Principles of Speech Writing and Delivery PDF

Principles of speech writing Presented by: Group 1 Principles of Speech Writing what WHy how  The process for writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is...

Principles of speech writing Presented by: Group 1 Principles of Speech Writing what WHy how  The process for writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is SPeech recursive. Shows that you have the writing opportunity to repeat a writing procedure proces s indefinitely, or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle on  speech writing process Conducting an Selecting a speech audience pattern analysis Preparing an Editing and/or Determining the outline Creating the body Revising purpose of the speech of the speech Rehearsing Selecting a topic Preparing the Narrowing down introduction a topic Preparing the Gathering idea conclusion  · Audience analysis COmpone entails looking into the nts of profile of your target Speech audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your writing speech content and process delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following information: COmpone Demography nts of Speech Situatio writing n process psycholog y  COmponents of Speech writing process Age range ,male- demography female ratio, educational background and affiliations, nationality, economic status, & corporate  COmponents of Speech writing process Time, venue, occasion, & situatio size n  COmponents of Speech writing process Values, beliefs, attitudes, psycholog preferences, cultural and y racial ideologies, & needs The purpose for writing the speech can be classified into three: 1.Informative 2.entertainment 3.persuasive  Informative Provides Speech audience clear understanding of the concept/idea presented by the speaker General Purpose Specific Purpose To inform Grade 11 students about the process of conducing an automated student government election. To inform To inform Grade 11 students about the definition and relevance of information literacy today. Entertainment Speech audience with amusement Provides General Purpose Specific Purpose To entertain Grade 11 students with his/her experiences in automated To entertain election To entertain Grade 11 students with interesting observations of people who lack information literacy  Persuasive Speech Provides audience with well-argued ideas, influencng own beliefs and decisions General Purpose Specific Purpose To persuade school administrators to switch rom manual to automated student To persuade government election To persuade Grade 11 students to develop information literacy skills Topic The focal point of your speech. Determined once you have decided on your purpose. If you are free to decide on a topic, choose one that really interests you. Narrowing down a topic Creating your main idea more specific and focused. The strategies in selecting a topic can also be used when you narrow down a topic.  Sample about “Defining and developing effective money management skills of Grade 11 students” General Purpose To inform To inform Grade 11 students on the Specific purpose importance of effective money management Financial literacy or effective money Topic management Effective money management Effective money management of Narrowing down a topic Grade 11 students Developing an effective money management of Grade 11 students Data gathering Collects ideas, information, sources, and references relevant, etc. This can be done by visiting the library, browsing the web, observing a certain phenomenon or event related to your topic, or conducting a interview or survey. The data that you will gather will be very useful in making your speech informative, entertaining, or persuasive.  Writing Patterns Structure approach Help present thought clearly Pattern: biographical Present information about a person’s life Person’s birth and early life Proceed to significant milestone Introductio n: Nelson Madela, one of the most influential in modern history, is widely remembered for his tireless fights against apartheid in South Africa and his role a the country’s first black president. Born on July 18, 1918 in small Body: village of Mvezo. Early Life and Education Nelson Madela was born into the Thembu royal family in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. After the death of his father, he was taken in by a Thembu regent , which allowed him to receive a formal education. Activitism and the figth against apartheid In the 1940s, Mandela moved to Johannesburg, where he became involved in anti-apartheid activitism. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) and help establish the ANC Youth League in 1944 Conclusion: Nelson Madela’s life story is a statement to the power of resilience, sacrifice, and hope. His journey from a young man born into rural South Africa to a global icon of peace is unparallel through his leadership Mandela inspired the world with his belief in justice, his commitment to non-violence, and vision of a united and free South Africa. His legacy continues to inspire people around the world to stand up for equality, justice, and human rights.  Categoral/ topical Organize information into categories. INTRODUCTION: Introduces the broad topic of renewable energy. BODY:Seperates sections or paragraphs discuss different types of renewable energy; solar power, wind power, hydropower, etc. Each section defines the type, explains how it  Categoral/ topical CONCLUSION: - Briefly ties the categories together, explaining the importance of diversifying energy sources for sustainability.  