Oral Communication in Context PDF

Oral Communication in Context  Oral Communication in Context Functions, Nature and Process of Communication Oral Communication in Context Functions, Nature and Process of Communication First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall...

Oral Communication in Context  Oral Communication in Context Functions, Nature and Process of Communication Oral Communication in Context Functions, Nature and Process of Communication First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Mark Anthony P. Idang; Ethel B. Dasig Editors: Marites M. Aguilar; Rizza A. Pereyra Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Erma S. Valenzuela; Laila R. Maloles, Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia Layout Artist: Allan E. Medenilla Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Marites A. Ibañez; Ludy N. Pasagui, Edgardo B. Militante, Orlando T. Valverde, Vincent Emmanuel L. Ilagan, Godofredo C. Mercado, Henry P. Contemplacion Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Introductory Message For the Facilitator: Welcome to the Oral Communication in Context Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming the ir personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learne rs' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the Learner: Welcome to the Oral Communication in Context Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you, as a learner, are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own leap and speed. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such through as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions that you need to answer so you can process what you have learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. 1  Week What I Need to Know 1 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature, process and function of communication. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. This module consists of one lesson, namely:  The Functions, Nature and Process of Communication After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain the nature and process of communication; 2. understand the relationship of the functions of communication to everyday life; and 3. illustrate the process of communication. Lesson 1 The Nature and Process of Communication Communication comes in various forms. From the simple nodding of your head, stretching of hands, raising your eyebrows up to your daily conversations with your friends over the phone, constant exchange of text messages, and regular browsing in social networking sites, these are but some examples of how humans communicate their thoughts, feelings, ideas, and insights. These only signify that humans really engage in communication. What’s In How will you react to the following picture? 2  Believe it or not, your coming to your family is a great joy! Your first cry immediately after birth announced your arrival into this world. Afterwards, your mother understood that when you cry, you were hungry and gave you milk in response. Your face also expressed your feelings. As years passed by, you started pronouncing short words and responded by waving your hands or nodding your head and most of the times, laughing out loud. Today, you can act out, speak, and write to tell everyone what you think and feel. These are the ways you communicate. What’s New When you exchange ideas with someone or you send information to others, you do it in two ways. You either use words to say what you want to say or you express yourself through gestures and facial expressions. Since then, people have the inherent need to communicate. Humans are social beings. They live to interact regularly with others. In fact, their endurance is due to their ability to express themselves and connect to one another and the world they live in. When you look back in the history of humankind, you will find that early man could not speak as you do today. Records show that people have used various communication techniques such as the use of symbols, gestures sounds, drawings, and sign languages (Littlejohn, 2002 as cited in Amudavalli, n.d.). Words and languages developed much later in human history. Over the years, communication has progressed tremendously. Language developed side by side with technology. Now in the 21st century, we realize the power of communication in building relationships and the community at large. Hence, we see the importance of communication. Look at the pictures below. Identify the different ways of communicating with others. 1. ___________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ 3  3. ______________________________ 4. _____________________________________ 5. ________________________________________ What is It What is communication and why do we communicate? Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non- living things. It is also a means of sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding (Gregoriom, J.C., 2015). Communication connects people and the world they live in. It is through communication that people are able to express their thoughts and ideas or convey information and messages through word of mouth, gestures and signals, signs, and others. People have always communicated with one another in various forms. Let us further define communication using the two key terms stated above, “message” and “understand”. 4  1. Communication is a message understood. Unless a message is understood we cannot say that communication has taken place. Let us send a message to someone and say, “where came first”. The person who gets this message would wonder what it means for the arrangement of the words does not make any sense. The message is sent but the receiver does not understand it. Therefore, for communication to take place we have to consider two conditions. First, there should be a clear message. Second, the message must be understood by the receiver for whom it is meant. 2. Communication is social interaction through messages. Think of someone telling, “It is very warm today.” In this case, we are communicating what ‘we experience’. The weather being warm is what we feel or experience physically. In this scenario, we are sharing our feeling or experience with someone else. Thus, we may say that “communication is a sharing of experience.” In our society, we all interact with messages. Without interactions, a society cannot survive. Social interaction is always through messages. We discuss problems and arrive at solutions. We exchange ideas and interact with others. We transact, and then we negotiate. In doing all these, we use communication. Imagine a situation where we are not able to speak and interact with others or think of a family living in the same house without speaking to each other or relating any form of message to one another. Such situation can be very lonely and problematic. Without communication, all forms of human relationships will vanish and die. Communication is therefore crucial in building and maintaining relationships. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS There are also times when we fail to communicate adequately and experience misunderstanding or miscommunication. Why do you think this thing happens? What are the ways to avoid them? We are sometimes misunderstood by the level of speech we use during conversation - by the volume or rate we talk with friends or acquaintances. We may sometimes be misunderstood by the non-verbal actions that we project or incorporate in our speech when talking face-to-face with people. Also, when we send text or chat messages, we are misinterpreted because those messages are often brief and devoid of emotion. Let us now try to consider the process of communication. How does communication take place? Who are involved? What processes are considered? By understanding the communication process, we can also duly avoid misunderstandings and / or miscommunication. 5  Our everyday transactions with people follow the communication process. As seen in the illustration, communication begins when the speaker or source of communication responds to a stimulus and decides to encode or transmit it in the form of a message (or a “code”) through a particular channel or means of communication. The receiver decodes or interprets the message sent and responds accordingly based on his interpretation of the message. This response comes in the form of a feedback sent to the original source of communication (sender). As the communication transaction continues, the sender and receiver may exchange roles until understanding is achieved. Barriers to communication sometimes block the transmission of the message thereby creating misunderstanding. Through this process, we are able to understand that communication is systematic. In the advent of technology, the exchange of information and messages in society has advanced and has been a subject of many studies. