individuals develop better coping strategies and emotional understanding. 5. Generativity in middle adulthood is most closely associated with: o Answer: B) Mentoring younger individuals o Explanation: Generativity involves contributing to the next generation, often through mentoring, parenting, or community involvement, and is a key developmental task in middle adulthood.  6. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "midlife crisis"? o Answer: B) A middle-aged adult who buys a sports car and starts dating younger individuals o Explanation: A midlife crisis often involves drastic changes in behavior, such as purchasing expensive items or seeking new relationships, as individuals confront aging and their life achievements. 7. In middle adulthood, which of the following is a common social role adjustment? o Answer: B) Coping with an empty nest o Explanation: Coping with an empty nest, where children leave home, is a significant social role adjustment for many in middle adulthood. 8. According to Erikson, the central psychosocial task of middle adulthood is: o Answer: C) Generativity vs. Stagnation o Explanation: Erikson identified generativity vs. stagnation as the central conflict of middle adulthood, where individuals strive to contribute to society or risk feeling unproductive. 9. Which of the following is a typical physical change in middle adulthood? o Answer: C) Decreased muscle mass o Explanation: Decreased muscle mass is a common physical change in middle adulthood, along with other signs of aging like reduced flexibility and slower metabolism. 10. How does cognitive processing speed typically change during middle adulthood? o Answer: C) It gradually declines o Explanation: Cognitive processing speed, the rate at which individuals can process information, generally declines gradually during middle adulthood. Chapter 14: Late Adulthood 11. In late adulthood, which cognitive ability is most likely to decline? o Answer: B) Fluid intelligence  o Explanation: Fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and processing new information, typically declines in late adulthood, while crystallized intelligence remains more stable. 12. According to Erikson, what is the central task of late adulthood? o Answer: C) Reflecting on life and finding a sense of integrity o Explanation: Erikson’s final stage, integrity vs. despair, focuses on reflecting on one’s life and accepting it, leading to a sense of integrity or despair if the reflection is unsatisfactory. 13. The "activity theory" of aging suggests that: o Answer: B) Staying active and engaged leads to higher life satisfaction o Explanation: The activity theory of aging posits that older adults who remain active and socially engaged are more likely to experience higher life satisfaction. 14. Which of the following is a common psychological issue in late adulthood? o Answer: B) Depression o Explanation: Depression is a common issue in late adulthood, often due to factors like loss of loved ones, declining health, and social isolation. 15. Social support in late adulthood is important for: o Answer: B) Reducing feelings of loneliness and depression o Explanation: Social support plays a crucial role in reducing feelings of loneliness and depression in late adulthood, contributing to better overall mental health. 16. Which of the following best describes changes in sensory perception during late adulthood? o Answer: C) Sensory perception gradually declines o Explanation: Sensory abilities, such as vision and hearing, generally decline gradually with age, affecting daily functioning. 17. Which theory of aging suggests that aging is the result of accumulated cellular damage over time?  o Answer: A) Free-radical theory o Explanation: The free-radical theory of aging suggests that accumulated damage from free radicals, unstable molecules that damage cells, contributes to the aging process. 18. What is one of the key challenges in late adulthood according to the continuity theory? o Answer: A) Adapting to major life changes by maintaining a stable sense of self o Explanation: The continuity theory emphasizes the importance of maintaining a consistent sense of self despite the changes that occur in late adulthood. 19. The socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that older adults prioritize: o Answer: C) Maintaining close and meaningful relationships o Explanation: According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults focus more on emotionally meaningful relationships, prioritizing quality over quantity in their social interactions. 20. Which of the following is a common physical change associated with late adulthood? o Answer: C) Decreased bone density o Explanation: Decreased bone density is a common physical change in late adulthood, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Chapter 15: Death and Dying 21. In the context of death and dying, "anticipatory grief" refers to: o Answer: A) Grief experienced before a loss occurs o Explanation: Anticipatory grief occurs when individuals begin grieving before the actual loss, often in cases of terminal illness. 22. Which of the following is NOT typically a stage in Kubler-Ross's model of grief? o Answer: C) Reconciliation  o Explanation: Kubler-Ross’s model includes denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, but not reconciliation. 23. What is the primary purpose of a living will? o Answer: A) To specify medical treatment preferences o Explanation: A living will outlines an individual’s preferences for medical treatment in situations where they may be unable to make decisions for themselves. 24. Hospice care is designed to: o Answer: A) Provide comfort and support to terminally ill patients and their families o Explanation: Hospice care focuses on providing comfort and support, rather than curative treatment, for terminally ill patients and their families. 25. Which of the following best describes the "dual-process model" of coping with bereavement? o Answer: A) Balancing between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented activities o Explanation: The dual-process model suggests that individuals cope with bereavement by oscillating between focusing on the loss and engaging in restorative activities. 26. The concept of "palliative care" refers to: o Answer: B) Treatment focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life o Explanation: Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses by managing symptoms rather than focusing on curing the disease. 27. Which of the following is NOT typically a part of the grieving process? o Answer: C) Rationalization o Explanation: Rationalization is not typically listed as a stage of grief. The commonly recognized stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.  28. A "living will" is a document that: o Answer: A) Specifies medical treatment preferences in case of incapacitation o Explanation: A living will ensures that an individual’s wishes regarding medical treatment are followed if they become incapacitated and unable to communicate. 