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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difficulty experienced when trying to memorize a passage with blurred text?

Encoding (correct)

Decoding

Storage

Retrieval

Which type of attention is the ability to maintain alertness continuously over time?

Vigilance (correct)

Divided attention

Sustained attention

Selective attention

What is the term for the ability to speak multiple languages?

Linguistic diversity

Bilingualism (correct)

Multilingualism

Language proficiency

What is the term for the reduction of alternatives in problem-solving strategies?

Heuristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the recall benefit seen for visual stimuli occurring early in a study list?

Primacy advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of memories that are reflected through performance?

Implicit memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to generate many different ideas or solutions?

Divergent thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where the recall of a word is hindered by the presence of an incongruent color?

Stroop effect Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is involved in the transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear?

Tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of semantic dementia?

Impaired word retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic leads to ignoring base rates in forming judgments?

Representativeness Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cognitive bias in the 'Asia disease' experiment?

Framing effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of motivation study?

Energy and direction Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of problem-space theory?

Operators are used to navigate between possible states Signup and view all the answers

Which need does not lead to intrinsic motivation?

Need for safety Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the traveling wave theory of hearing?

Sounds with different frequencies resonate certain parts of the basilar membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about the modularity theory of mentalization?

All of these statements are true. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about sound localization?

It has a dominance over visual localization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom family to appear first in Alzheimer's disease?

Impairment of semantic retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Relevance theory of communication?

It claims that ostensive signals are used to express the speaker's communicative intentions. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about the code model of communication?

Communication is serial. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of negative reinforcement?

Increases the possibility of the occurrence of the behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What do all cognitive emotion theorists agree on?

The appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mentalization in the modularity theory?

To understand mental states. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Emotion

Relatedness: the psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people
Boredom: experienced when an individual possesses high personal skills and competencies for a given activity and engages in an activity with low opportunity

Memory and Learning

Primacy advantage: the recall benefit seen for visual stimuli occurring early in a study list
Encoding: the memory process that is first affected when trying to memorize a passage with blurred text
Vigilance: the ability to maintain alertness continuously over time, also known as sustained attention
The Stroop-effect: argues against response selection

Language and Communication

Bilingualism: the ability to speak languages
Relevance theory of communication: claims that it is enough to recognize the speaker's informative intentions for successful communication
Code model of communication: cannot be used to interpret statements with ambiguous meaning

Cognitive Psychology

Implicit memories: reflected through performance, unlike explicit memories
Feature integration theory: feature binding is automatic
Heuristics: problem-solving strategies that reduce the number of alternatives
Spreading activation model: uses Wittgenstein's approach to semantic representation

Neuroscience and Behavior

Negative reinforcement: the behavior followed by the disappearance of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus
Sound localization: relies on the spatial position of the ears and the head, and is not automatic
Alzheimer's disease: retrograde amnesia appears most often first
Modularity theory of mentalization: mentalization happens with the help of an encapsulated cognitive faculty

Problem-Solving and Decision-Making

Divergent thinking: associated with creativity
Problem-space theory: claims that we use operators to navigate between possible states
Framing effect: emerges due to loss aversion in the "Asia disease" experiment of Kahneman and Tversky

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