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Why do we communicate? Since communication is certain in our lives, it comes naturally and unknowingly. Communication serves many purposes. The following are some of the many reasons why we, humans, communicate: Inform Misinform Counsel Sell Clarify Question Express Promote Buy Confuse Confirm Advise Teach Learn Persuade Reveal Accept Affirm Clarify Motivate Criticize Deny Conceal And many others From the above table, we realize that communication serves many purposes. Whether we are at home, in school, at work, or at play, people engage in communication. You will discuss these functions in detail in Module 4. What’s More Think of communication transactions in your daily life. Enumerate situations where communication takes place. Then, indicate the result of the communication transaction and tell whether it is successful or not by writing the elements that made it so and specify its function on the third column. Use a separate sheet of paper to answer this. 6  Situation Result of the communication Function of transaction Communication When I was 12, my father Message was clear that I need to told me that I am in-charge perform my task. At first the of cooking the rice every communication was successful. I lunch time whenever I am thought other family members will available. One time, I forgot to inform do my task because I am doing to cook rice because I got and other things. My fault there was I busy on my assignment. As to clarify failed to communicate to them that a result we did not have food I am busy doing my assignment. to eat. My father reminded Should I have communicated this me again about the task earlier, we would have rice to eat. assigned to me. You may probably have recalled many situations that occurred from the time you woke up until the time that you are about to sleep at night. This is because communication transactions happen every time we interact with our own selves and with others. We cannot help but communicate! What I Have Learned Activity 1: KWLH Chart Now, based on the details above, fill-in the following KWLH Chart to see your learning status in this module. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. K W L H (What do I (What (What did I (How did I know before concepts or learn from learn it? Cite the start of ideas do I this lesson?) samples and this module?) want to know situations) more?) Nature of Communication Process of Communication Functions of Communication 7 Activity 2: Social Media Post Show what you have learned creatively. Compose a Twitter or Facebook post of your most important insights about the definition, nature, process and function of communication. Include hashtags at the end of your post. What I Can Do Activity 1: Comic Strip Create a comic strip showing how you would communicate to your community the advantages of following health protocols and guidelines amidst COVID-10 pandemic in your municipality or province. You may cut-out pictures of people or authorities to depict your character, but be sure to write your own original scripts and texts. Activity 2: Reflections Explain how you can use this lesson in your life. Make a reflection using the following paragraph starters. Today, I learned …. ______________________________________________________________________ I realized … ______________________________________________________________________ Therefore, I will… ______________________________________________________________________ 8  Assessment Directions: Read each item carefully then choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information as by speech, signals, writing or behavior. A. communication C. language B. feedback D. message 2. These are considered forms of communication. 1. talking clearly 3. sending emails 2. chewing gum 4. looking bored A. 1234 B. 134 only C. 342 only D. 1 only 3. This body language shows that one is listening. A. nodding and making eye contact B. looking out of the window C. turning away from the speaker D. whistling while biting nails 4. It is the sender of the message. A. barrier B. originator C. receiver D. sender 5. It is a good indication that good communication occurs. A. destructed C. unreceived B. confused D. shared 6. It is shown when there is an understanding in the communication. A. Each gets a chance to be the sender and the receiver. B. Each party is able to provide feedback. C. Each party is able to say what they want to without the other person interrupting. D. Each party has different languages. 7. It is the content of the communication. A. jargon C. message B. media D. noise 8. This communication type is characterized by a certain look or gaze. A. non-verbal Communication B. oral Communication C. verbal Communication D. written Communication 9  9. It is the definition of communication. 1. Communication involves a transaction. 2. Communication is sharing of ideas among a group of people. 3. Communication is a confusion of ideas in the mind of the other. 4. Communication is a transfer of messages from one person to another. A. 1234 B. 234 only C. 124 only D. 4 only 10. This is the BEST way to continue communication. A. active listening B. asking questions C. not interrupting D. making good eye contact 11. It is known when the receiver gives a verbal or non-verbal message. A. answer C. response B. feedback D. none given 12. It is an indication that communication really takes place. A. when the message enters the channel B. when the message leaves the channel C. when the receiver understands the message D. when the sender transmits the message 13. This is to be avoided for effective communication. A. ambiguity C. politeness B. listening D. sharing of activity 14. This is essential to an effective communication. A. three-way process B. both a one-way and a two-way process C. one-way process D. two-way process 15. This refers to the responsibility of the person who receives the message for communication to take place. A. feedback C. perception B. non-verbal clues D. self-concept Additional Activities Picture Talk. Write short conversations using the cut-out pictures from magazines, brochures, or any other materials. Consider the nature and process of communication. Be guided by the following rubric in making your output. Use a separate sheet of paper for this. Choose one topic that might interest you: 1. Fake News 2. ECQ/MECQ/GCQ 3. Use of Technology in Online Communication 4. Gulayan sa Tahanan 5. Essential Needs vs. Non-Essential Needs 6. Others 10  3 2 1 Content/ The output clearly The output partially The output has no Elements illustrated the illustrated the clear connection of concepts of nature concepts of nature the concepts of and processes of and processes of nature and communication. communication. processes of communication. Coherence The script or The script or There is no dialogue has clear dialogue partly gives coherence in the and concise clear message script or dialogue message. at all. Relevance The output clearly The output partly The output has no talks about the talks about the clear discussion of topic chosen. chosen topic. the chosen topic. 11  Oral Communication in Context Communication Models Oral Communication in Context Communication Models First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Divina P. Maming Editors: Marites M. Aguilar; Rizza A. Pereyra Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Leilani J. Miranda; Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia Layout Artist: Allan E. Medenilla Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Edna Faura-Agustin, Nicholas M. Burgos Mary Ann L. Tatlongmaria, Evelyn P. De Castro Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] 12 Week 2 What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the different models of communication. It will lead you to understanding how communication works among people to foster mutual understanding and good relationship. