Types of Communicative Strategies PDF

Philippians 4:13 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES 1. Nomination 5. Topic Shifting Definition: This strategy is used when a speaker Definition: The process of transitioning from one topic to another. coll...

Philippians 4:13 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES 1. Nomination 5. Topic Shifting Definition: This strategy is used when a speaker Definition: The process of transitioning from one topic to another. collaboratively and productively establishes a topic, Purpose: To smoothly move the conversation to a new topic, usually at the beginning of a conversation. ensuring continuous communication. Purpose: To initiate a conversation or introduce a topic. Common uses: Using transitional phrases to indicate a change in This sets the purpose of the interaction. topic. Common uses: Asking questions, offering compliments, Examples: seeking opinions, or offering help. "Before I forget..." Examples: "Now, let’s talk about our new project in Oral Communication." "Have you read the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua "This time, let me tell you about..." Achebe?" "I saw your new profile picture on Facebook. You look 6. Repair dazzling." Definition: This strategy addresses problems in speaking, listening, "What can you say about the results of the exams?" or comprehending that arise during a conversation. "Can you help me solve this problem?" Purpose: To correct misunderstandings and prevent communication breakdowns. 2. Restriction Common uses: Recasting, repeating, or clarifying what was said to Definition: This refers to limitations a speaker might face, make the message clearer. which confine or limit their responses. Examples: Purpose: To restrict what can be said within the confines "What I mean is..." of certain instructions or categories. "What I’m trying to say is that..." Examples: "Let me repeat myself." "In your class, your teacher asked you to brainstorm and "Again..." decipher the historical significance of the novel The Kite "I would like to reiterate that..." Runner in Afghanistan. You can’t give a comprehensive "Sorry, what do you mean by 'new normal'?" explanation if you haven’t read the novel yet." "Does it mean that we don’t need to come to school if there are no "You are invited to the police station to answer some face-to-face classes?" questions about what you know regarding the accident." "Can you please repeat the last part of the instructions?" "Doc, can you please explain what a ferritin test is?" 3. Turn-taking "Could you please clarify your statement?" Definition: The process by which speakers determine who takes the conversational floor. 7. Termination Purpose: To allow all participants in the conversation an Definition: This strategy involves expressions used to signal the opportunity to speak, ensuring a balanced exchange. end of a conversation or topic. Common uses: Short and informative responses to allow Purpose: To close the conversation or conclude a specific topic, others a chance to speak. often by the person who initiated the conversation. Examples: Examples: "What do you think?" "It’s nice catching up with you. I must be going." "Do you want to say something?" "Thanks for your time. See you around." "Regards to your wife. See you soon." 4. Topic Control Definition: This strategy governs how formality or informality affects the development of the conversation PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY topic. Purpose: To maintain focus and prevent unnecessary interruptions or topic shifts. 7 Strategies of Effective Public Speaking Common uses: Ensuring the conversation stays on track Perception by asking relevant questions. Perfection Examples: Visualization "In the Senate session, the Senate president presides Discipline over the meeting. Senators wishing to speak must ask Description permission." Inspiration "Let’s go back to the topic." Anticipation "Going back to what we were talking about..."  Philippians 4:13 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY Consider Your Speech Performance Speech Context Focus on how you present, not just what you say. Speech context refers to the background and purpose of the discourse. It includes the situational, societal, political, or cultural "environment" in which communication occurs. Harness the Power of Eye Contact Make a connection with your audience through Intrapersonal: Communication with oneself (internal dialogue, self-reflection). consistent eye contact. Interpersonal: Communication between two or more people. Let Go of the Lectern Public: Communication directed to a large group or audience. Avoid being tethered to the podium to appear more Speech Act approachable and engaging. Locutionary Act: The utterance itself. Pay Attention to Your Posture Illocutionary Act: The intention behind the utterance. Perlocutionary Act: The effect or response that results from the utterance. Stand tall and use body language that conveys The choice of words should be appropriate to the context and audience, helping to express confidence. the speaker's intention and elicit a response. Spice Up Your Speech with Stories Communicative Strategies Use storytelling to make your points memorable and Nomination connect emotionally with the audience. Restriction Vary Your Speaking Cadence Turn-taking Topic-control Mix up your pacing, tone, and volume to keep the Topic-shifting audience interested. Repair Discuss What You Know and Care About Termination Speak on topics you're passionate about, as it will naturally engage your listeners. Communicative Process The following elements are affected by shifts in the communicative process: Takeaway: Language Form: The formality of language can shift depending on the situation. Duration of Interaction: Communication may be shortened or lengthened depending on A great speech must captivate the audience, be presented how the conversation is managed. clearly and confidently, and have a well-defined message. Relationship of Speaker: The speaker’s relationship to the audience (intimate, formal, casual) will affect the tone and style of communication. Role and Responsibility of Speaker: The speaker’s role and the message’s purpose will Factors Affected by a Shift in Speech Context, Speech Style, Speech influence the delivery and content of the speech. Act, and Communicative Strategy 1. Language Form Definition: Refers to the formality or informality of the language used, and how sentences or utterances are structured. SPEECH Formal Language: Used in professional settings, with authority figures, or in official events. For example, talking with a lawyer, doctor, or teacher. Informal Language: Used in casual conversations with close associates like family, Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based on the friends, or peers. production of sounds through the mouth, which are then interpreted by the listener. The ability to produce speech is unique to humans and an integral part 2. Duration