29. The "dual-process model" of grief suggests that: o Answer: A) Individuals oscillate between focusing on the loss and moving forward o Explanation: The dual-process model posits that grieving individuals alternate between dealing with the loss and engaging in activities that help them move forward with life. 30. In the context of bereavement, "mourning" refers to: o Answer: A) The process of expressing grief o Explanation: Mourning is the outward expression of grief, often shaped by cultural and societal practices. Applying Concepts Across Chapters 31. What is a common factor contributing to stress in both middle and late adulthood? o Answer: B) Health issues o Explanation: Health issues are a common source of stress in both middle and late adulthood, as individuals face increased health concerns and potential declines in physical functioning. 32. In middle adulthood, which type of cognitive ability is most likely to decline? o Answer: B) Fluid intelligence o Explanation: Fluid intelligence, or the ability to solve new problems and think abstractly, typically begins to decline in middle adulthood. 33. Which of the following best describes the relationship between social support and mental health in late adulthood?  o Answer: B) Social support reduces the risk of depression and anxiety o Explanation: Social support is crucial for maintaining mental health in late adulthood, helping to reduce the risk of depression and anxiety. 34. Which of the following is most likely to predict a higher quality of life in late adulthood? o Answer: B) Strong social connections o Explanation: Strong social connections are a key predictor of a higher quality of life in late adulthood, contributing to emotional well-being and overall satisfaction. 35. In the context of aging, the concept of "successful aging" typically includes: o Answer: B) Maintaining physical, mental, and social well-being o Explanation: Successful aging involves maintaining physical health, mental sharpness, and social engagement, leading to a fulfilling and independent life. 36. How do life review and reminiscence contribute to the psychological well- being of older adults? o Answer: B) They help older adults find meaning and coherence in their lives o Explanation: Life review and reminiscence allow older adults to reflect on their lives, helping them find meaning and a sense of fulfillment, which contributes to psychological well-being. 37. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "ego integrity" in late adulthood? o Answer: A) A person who feels fulfilled and satisfied with their life accomplishments o Explanation: Ego integrity involves a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment with one's life, leading to a positive reflection on life during late adulthood. 38. Which factor is most likely to enhance cognitive functioning in late adulthood?  o Answer: A) Physical exercise o Explanation: Regular physical exercise is associated with better cognitive functioning in late adulthood, helping to maintain mental sharpness and delay cognitive decline. 39. The "selective optimization with compensation" model suggests that successful aging involves: o Answer: A) Focusing on strengths and compensating for declines o Explanation: This model suggests that successful aging involves optimizing one’s strengths while compensating for areas of decline, allowing individuals to continue functioning effectively. 40. In middle adulthood, what is the role of "self-concept" in personal development? o Answer: B) It stabilizes and may improve with life experiences o Explanation: Self-concept tends to stabilize and may even improve in middle adulthood as individuals gain confidence and a clearer sense of identity. 41. How does "life expectancy" differ between men and women in late adulthood? o Answer: C) Women generally have a longer life expectancy than men o Explanation: Women typically outlive men, resulting in a longer life expectancy for women in most populations. 42. Which of the following factors can help mitigate the negative effects of aging on physical health? o Answer: B) Regular physical activity o Explanation: Regular physical activity helps maintain physical health and mitigates the negative effects of aging, such as muscle loss and decreased mobility. 43. What is the relationship between cognitive decline and emotional well-being in late adulthood? o Answer: C) Emotional well-being can be maintained despite cognitive  decline o Explanation: While cognitive decline can occur in late adulthood, emotional well-being can still be maintained through positive social relationships and coping strategies. 44. In the context of aging, what does the term "compression of morbidity" refer to? o Answer: B) Shortening the period of illness and disability at the end of life o Explanation: Compression of morbidity refers to the concept of shortening the duration of illness and disability before death, leading to a healthier and more active older age. 45. How do older adults typically adjust to retirement? o Answer: B) Adjustment varies widely depending on individual circumstances and personality o Explanation: Retirement adjustment varies greatly among individuals, depending on factors such as financial security, social support, and personal interests. 46. Which of the following is a common misconception about aging? o Answer: A) Aging inevitably leads to dementia o Explanation: It is a misconception that aging inevitably leads to dementia; while the risk increases with age, many older adults maintain cognitive health. 47. What role does "wisdom" play in late adulthood according to developmental theorists? o Answer: C) Wisdom involves practical knowledge and life experience that can guide others o Explanation: Wisdom, often associated with late adulthood, involves the application of life experience and practical knowledge to guide others and make sound judgments. 48. Which of the following is a key factor in maintaining independence in late adulthood?  o Answer: C) Physical and mental health o Explanation: Maintaining physical and mental health is crucial for preserving independence in late adulthood, enabling individuals to manage daily activities. 49. In the context of late adulthood, what is the significance of "legacy building"? o Answer: B) It involves creating a lasting impact through mentoring, storytelling, or philanthropy o Explanation: Legacy building in late adulthood often involves passing on values, knowledge, or contributions through mentoring, storytelling, or philanthropy. 50. How do older adults typically perceive the concept of "successful aging"? o Answer: B) It includes a balance of physical health, mental well-being, and social engagement o Explanation: Successful aging is commonly perceived as a balance of maintaining physical health, mental sharpness, and social connections, contributing to a fulfilling life in older age.