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. This module consists of one lesson:  Communication Models After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. differentiate the various models of communication; 2. explain the process of communication through the elements involved; and 3. recognize the importance of the models in understanding the communication process as applied in everyday life. Lesson 2 Communication Models What’s In Communicating with others takes us to a new experience. We are either the ones starting the conversation process or the ones receiving it. As the exchange of information progresses, both the source and the recipient go through favorable or unfavorable experiences. The two or more individuals involved may end up satisfied or discontented with the result. At some random instances, conflicts may incidentally 13 arise. But still, the end goal of communication is always for building better human relationships. Last time, we talked about the functions, nature and process of communication. Let us recall some key terms that you encountered from the previous lesson. Directions: Complete the paragraph below by choosing the correct word from the WORD POOL. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. WORD POOL behavior motivates communication nonverbal decoding receiver interact sender message written (1.) __________ is a process which follows a certain procedure. Communication occurs between two or more people: the (2.) __________ or source of the information and the (3.) __________. It can be articulated through (4.) __________ or spoken words. It can also be expressed through gestures, facial expressions, or actions which are (5.) _________ where words are not needed to understand what one means. (6.) _____________________ is the process of interpreting the encoded (7.) _____________ of the source by the receiver. Communication also functions to control (8.) ____________________. It (9.) ___________ or encourages people to live better and allows individuals to (10.) __________ with others. What Is New How often do you and your family eat all together? What do you normally talk about? Read the anecdote and extract the different communication situations that you will find in the story. 14  The Glitch By Divina P. Maming Dela Cruz family came together for breakfast. Each had his own story to tell about his experiences for the week. This is the usual scenario every Sunday morning. “Good morning kids!” greeted the mother who had just finished setting the table for five. Tonio and Maria could not wait to reach for their chairs with a big grin on their faces as they said, “Good morning, nanay!” Criselda walked out from her room, still sleepy, her hair unkempt, her sleepwear on but appeared equally thrilled as her siblings shared the table with their mother. “Nanay, I can smell the aroma of your best delicacy, adobo,” she remarked. “Yeah, I know. It is the favorite of the family so adobo is what I prepared today,” she answered. Criselda replied, “I can’t wait to taste it!” Mang Cardo, the man of the family, is a clerk in one of the rural banks in town. He was talking to somebody over the phone; his voice echoed excitement but later on, his positive mood gradually vanished. As he turned towards the table, he shrugged his shoulders for disappointment. “Let’s eat!” mother exclaimed, wanting to turn the situation around. But everybody seemed to have been overwhelmed by their father’s silence. It was the first time they saw him in a really low spirit. “What happened?” at last, the wife asked. “I may lose my job,” he said with a croaky voice. “But why?” Aling Terie was surprised and so were the children. She quickly walked towards him and patted his shoulder. “It’s okay. You can still find another job,” she said offering him a seat. The children also let their father feel their support as they smilingly uttered, “Tatay, don’t worry, we are here to help.” “Yes, we will assist nanay in selling fish in the market after school hours,” Tonio said. “Maybe we can add vegetables to sell too, for additional income,” Maria added. Criselda, on the other hand, volunteered to do the home chores. “Thank you, my dear children,” was all Aling Terie could say. Mang Cardo was moved by his family’s gesture. He was not expecting for such an all-out support. He felt good about it. He started asking his kids about their activities in school and how they fared in their subjects. 15  Each of them excitedly told his own story. Criselda declared, “I got highest score in Math, so my teacher rewarded me with a bar of chocolate.” Tonio then mentioned about their project in Science which could eliminate foot smell and everyone poked fun at it. They asked him whether they could try the product to see if it would really work. Maria spoke about their field trip to the town’s historical heritage and talked about what she learned from it. Exchanges of stories persisted until someone gave Mang Cardo a ring. The ringing lasted for some seconds and finally, he stood up to answer the call. As he returned to the table, he was smiling. He was informed that the retrenchment was not for him; it was a mistake. Now, the glitch is fixed and he is to report to work the next day again. All of them could not contain their happiness. And so, they sat down again to eat all together. “We will go to the church after breakfast, as usual,” Mang Cardo sighed with relief. Now, answer the following questions: 1. What are the different communication instances in the story? _________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did each communication scenario develop? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Did a conflict arise in the story? What kind of conflict is it? Did it affect the communication process? How did the rest of the family members react to it? _________________________________________________________________________ 4. How can we establish a good communication? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the importance of communication in our daily life? _________________________________________________________________________ What is It Imagine your life and the world you live in without proper communication procedure. Would there be order or chaos? Would there be understanding or disagreement? Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending and receiving of knowledge and information. It allows people to develop various kinds of social relationships. It gives an avenue for people to express their ideas, thoughts, feelings, and insights. Without it, societies will be restrained from developing and 16 progressing. With all the advancements in technology, communication nowadays has changed dramatically, adapting to the 21st century way of life. Look at the representations below. They will help you understand the basic elements of communication. See how they operate and interact as communication progresses. Models of Communication Process A. Linear Communication Have you talked to somebody but did not get any reaction from him at all? Have you experienced sending a message without receiving any feedback? This is linear communication. Linear communication is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a message to a receiver who never responds or has no way of responding to the information conveyed. For instance, a competition organizer is presenting the contest mechanics. The message is final and cannot be contended at all. It could be the president giving his State of the Nation Address on the national television or a student who reads a poem or tells a story in front of an audience in a school program. Other examples include sending an email, reading a blog, or even the traditional way of having letters sent. Fig 1. Shannon-Weaver Model Source: https://tinyurl.com/yaltqfqy. Retrieved May 25, 2020 Shannon-Weaver Model An example of linear type of communication is the Shannon-Weaver model (1949). It is also considered as the mother of all communication models. It has a one- way process starting from a source (producer of message); passing through a channel (signals adapted for transmission) which may at times be interrupted by 17 noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message from the signal). The process stops after the message has arrived at its destination. B. Interactive When was the last time someone surprised you? How did you react? Who was the last person whom you praised for a job well-done? What response did you get? What is the significance of getting a response or reaction from the person to whom you addressed your statement? Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response is given after a message is sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or unintentionally gives a feedback associated with the information received. Let us extract Criselda and her mother’s dialogue from the story. Criselda: Nanay, I can smell the aroma of your best delicacy, adobo. Aling Terie: Yeah, I know. It is the favorite of the family so adobo is what I prepared today. Criselda: I can’t wait to taste it! Aling Terie’s response to Criselda’s statement proves that she decodes the intended meaning of the idea passed on to her. That is what we call feedback. See, feedback makes a difference. If the mother did not respond to the statement of her daughter, the latter would not know whether her mother understands what she said. The exchange of ideas or information verifies that both parties understand the message. Take a look at the next model. Schramm Model Fig 2. Schramm Model Source: https://tinyurl.com/yazbv5mv. Date Retrieved May 25, 2020 18  Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an exchange of thoughts and ideas. Feedback was added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The recipient of the message decodes it and creates a feedback based on his understanding of the information sent and vice versa. The figure identifies the six elements of communication which are the sender, the message sent, the receiver and the feedback provided by the receiver and sent back as a response to the sender and the processes of encoding and decoding. Remember, information may become useless if it is not conveyed properly to others. Thus, the processes of encoding and decoding are the key components of this model, including feedback. Encoding is when an idea or information is translated into words and expressed to others. Decoding is when this idea or information is understood and interpreted by the receiver. Hence, the receiver must be able to send feedback to the sender in order to complete the process. Otherwise, the communication transaction fails. Schramm’s model, which is a two-way communication model, revolves around these principles. The process goes on starting from the sender (source) who encodes the message transmitted to the receiver which he interprets; decodes a message (feedback) to be sent back to the source who in turn, decodes and interprets the information sent. C. Transactional Model Communication is dynamic. It has a complex nature. It takes place among individuals at any given time with any given subject. However, there are tendencies that barriers would interfere which may create a sudden impact and change in the processing of information. In a classroom setting, for example, you are being grouped into five or six members for an activity. Your task is to give an opinion or reaction to the closure of the biggest television network in the Philippines. Each of you expresses your thoughts regarding the matter. While having that activity, you also heard the JHS graders having their dance practice for the upcoming event. That noise did not interrupt your discussion as you give your own views. This situation is an example of a transactional approach. 19  The communicator (source) encodes the message and transmits it through a channel. The message transmitted may be affected by the noise (barrier). The receiver (recipient of the message) decodes, processes, and filters the message for understanding and is now ready to give his own feedback to the sender. Transactional Communication Model Fig 3. Transactional Model Source: https://tinyurl.com/ybwyog2a. Date retrieved: May 25, 2020 The transactional model shows a circular process of interaction between the persons involved in the communication, with each one actively participating and sharing ideas with one another. They are the communicators actively exchanging information and reaction. Feedback is given freely and deliberately to one another or to all members participating in the communication transaction. The sender and the receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as communicators. Since communication is deemed dynamic and progressive, the topic may also change from time to time. In this concept, the noise or barrier to communication is also taken into consideration for it may directly or indirectly affect the smooth flow of communication. In the event that the message was not clearly conveyed due to the barrier, the communication continues in order to clarify the intended meaning of the sender. When the transmission is cut along the way due to the barrier, the communicators work collaboratively to understand each other. Now, the sender 20 becomes a receiver of feedback (the response from the receiver) and the receiver also acts as sender providing information in response to the message conveyed to him. In this way, the communication is made more effective and complete. What’s More General Directions: Perform the activities below to better understand the concept of communication and how it works. Follow the indicated directions for each activity. A. Directions: In the Venn diagram below, show the similarities and differences of the three communication models. For you, which model is most effective? Why? B. Directions: Identify the elements that constitute the communication process by answering the crossword puzzle below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Across: 1. the reaction or response provided by the receiver of the information 4. the recipient of the message sent Down: 2. the source of the information or message 3. the information or idea conveyed 5. the factor affecting the communication flow 21 C. Directions: Read the given situations and fill in the grid below by identifying the elements of communication. 1. Rosa instructs her little brother to water the plants in their garden. However, she did not notice that her brother was wearing headphones when she gave instructions. She learned too late that her brother did not do what she told him. source message receiver Barrier (if any) 2. Gerry bought a can of milk from the nearby store. As it was handed to him, he checked its expiration date. He found out that the product is already expired and reported it to the storekeeper. message receiver Feedback (if any) 3. Trina’s mother gave her a ring and requested for a video call. The poor internet connection did not make it possible. They resorted to just texting each other. source channel Barrier (if any) D. Directions: Write a response to each of the following dialogue prompts to complete the communication processes. Trisha: Gaby, can’t you see that grandma crossing the street? She might be hit by the speeding vehicles. Your answer: __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. Rica: Hey Reggie! Are you going to join the Bible study this afternoon? Reggie: I will ask permission from my parents because it may end late. Your answer: ________________________________________________. 22  You are comfortably seated on a bus full of passengers for a long drive. Before it departs, a pregnant woman persuades the driver to count her in even if she’ll be standing the whole trip. Driver: Ma’am, there are no more vacant seats. Pregnant Woman: Please sir, I’m already tired from the day’s work and I’d like to go home to take a rest. You: _____________________________________________________________. What I Have Learned Answer the following questions: 1. What are the different communication models? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What sets each apart from the other? ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is communication an important part of life? ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. When is communication process successful? ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do 1. Call a friend over a phone or via free media platform such as messenger. Note down the conversation process. Identify what communication model is used. Illustrate how the communication happens. 2. Interview your family members. List down the things that you want to ask to them. You may record your conversation. Draw a diagram of the conversation and analyze how the communication takes place. 3. Listen to a radio drama or watch a teleserye on a television. Note down how the communication transpires. Identify the different elements that are present in the communication process and illustrate it. 23  Assessment A. Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and write F if it is FALSE. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1. There will be order and peace in the world without communication. 2. Along with the extensive revamp in most aspects of human life, ways of communication also change. 3. Schramm Model is the most complicated example of human communication process. 4. In the interaction model, communication is a one-way process. 