of Interaction Definition: Refers to how much time the conversation takes between of our cognitive abilities. communicators. The length of the conversation may vary depending on the context. Three Main Aspects of Speech 3. Relationship of Speaker 1. Physical Production of Sound Definition: Refers to the speech style used by the speaker, which should be suited The production of speech sounds depends on the anatomy of the human to their relationship with the listener. vocal tract (mouth, nose, and throat). Sound is created when air moves Speech Styles: through the vocal tract. Intimate Frozen 2. Use of Language Consultative Language is a system of symbols used to communicate meaning. These Casual symbols can be spoken, written, or signed. Formal 3. The Ability to Communicate Communication involves the exchange of information between a sender 4. Role and Responsibility of Speaker and a receiver. It is a two-way process where both parties interact and Definition: The role and responsibility of the speaker depend on the purpose and respond to one another. context of communication. The speaker’s purpose may be to: Inform Persuade Entertain Summary of Principles for Effective Speech Writing 1. Audience Profile: Understand who your audience is and tailor your 5. Message message to them. Definition: Involves the content of the message, which could be facts, opinions, 2. Logical Organization: Structure your speech with a clear introduction, feelings, orders, suggestions, or questions. body, and conclusion. 6. Delivery 3. Duration: Monitor the length of each part of your speech to stay within time Definition: Refers to how the speaker delivers the message, including both verbal limits. and nonverbal cues. 4. Word Choice: Choose language that is clear, engaging, and appropriate for Types of delivery include: the context and audience. Extemporaneous: Speaking with limited preparation, guided by notes or an outline. 5. Grammatical Correctness: Use correct grammar to ensure clarity and Impromptu: Speaking without advanced preparation or an unrehearsed speech. Memorized: A planned and rehearsed speech. avoid misunderstandings. Manuscript: Reading aloud from a written message. Communicative Competence In order to achieve communicative competence, we must consider the following elements: Speech Context Speech Style Speech Act Communicative Strategies  Philippians 4:13 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY 1. Audience Profile Knowing your audience is crucial to developing an effective speech. VARIOUS TYPES OF SPEECH Understanding your audience helps tailor the speech to their interests, level of knowledge, and expectations. Questions to consider: 1. Expository Speech Who is the audience? Purpose: Provides information to help the listeners understand How many people are present? something that is either unknown or not clearly understood. What does the audience know about the subject? Details: Why should they be interested in your speech? Covers topics like history, theories, and practical applications. Aims to provide in-depth understanding. 2. Logical Organization 2. Persuasive Speech The organization of your speech ensures that your ideas flow smoothly Purpose: Designed to persuade or convince the audience of the validity and are easy for the audience to follow. A well-organized speech has a of the speaker’s argument. clear structure, which typically includes three main parts: Details: Introduction Aims to change the listener’s opinion or, at the very least, make Body them consider aspects they hadn’t thought about before. Conclusion 3. Entertainment Speech Purpose: Captivates and amuses the audience while delivering a Speech Structure message. Details: 1. Introduction The introduction is the most important part of the speech, as it sets the tone and Not simply about telling jokes. prepares the audience for what’s to come. According to Wrench (2012), a good The goal is not to make the audience laugh continuously but to introduction serves the following five functions: entertain while conveying a message. 1. Gain the audience's attention and interest. 4. Manuscript Speech 2. State the purpose of the speech. Purpose: Every word the speaker says is written down in advance. 3. Establish credibility with the audience. 4. Provide reasons for the audience to listen. Details: 5. Preview the main ideas of the speech. Provides the advantage of delivering exact quotes and precise wording. 2. Body No guesswork or memorization is needed. The body is the core of the speech, where you address the main ideas and 5. Memorized Speech principles. It is divided into points, and the organization of these points can Purpose: Fully prepared in advance with no notes used during delivery. follow various structures, including: Details: Problem-Solution Order Categorical/Topical Order The speaker memorizes the speech but works with an outline. Chronological Order Practice is focused on recalling the content and order of the main Comparison and Contrast Order points. Spatial/Geographical Order 6. Impromptu Speech Causal Order Purpose: Little to no preparation; delivered on the spot. Details: 3. Conclusion The conclusion summarizes the key ideas of the speech. Effective conclusions Often referred to as “off the cuff” or “spur of the moment.” can use different strategies: Topics may be presented as quotations, objects, proverbs, or Present a summary of the key points. abstract concepts. Repeat the main ideas for emphasis. 7. Extemporaneous Speech Signal the end of the speech. Purpose: Developed through outlining ideas, rather than writing word- End with a strong impact (e.g., a thought-provoking question, humor, quotation, or a call to action). for-word. Details: 3. Duration Practiced ahead of time but not memorized. Speech writing should consider the time allocated for the speech. A well- A keyword outline (using short phrases) helps guide the speech structured speech allows the speaker to manage time and maintain the without relying on a script. audience's attention. Here's a breakdown of the typical speech duration: Introduction: 2 minutes (approx. 250 words) Body: Point 1: 5 minutes (approx. 625 words) Point 2: 5 minutes (approx. 625 words) Point 3: 5 minutes (approx. 625 words) Conclusion: 3 minutes (approx. 375 words) Total Word Count: 2500 words (Approx. 20 minutes) 4. Word Choice The selection of words is crucial for the effectiveness of the speech. The speaker should choose words that are appropriate for the audience and the occasion. The language should be conversational to establish a connection with the audience. Avoid: Jargon or technical terms that may confuse the audience. Redundancy (excessive repetition of words). Inappropriate language for the audience and the occasion. 5. Grammatical Correctness A strong command of grammar is essential for clear communication. Correct grammar helps avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. It ensures that the audience can follow the speaker's ideas without confusion.