Casual writing Explain why something happened What happened as a result or the effects INTRODUCTION: Briefly introduces the topic of climate change. BODY: Causes – Explains causes such as industrial pollution, deforestation, and carbon emissions.  Casual writing BODY: Effects – Discusses consequences like global warming, melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather patterns. CONCLUSION: Emphasizes the importance of addressing the causes to mitigate the effects.  Chronological Present the idea in time order Arranged from the first to the last INTRODUCTION: Introduces the subject of the American Revolution. BODY: Chronologically discusses events: Taxation issues, Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, key battles, and the Treaty of Paris.  Chronological CONCLUSION: - Recaps the sequence of events and reflects on their significance in American history.  comparison/ contrast Examine similarities and difference between two or more subject INTRODUCTION: Briefly introduces the subjects of traditional classrooms and online education. BODY: Point-by-Point: Compares flexibility, social interaction, cost, and accessibility between the two types of education.  comparison/ contrast BODY: Each point discusses how the two are alike and different in these areas. CONCLUSION: Summarizes the key differences and similarities, concluding which method might be better for different types of students.  Problem - solution Identify a problem and purpose solutions INTRODUCTION: Introduces the problem of ocean pollution caused by plastic waste. BODY: Describes the severity of the problem (statistics, environmental impact). Proposes solutions like banning single use plastics, improving waste management, and implementing global recycling initiatives. Evaluates the effectiveness and feasibility  Problem - solution CONCLUSION: - Reiterates the most practical solution and emphasizes the urgency of addressing the issue. Outline Is a structured plan or framework used to organize ideas and information before writing. It serves as a roadmap for the content of your essay, report, or any piece of writing.  Components of an Outline: 1. Main Topics – these are the major sections or points of the paper. 2. Subtopics – these are the supporting details or smaller points that elaborates on the main topics. 3. Details or Examples – these provides specific evidence, explanations, or examples that back up the subtopics. Topic Outline: Uses short phrases or single words to list the main topics and subtopics. Example: I. Introduction A. Thesis statement II. Renewable Energy A. Solar Power B. Wind Power Topic Outline Example: I. Environmental Benefits A. Reduces carbon emissions B. Decreases air and water pollution II. Economic Benefits A. Job creation B. Energy cost savings C. Energy independence Topic Outline Example: III. Types of Renewable Energy A. Solar energy B. Wind energy C. Hydropower Sentence Outline: Uses full sentences to express the main points and subpoints. Example: I. Introduction A. Renewable energy sources are critical to addressing climate change. II. Renewable Energy A.solar power is growing source of clean energy that hardnesses sunlight. B. Wind Power uses wind turbines to generate electricity and reduce reliance on Sentence Outline Example: I. Renewable energy has significant environmental benefits. A. By using renewable energy sources like solar and wind, we can reduce carbon emissions that contribute to global warming. B. Renewable energy production decreases air and water pollution, improving overall public health and Sentence Outline Example: I. Renewable energy has significant environmental benefits. C. Transitioning to renewables helps slow climate change by reducing the reliance on fossil fuels that release greenhouse gases. II. There are also considerable economic advantages to renewable energy. Sentence Outline Example: II. There are also considerable economic advantages to renewable energy. B. Over time, renewable energy can lead to lower energy costs for consumers due to the decreasing cost of technology and fuel independence. Sentence Outline Example: II. There are also considerable economic advantages to renewable energy. C. By generating energy locally, renewable energy can help countries achieve energy independence, reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels. Body of the speech Provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech. to highlight your main idea. Strategies Present real-life or practical examples Show statistics Present comparisons Share ideas from the experts or practitioners Introduction The foundation of your speech. Present the subject or main idea of your speech and get their attention. Strategies: Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject. Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject. Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means. Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to Conclusion Restates the main idea of your speech Provides a summary Leave the audience a memorable statement Strategies: Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message. Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience. Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder. Editing/ Revising Correcting errors in mechanics (grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, etc.) Andrew Dulgan (2013) An award-winning public speaker Listed 6 power principles for speech writing, which are: Edit for focus Edit for continuity Edit for clarity Edit for variety Edit for conclusion Edit for impact and beauty Edit for focus “ So, what’s the point? What’s the message of the speech?” Response: Ensure that everything you have written, from introduction to conclusion, is related to your central message.  Edit for clarity "I don't understand the message because the examples or supporting details were Response:confusing." Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order.  Edit for concision "The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly as if no one was Response: listening to him/her." Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences and by using simple words.  Edit for continuity "The speech was too difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle." Response: Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases.  Edit for variety "I didn't enjoy the speech because it was boring." Response: Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational a vice-versa, moving around the stage, or adding humor.  Edit for impact and beauty "There's nothing really special about the speech." Response: Make your speech memorable by using these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid descriptive images, write well- crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of speech Rehearsing Gives an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for you and for your target audience. Strategies include reading your speech aloud, recording for your own analysis or for your peers or coaches to give feedback on your delivery Guidelines in Speech Writing 1.Keep your words short and simple. Example: Instead of saying: Today, I want to talk about teamwork Say: When we work together we win 2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words. Example: Instead of: I’m going to DOH now Guidelines in Speech Writing 3. Make your speech more personal Example: Instead of saying: I remember when I faced this challenge. Say: Together, we can make a difference. 4. Use active verbs and contractions Example: Instead of: The project was completed by our team Guidelines in Speech Writing 5. Be sensitive to your audience Example: Avoid humor that may offend: steer clear of jokes about sensitive topics like politics or religion if your audience is diverse 6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech Example: This project is like building a bridge between Guidelines in Speech Writing 7. Manage your time well Example: If you’re given 5 minutes to speak, practice delivering your speech within that time, ensuring that you hit all key points without rushing or dragging. By following these guidelines, your speech will be clear, engaging, and respectful to your Principles of Speech Delivery ORAL COMMUNICATION 1ST PRINCIPLE: ARTICULATION -This refers to the speaker’s skill in pronouncing the words of the speech since clear diction effectively transmits the message. Pronunciatio n? MNEMO NIC PLUMB ER 2nd Principle: Modulation This refers to the speaker’s ability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre of one’s voice. 2nd Principle: Modulation VOLUME PITCH TIMING TONE STRESS INFLECTION 3RD PRINCIPLE: STAGE PRESENCE - This refers to the speaker’s ability to “own” the stage, filling it with one’s personality and projecting it to the audience or group of listeners. HOW TO IMPROVE STAGE PRESENCE? RELAX! Take a deep breath and calm your nerves PRACTICE! Rehearse your speech beforehand STUDY! Learn about the facts, figures, and important details of your speech  4th Principle: Facial expressions/Gestures FACIAL EXPRESSIONS are meaningful visible symbols of speech. This Yuen reflects is my ray the speaker’s thinking of sunshine. and emotional  Two Principles a.manifest facial expression naturally by freeing yourself of inhibition b.avoid planning or rehearsing facial expressions in advance for they should be directed by the meaning of the words being conveyed Common Sins in the Use of Facial Expression  B.MOVEMENTS / BODILY ACTIONS -are supplements to good speech with its being transformed into actual replacement for the audible code.  Common Sins in the Use of Movements a. Statue / stone - The speaker appears incapable of movement.  b. Pacer - The speaker paces and walks from one side of the platform to the other and back. c.Swayer - The speaker rhythmically moves his body from side to side or forward and backward followed by the shifting of weight  5th Principle: Building Rapport - "Building rapport" is the name given to the process of creating an understanding and harmonious bond between yourself and someone else.  Rapport builders include: dressing and grooming appropriately for the occasion being organized, ready with suitable content demonstrating in your opening statements that you know who you're talking to because you've done your homework using inclusive language - "we" rather than "I" identifying and emphasizing your common ground voiding jargon unless everyone knows what you're talking abo showing that you're human too by sharing personal experience in the stories you tell being mindful of body language and making eye contact appearing confident, positive, in control and open understanding the impact of your vocal delivery  STAGE FRIGHT - is a fear of speaking in front of a group of people. This is often called “performance anxiety”. Actors call it “flopsweat”. Psychologists call it “topophobia”.  