5. Communication is merely successful when conflict was absent in the process. B. Directions: Read each item carefully then choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 6. Which of the following is an example of a one-way communication model? A. A group of teenagers planning for a big event B. The committee finding ways to reach for the less fortunate in their barangay. C. The Philippine President delivering his SONA D. A and B 7. You ask your sister to put on her mask every time she goes out and she nods in reply. Which model of communication is presented here? A. Interactive C. Linear B. Conversational D. Transactional 8. Which model of communication portrays a multilayer of communication processes where the characters and environment change overtime? A. Interactive model C. Transactional model B. Linear model D. ALL of the above 9. Which communication model focuses on the message sent to the recipient? A. Interactive Model C. Transactional model B. Linear Model D. A combination of A and B 24 10. A strong wind struck as Arnold and his father took turns in pulling the fishing boat to the shore. Arnold cannot hear his father’s voice. Which affects the flow of the communication process? A. Arnold’s voice B. boat C. father D. wind 11. Myra submitted her report to her teacher online because of the enhanced community quarantine. Which element is missing in the process? A. channel B. encoding C. feedback D. receiver 12. The Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) frightened many people here and there. On his social media account, Joshua posted a status of dismay. Many supported his claim, but others opposed it. His status acquired a hundred reactions and the comments thread rose to 75. What model of communication is exemplified? A. Berlo’s Model C. Shannon-Weaver Model B. Schramm Model D. Transactional Model 13. In the situation given in #12, what element of communication is NOT present? A. barrier B. context C. feedback D. receiver 14. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication? A. It connects the gaps among persons involved. B. It narrows down issues and addresses it. C. It offers solution to the community problems. D. It paves a way to conflict. 15. What happens when the message is NOT clearly conveyed? A. The communication continues. B. The communicators end the communication process. C. The recipient may get the wrong information to share with others. D. The situation will never change. 25  Additional Activities A. List down examples of situation in each of the given communication models Shannon-Weaver Model Schramm Model Transactional Model B. Write a 10-sentence paragraph in this situation. As a student, if you are to address the nation or the Filipino people in this time of pandemic, what would you tell them? You may post it on your social media account (not compulsory) and see the different reactions you will get. You may clarify points but refrain from building conflicts in the process. C. Exchange e-mails or messages with your friends regarding your ECQ experiences and how do you see and feel about it. Tell them how it affects your life. 26  Oral Communication in Context Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown Oral Communication in Context Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Jhon Jhon P. Zotomayor, Fely Rose M. Nacario Editors: Marites M. Aguilar, Rizza A. Pereyra Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo, Lea C. Villegas, Leilani J. Miranda, Erma S. Valenzuela, Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia Layout Artist: Allan E. Medenilla Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Edna Faura-Agustin, Marites A. Ibañez, Nicholas M. Burgos, Edgardo B. Militante, Mary Ann L. Tatlongmaria, Orlando T. Valverde, Evelyn P. De Castro Godofredo C. Mercado Department of Education – RegionIV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] 27  Week What I Need to Know 3 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you identify various strategies that could be used in order to avoid communication breakdown. It will lead you to understanding how communication works among people to foster mutual understanding and good relationship. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. This module is divided into two lessons, namely:  Lesson 1: Communication Breakdown  Lesson 2: Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. define the concept of communication breakdown; 2. identify the different kinds of barriers to effective communication; 3. explain the causes of communication breakdown; and 4. use appropriate strategies to avoid communication breakdown and achieve the goals of relationship and community building. Lesson 3 Communication Breakdown In Module 2, you have learned about the models of communication. You have realized how the different elements of communication work together to achieve a successful communication transaction. Now, let us find out if you can still remember your previous lesson by answering the activity below. What’s In Directions: Put the phrases or statements in the correct column. Write the letter of your answer. Linear Model Interactive Transactional Model A. Schramm Model of Communication B. Shannon Weaver Model of Communication C. a two-way communication process where feedback is given after a message is sent. D. shows circular process between the sender and receiver. E. barriers affect the smooth flow of communication 28  F. a one-way communication process. G. having a job interview H. reciting a poem in front of the class I. presiding an important meeting J. focusing on the message sent. What’s New Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and opinions in order to connect with other people. It’s goal is to achieve a clear and effective understanding resulting to good relationships in the community. However, there are times when this goal is not reached due to certain factors. When this happens, there is communication breakdown. Directions: Identify the reasons for the communication breakdown in each picture. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper similar to the box below. What is It The elements involved in communication are important in the success or failure of this process. These very same elements (sender, message, receiver, feedback, etc) can pose a threat to the efficiency or effectiveness of the process. Communication breakdown may occur when problems in any of the elements involved arise. They become barriers to communication. 29 Simply put, communication breakdown results when the intended message of the sender is not understood exactly by the receiver. Barriers to communication are present. Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is important in order to avoid communication breakdown. Here are some of the barriers that may cause communication failure. Barriers to Communication Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver. Examples: 1. People talking too loud. 2. Noise from a construction site 3. Loud sound of a karaoke 4. Blaring of jeepney horns Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. Examples: 1. trauma 2. shyness, lack of confidence 3. depression 4. fear, stage fright Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s culture affect the way they communicate and relate to others Examples: 1. different beliefs 2. traditions, and customs 3. manners of dressing 4. speaking Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending on culture. Examples: 1. difference in language 2. accent and dialect 3. use of jargon and slang 4. speech defects or language impairments Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds: External, Internal and Semantic noise. 30  External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.” Examples: 1. noise from vehicles 2. singing at the neighborhood 3. visual aids in front of the classroom 4. the dog barking 5. the sound of airplane Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.” Examples: 1. confrontation with a friend 2. fear of speaking in front of the class. 3. racial prejudice Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.” This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students. This is affected by the language in which they grew and the culture in which they are exposed. Examples: 1. incorrect grammar 2. using excessive technical jargon 3. using idiomatic expressions What’s More Activity 1 Directions: Identify the kind of communication barrier exemplified by each description. Tell whether it is Physiological, Psychological, Cultural, or Linguistic Barrier. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ______________________ 1. lack of confidence ______________________ 2. connotative and denotative meaning ______________________ 3. loud party ______________________ 4. different races 31 ______________________ 5. poor lighting ______________________ 6. lack of interest and attention ______________________ 7. different views and opinions ______________________ 8. using idiomatic expressions ______________________ 9. information overload ______________________ 10. feel frustrated Activity 2 Directions: Explain why there is communication breakdown on the given situations. Again, write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. Jay and Michelle started talking about their plans on Christmas Vacation when their classmate, Moy, interrupted them. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. “Mama, I will buy this cake for you. I am very sure that you will like its taste. It’s from our favorite cake store!” ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from another class talked to you on your way home. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Livy encounters a participant who is very eager to share with others her views and opinions. She does this without asking permission. ___________________________________________________________________________ In some Asian countries, direct eye contact is considered disrespectful and rude. In others, it is a must. ___________________________________________________________________________ What I Have Learned Directions: Explain your understanding on the given questions. Write your answer on the separate sheet of paper. 1. What is communication breakdown? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the barriers to communication? ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why does breakdown of communication occur? ___________________________________________________________________________ 32  What I Can Do Interview some people and ask them about a past communication breakdown they have experienced and what was its cause. 1.1. Complete the table by answering the following questions: a. Who were the persons involved? b. What was the situation? c. When did the communication breakdown happen? d. What were the barriers to communication? e. What happened due to the communication breakdown? 1.2 Identify the cause of the communication breakdown. An example is provided for you: Persons Situation Time of Barrier/s to Result Involved Communication Communication Aling Aling Celia When Reysa was Physiological Aling Celia was Celia and asked Reysa watching her Barrier upset because Reysa to wash the favorite anime Reysa did not (Mother & dishes. series do as told. Daughter) What was the cause of communication breakdown? Reysa’s lack of attention caused the communication breakdown. Now, do the following on your own. Interview someone from home, school and community. Persons Situation Time of Barrier/s to Result Involved Communication Communication What was the cause of the communication breakdown? _________________________________________________________________________ Assessment Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What influence the interpretation of conversation to effective communication? A. environment C. noise B. language D. technological gadgets 33  2. When is the communication process complete? A. when the message enters the channel of communication B. when the receiver understands the message and feedback C. when the sender transmits message to the receiver D. when the sender transmits the message successfully 3. Which of the following must be avoided in communication breakdown? A. Ambiguity C. personal interpretation B. focused attention D. Both A and B 4. Which barrier includes the mental conditions of the listener? A. cultural barrier C. physical barrier B. linguistic barrier D. psychological barrier 5. Which barrier includes the hearing or sight problem of the listener? A. cultural barrier C. physical barrier B. linguistic barrier D. Both A and C 6. In which barrier can semantic noise be classified? A. cultural barrier C. physical barrier B. linguistic barrier D. Both A and C 7. Which of the following must the listener do to avoid mental noise? A. Be ready for the communication activity. B. Be attentive and respond to the speaker. C. Just remain quiet and daydream D. Must not think of any problem during class hours 8. In which barrier does gender be classified in communication? A. cultural barrier C. Physical barrier B. linguistic barrier D. Both B and C 9. Which is the best option in order to avoid misinterpretation that causes communication barrier? A. Be familiar with the topic of the speaker. B. Disconnect with your emotional baggage. C. Do not be conscious of gender or status. D. Inquire the meaning. 10. What is the barrier to which you classify withdrawal of listener? A. cultural barrier C. physical barrier B. linguistic barrier D. psychological barrier For numbers 11-15, write T if the statement is TRUE and write F if it is FALSE. _______1. Inability to understand a message causes failure in communication. _______2. The actual message is lost in transmission. _______3. Emotional problems can sometimes color one’s understanding of a message. _______4. Culture may affect the interpretation of meaning in communication. 34  _______5. Pictures, gadgets, and other paraphernalia in front of the stage engage the audience in listening to the speaker. Additional Activities Choose between offline activity or online activity. For Offline Activity Write a letter to your teacher about your personal learning on communication breakdown. Include in your letter, how this lesson can be useful in your daily life particularly at home, in school, and in the community. Rubric for Writing a Letter Excellent Poor Needs Criteria (5 points) Very Good (2 points) Improvement Good (3 points) (1 point) (4 points) Content Show very Shows Enumerates Lacks No details meaningful meaningful significant evidence provided content, content points that explanation complete related to connect to and relation to with the topic the real-world explanation provided context topic Mechanics Sentence Insignificant A few errors Some errors Sentence structures are errors in in sentence in sentence structure is well - defined, sentence structure, structure, incorrect, accurate, and structure, grammar, grammar, grammar is clear with no grammar, spelling and spelling and poor, and spelling, spelling and punctuation punctuation errors in punctuation punctuation are noted. are present. spelling and and grammar are noted. punctuation errors. abound Organization Ideas are very Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are No evidence of well organized, focused and slightly loosely organization of coherence and directed. organized organized. ideas. cohesion are very evident. Score Total Score / 15 points For Online Activity Create a 5 Minute Vlog about communication breakdown. Be sure that the definition and explanation why there is a communication breakdown are evident in the video. Send to your teacher the link of your presentation. Rubric for Creating a Vlog Excelle Very Poor Needs Criteria nt Good Good (2 points) Improvemen (5 (4 points) (3 points) t points) (1 point) 35 Content Presents Presents ideas Presents ideas Lacks evidence No connection accurate, strongly in relation to that connect to the provided complete connected to the given topic presentation to topic and well- the given topic the provided explained topic ideas related to the topic Organization Informati Information, Information, Information, No evidence of on, video, video, pictures video, pictures video, pictures organization of pictures and other and other and other information, and content are content are content are video, pictures other focused and slightly loosely and other content directed. organized organized. content. are very well organized , and coherenc e and cohesion are very evident. Technicality Visuals Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are not are well- maintained maintained in maintained in in many parts framed and audio or most parts and a few parts and audio or and sound quality audio or sound and audio or sound quality audio or is quality are sound quality are poor sound understandabl understandabl are throughout. quality is e and e and understandabl excellent appropriate. appropriate.als e and and o in most appropriate.als suitable parts. o in most througho parts. ut. Score Total Score / 15 points 36 Week 4 Lesson 3.1 Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown What’s In In Lesson 1, you have learned the concept of communication breakdown and its causes. Now, you will understand how this breakdown of communication can be avoided. Directions: List down two (2) to three (3) situations based on your What I Can Do Activity in Lesson 1 in which communication breakdowns were experienced at home, school, and community. Then, suggest one best strategy to avoid that communication breakdown. Example: Breakdown: The DOST scholar uses technical words in explaining his research to the barangay secretariats which resulted to confusion among them. Strategy: The DOST scholar should use simple and specific words about his research to the barangay secretariats so they would fully understand his message. Experiences of Communication Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown Breakdown What’s New The process of communication does not mention and explain about the barriers or problems that may be encountered in a communication transaction. They are simply implied or understood in the process. However, after understanding the concept of communication breakdown and its causes, we may realize that failure in communication may be avoided through certain strategies that we could adapt. 