Symptoms -dry mouth -tight throat -sweaty hands -shaky hands -nausea -fast pulse -trembling lips -shaky knees -cold hands any out-of-the-ordinary outward or inward feeling occurrin before or during a presentation  How to Manage Stage Fright? learn and practice diaphragmatic breathing learn to be grounded in your physical body give yourself permission to feel the nervous tension use the right joke at the right time involve your listeners concentrate on what you’re saying, not on how you’re saying it prepare, prepare, prepare  Insights on public speaking the speaker seemed so natural and at ease you wonder:are effective speaker made,Or are they natural born effective speaker? It is true that some people are born with gift in public speaking, but it also true that most of the public spaker either underwent intensive formal training or got involved in several speaking situation that, over time,enable them to hone the skill. According to Stephen lucas (2011),author of the public speaking,a good delivery means that you are capable and able to present your message in a clear,coherent, And interesting way.  Insights on public speaking As a student of public speaking,you should know that public speaking is not simply reading your speech or talking about your topic.it requires making connections with your audience and presenting yourself to the public.  Types of speech according to purpose Informative speech Entertainment speech Persuasive speech Informative speech Provides the audience with a clear understanding of a concept of idea. The lectures of your teachers are the best example of this type. entertainment speech Amuse the audience. The humorous speeches of comedians and performers are the best example of this type. persuasive speech Seeks to provide the audience with favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas and decisions. The campaign speeches of the running candidates for government posts are the best example of this type.  TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY Extemporaneous Impromptu Manuscript Memorized  EXTEMPORANEOUS Description: Speaking with limited preparation Guided by notes or outline Delivered conversationally Most popular type  EXTEMPORANEOUS Speaking Situations: When you are a candidate for a post in a student government and you deliver your campaign speech before a voting public When you are assigned to report a topic in class  EXTEMPORANEOUS Advantages: Helps you look confident Engages the audience Disadvantages: May not have adequate time to plan, organize, and rehearse  EXTEMPORANEOUS Tips: Create an outline Organize your points logically (most important to least important or vice versa) Use facts and real-life experiences as your examples Manage your time well Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse  IMPROMPTU Description: Speaking without advanced preparation Unrehearsed speech Spoken conversationally  IMPROMPTU Speaking Situations: In an event where you are asked to say a few words First day at work or in a class, or during an interview  IMPROMPTU Advantages: Spontaneous or natural speaking More focused and brief Disadvantages: Tendency to be disorganized Lacks connection with the audience Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and beginners  IMPROMPTU Tips: Once you are requested to say something, pause for a moment to plan in your head what to say State your main point briefly and deliver it at a pace your audience can follow. End by saying thank you.  MANUSCRIPT Description: Speaking with advanced preparation Planned and rehearsed speech Reading aloud a written message  MANUSCRIPT Speaking Situations: News casting with a TelePrompter or an autocue device Presenting the legal proceedings and verdict in court Reading the rules and criteria in a contest  MANUSCRIPT Advantages: Exact repetition of the written words Guided speech Disadvantages: Boring and uninteresting presentation Lacks audience rapport or connection  MANUSCRIPT Tips: Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural. Observe accomplished news anchors and note how conversational they sound when they deliver the news.  MEMORIZED Description: Speaking with advanced preparation Planned and rehearsed speech Reciting a written message word-for- word from memory  MEMORIZED Speaking Situations: When you perform in a stage play When you deliver a declaration, oratorical, or literary piece When an actor or actress in a scene performs a script from memory  MEMORIZED Advantages: Exact repetition of the written words from memory Free to move around the stage  MEMORIZED Disadvantages: Speaker might end up speaking in a monotone pattern. Alternatively, he/she might take a fast pace. When the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, he/she might have difficulty remembering his/her memorized speech.  MEMORIZED Tips: Rehearsed the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel confident. Observe how actors/actress perform their script in theater, television, or movie scenes.  