37 Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson. 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school, and community. There are so many barriers to communication like, physiological, psychological, cultural, and linguistics. Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this will lead to slowing the progress and efficiency. Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication breakdown: 1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you communicate much more clearly and succinctly. It's a better idea to say something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go through them one at a time. We can treat each one on its own merit." 2. Learn to Listen As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out there don’t know how to listen well. Not understanding those who you are trying to communicate with will lead to a conversation fraught with misunderstandings. Don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat or explain further in polite manner once you don’t understand the point. 3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed tone when conversing with others. 4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who you may feel more comfortable with. You can also ask those whose advice you value to give you feedback and critique your communication style after a discussion. 5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more clearly, with your body language as well as your tone of voice. 38  It can also help to clear up any misunderstandings or distortion of the message that could occur through other mediums. Remember, becoming a strong and effective communicator takes time and practice. Over time, using these strategies can lead to better communication in your personal relationships, and more productive workplace environments as well. Answer the following questions based on the article above. 1. What are the barriers to communication mentioned from the article? ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How can communication breakdowns be avoided? ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. In your opinion, which is the easiest and most difficult way to avoid communication breakdown? ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think effective communication avoid communication breakdown? Why or why not? Do you agree that becoming a strong and effective communicator takes time and practice? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________________________ What is It A smooth and successful communication transaction may result if we follow some particular strategies to deliver our message. Communication becomes successful if and only if our communication goal is achieved, that is, an understanding is reached and a relationship is built or maintained. Here are some strategies to avoid communication breakdown. Keep Focused One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication. As a speaker identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues. Speak Intelligibly Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking volume, pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood. Listen with your Ears and Eyes Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective communication depends on what people say and how they say it. 39  Minimize Distractions Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed area, empty room, or quiet places. Lessening the cause for confusion means giving more room to focus and concentrate. Be Specific Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message. Being specific means being particular and direct to the point. Do not Jump to Conclusions Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have listened attentively to the speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a thorough analysis of point given or information received. Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed the 7Cs of Effective Communication in their book Effective Public Relations. These are Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness, Courtesy, Clearness, and Correctness. Completeness It is important to whole communication process. The speaker should include everything that the receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or evaluate properly. S/he should be able to convey all pertinent details so listener or audience will be able to grasp the intended message. Conciseness The message should be direct or straight to the point and should be expressed in the least possible number of words. Irrelevant information should not be included. Consideration In order to be effective, the speaker should give high regard and courtesy to audience’s background information such as his/her culture, education, religion, status, mood, feelings, and needs. This will result in building rapport or connection with the audience. Concreteness Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life examples or situations. This will make the receiver to understand the message better. 40  Courtesy The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker can show respect to the listeners by demonstrating an understanding of their beliefs, values, and culture. This implies good choice of words and language and a consideration of the audience’s perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender. Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe with the audience. This implies good choice of words and language on the part of the sender and consideration of audience’s perspectives. Clearness It implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. When the speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience. Correctness Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and effectiveness of the message, and at the same time it eliminates negative impact on the audience. Breakdowns in communication may arise because of several factors. But these factors may be avoided if we follow strategies put forward by experts in the field. Communication is a transaction that we do everyday. By following the 7 Cs of communication espoused by Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012), we may achieve understanding in communicating with others and avoid confusion and misinterpretations. Avoiding communication breakdown helps you to be an effective speaker. Below are some strategies which you can use to avoid breakdown communication. Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown Strategies to Avoid Communication Helpful Expressions Breakdown Use helpful expressions to gain time to “Really” think “Uhmm” “Uh-huh” “Anyway” “Tell me more…” Give positive remarks or comments “”Sounds good” “I see what you mean” Ask for repetition “Can you please what you said?” “What did you say again?” “What did you mean, when you say that…” 41  Check for understanding “So, are you saying that…” “So, what is your understanding of this?” What’s More Activity 1 Directions: Match column A with the best answer in column B. Write your answer on the space provided. Column A Column B _____ 1. It refers to the use of simple and A. Keep Focused precise words. _____ 2. The speaker should identify his/her B. Be Specific purpose for speaking. _____ 3. He/she must pays attention to the C. Do not Jump to verbal and non-verbal cues. Conclusions _____ 4. He/she must find closed areas or quiet D. Speak plays to avoid communication Intelligibly breakdown. _____ 5. He/she must have an appropriate E. Listen with speaking volume, speech rate, and your ears and acceptable enunciation. eyes F. Minimize Distractions Activity 2 Directions: Identify what 7Cs to Effective Communication is being described. Write your answer on the space provided. __________________ 1. It helps to increase the credibility of the speaker and reduce negative impact to the audience. __________________ 2. It conveys all pertinent details so listener or audience will be able to grasp the intended message. __________________ 3. It is expressed in the least possible number of words and straight to the point. 42  __________________ 4. It implies good choice of words and language and a consideration of the audience’s perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender. __________________ 5. It is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life examples or situations. Activity 3 Directions: Think of another helpful expression for each of the following expressions below to avoid communication breakdown. Put your answer in each box. Time-gaining Expression Give Positive Remark or Comment Ask for a Repetition Check for Understanding What I Have Learned Directions: Complete the diagram on how to avoid communication breakdown. Strategies on how to Avoid Communication Breakdown Strategies on How 7 Cs of Effective Helpful to Avoid Communication Expressions to Communication Avoid Breakdown Communication Breakdown 43  What I Can Do Conduct an interview either online or offline with five (5) SHS students about their experiences on communication breakdowns. Summarize their experiences and decide the most appropriate strategy to avoid each communication breakdown. Explain your reason for each strategy. Assessment Strategy to Avoid Communication Breakdown Respondent Experiences 1 2 3 4 5 Directions: Read the statements comprehensively. Then, identify whether correct or not. Write TRUE if it is correct and FALSE if it is not. __________________ 1. Concreteness creates positive impact to the audience __________________ 2. Clearness helps in eliminating confusions among the audience. __________________ 3. Grammar mistakes eliminate negative impacts among the receivers. __________________ 4. Rapport is created when considering the background of the receivers. __________________ 5. Communication becomes effective when it is supported by facts, figures, and examples. __________________ 6. As a speaker, you have to use technical words in order to impress the crowds. __________________ 7. Complete message is important to the process of communication particularly with the receivers. 44  __________________ 8. Giving positive remarks shows interest in a conversation. __________________ 9. The expression “So, are you saying that…” asks for repetition. __________________ 10. Use polite expressions when asking for clarifications. __________________ 11. You may use appropriate speaking volume, pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. __________________ 12. Accept the ideas of the sender even without full understanding of the message. __________________ 13. The speaker should know his purpose before he speaks. __________________ 14. You must pay attention only in verbal cues. __________________ 15. To limit distractions, stay beside the basketball court. Additional Activities Directions: Write your own 5 Tips on how to avoid communication breakdown. Include a brief explanation for each tip. Rubric Needs Excellent Very Good Poor Improvement Criteria (5 points) Good (1 point) (3 points) (2 points) (4 points) Content Show very Shows Enumerate Lacks No details meaningful meaningful s evidence provided content, content significant that explanation complete points connect to and with related to the relation to explanation the topic provided real-world topic context Mechanics Sentence Insignifican A few Some Sentence structures t errors in errors in errors in structure is are well - sentence sentence sentence incorrect, defined, structure, structure, structure, grammar is accurate, grammar, grammar, grammar, poor, and and clear spelling spelling spelling errors in with no and and and spelling spelling, punctuatio punctuatio punctuatio and 45  punctuatio n are n are n are punctuatio n and noted. noted. present. n abound grammar errors. Organizatio Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are No evidence n very well focused slightly loosely of organized, and organized organized. organizatio coherence directed. n of ideas. and cohesion are very evident. Score Total Score / 15 points 46  Oral Communication in Context Oral Communication Activities Oral Communication in Context Oral Communication Activities First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Darwin Z. Reyes; Icy Princess A. Trencio Editors: Marites M. Aguilar; Rizza A. Pereyra Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Erma S. Valenzuela; Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia Layout Artist: Allan E. Medenilla Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Marites A. Ibañez, Edgardo B. Militante, Orlando T. Valverde, Godofredo C. Mercado Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] 47  Week What I Need to Know 5 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the different functions of oral communication and examine different oral communication activities. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into two lessons, namely:  Lesson 1 – Functions of Communication  Lesson 2 – Verbal and Nonverbal Communication After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. determine the verbal and nonverbal cues that a speaker uses in order to achieve a purpose; 2. identify the purpose in a sample speaking engagement; 3. utilize knowledge on the functions of communication in analyzing various communication situations; 4. examine sample oral communication activities; 5. evaluate the effectiveness of an oral communication activity; and 6. recognize the importance of different communicative functions in our daily life. Lesson 4 Functions of Communication What’s In You might not have noticed, but every time you communicate with people around you, your manner of speaking, your tone of voice, and even your choice of words largely depend on the context and the person or people you are talking to. You transform and adapt to suit the needs of the moment. It is important to note that those are forms of communication strategy to avoid misunderstanding and communication breakdown. This time around, you will explore the reasons why people communicate in specific ways. In the succeeding activities, you will have a chance to explore different situations to learn the various functions of communication and their relevance to your daily interactions with people. By observing how people communicate, you will find out what type of approach works best in a communicative scenario. In the process, it is with high hopes that this self-paced learning module can help you become a more effective communicator wherever you may go and in whatever situation you may be. 48  What’s New Look closely at the five pictures below. Imagine what goes on in their conversation, then, write a one or two-sentence description inside the box below each picture, describing how the people talk and the purpose of their conversation. In the activity, you were asked to describe what is happening in each of the pictures and how they communicate. Below are five boxes and in each box is a definition of a function of communication. Read the definitions carefully, then, 49 examine the pictures on the previous page. Match the box with definition to its corresponding picture by writing the letter inside the circle. CONTROL AND REGULATION Communication functions to regulate and control the behavior of a person or group of people. SOCIAL INTERACTION Communication functions as a means to casually interact with other people. MOTIVATION Communication functions to inspire or motivate a person or people to be or do better. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Communication functions as a way to share information or data in order to educate. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Communication functions as a way to connect to a person or people for the purpose of affecting them emotionally. What is It Are you done matching the function of communication with its corresponding picture? Let us check if you correctly identified it in each picture. Functions of Communication Picture A shows a parent-figure explaining something to a child who needs to be reprimanded because of something that she did. As suggested by their behavior, the child listens attentively to what her mother is telling her. Their facial expressions also suggest that the mother is serious about what she is telling her child. The picture shows control and regulation as a communicative function. Picture B shows a group of friends who are casually talking with each other. It also suggests a very relaxed atmosphere as they hang out and probably share their funny stories. As you might have guessed, social interaction is the function of communication. 50  Picture C takes you inside a classroom where the teacher explains the lesson to her eager young learners who are all absorbed in the discussion. In this context, information dissemination is used because the teacher’s primary goal is to share important information regarding the topic. Picture D shows an image of a mother who is trying to console her child who might have shared her problems. Evidently, communication functions here as a