As a public speaker you need to be ready to deal with the most common challenges in different speaking environments. Below are some of them. Speaking to a specific audience size Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building Speaking in different venues Speaking with a microphone Speaking with a podium or lectern Speaking to a specific audience size Description: audience size depends on the venue size Advantages: You can determine your approach with your audience: more intimate and personal for a smaller size; more formal for a larger size. Speaking to a specific audience size disadvantages: This can be challenging and intimidating tips: Ask the organizers about the estimated number of the audience so you can adjust your delivery Practice, practice, practice Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building Description: Examples are open courts or grounds, football fields, farms, etc. Advantages: You will feel more relaxed due to the atmosphere of the venue. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a disadvantages: building You will encounter a lot of communication barriers such as noise, inattentive audiences, discomfort, challenging weather, possible absence of technology such as audio-visual equipment, etc. You might be forced to make adjustment, especially in voice projection.  Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a tips: building Check the venue prior to your speaking engagement. Ask the organizers about the availability of equipment. Challenge yourself on how you can get and maintain the attention of your audience. Use the outdoor setting or venue to your advantages as a way of jumpstarting your speech or as an example to support your Speaking in different venues Description: speaking venues that vary according to size: classroom, meeting or conference room, ball room, social hall, auditorium, covered court, open court, etc. Advantages: You will be exposed to different venues, which will Speaking in different venues Disadvantages: you will have to make big adjustments in terms of your nonverbal cues: volume of voice, body language, facial expression, etc. tips: Check the venue days before your scheduled speech and arrive hours earlier in the venue, so you can determine the  Speaking in different tips: venues For a large venue, speak more slowly, use pauses frequently to highlight the most important ideas of your speech, and make use of facial expressions and gestures. When you use visual aids, make them more visible. In a small venue, your audience will see you up close. Therefore, manage your notes well when you use them and adjust your Speaking with a microphone Description: Its main function is to increase the volume of your voice, not to clarify the pronunciation and enunciation of words. Advantages: With a microphone, you can easily get the attention of your audience because of the loudness of your Speaking with a microphone Disadvantages: Using a microphone can be challenging because there is a tendency to underuse or overuse it. tips: Check the microphone if it functions well. Check your voice in the microphone to see whether you are audible enough.  Speaking with a microphone tips: In a small venue, you may not use a microphone, but you need to manage your voice’s volume well. Practice, practice, practice  Speaking with a podium or lectern Description: A podium or lectern is a reading desk with a stand and a slanted top. Advantages: Notes can be placed on the slanted top, and will work best for extemporaneous and manuscript speeches.  Speaking with a podium or lectern Advantages: The lectern can be used as a means to hide or cover nervousness or stage fright. Disadvantages: Some may have the tendency to hide their hands behind the podium, which will not help them enhance their message.  Speaking with a podium or tips: lectern Stand straight, as good posture exudes confidence. Avoid gripping the edges of the podium with both hands. Aside from this, also avoid hiding them behind the podium. For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect more  Tools for Effective Speech Delivery How they approach their audience (formal, informal, personal, conversational, intimate, among others) How they connect with their audience (using eye contact, body movements, and facial expressions) How they present themselves (stage presence: how they look, stand, walk, use nonverbal cues, act on  Tools for Effective Speech Delivery How they use their voice on terms of volume (loudness or softness), pitch (highness or lowness), rate or speed, pauses to show emphasis and strengthen the clarity of the message, vocal variety (effective changes in volume, pitch, rate and pauses), and pronunciation. The items enumerated are the tools that can help you develop your  More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery 1. Use a conversational style more often. 2. Look your audience members in the eye so they will feel that they are part of your speech. 3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and the venue. 4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to avoid a monotone pattern. 5. Master your voice and find your pitch level (high or low).  More Tips for Effective Speech 6. Use pauses when Delivery you emphasize the most important words, phrases, or sentences. 7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. 8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual words in your speech because these words are distracting. 9. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight. 10. Use precise movements.  More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery 11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face. 12. Dress properly and appropriately. 13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words, being polite, avoiding offensive words and back-biting or talking negative things about other people, or copying someone’s work without proper documentation. 14. Breathe in and out to relax before your