Purposive Communication PDF

LESSON 1 Comcommunicmunication Processes Importance of Communication 1. It fosters coordination, enabling people to comprehend each other’s thoughts and ideas. 2. Its role is crucial to the smooth functioning of each number within an organization. 3. I...

LESSON 1 Comcommunicmunication Processes Importance of Communication 1. It fosters coordination, enabling people to comprehend each other’s thoughts and ideas. 2. Its role is crucial to the smooth functioning of each number within an organization. 3. It aids effective and efficient decision-making. 4. It boosts managerial efficiency and leadership potential in organizations. 5. It promotes peace and cooperation among all employees. 6. It boosts morale and promotes a healthy work environment. Examples: Adobe Google Facebook Elements of Communication Context Sender Encoding Message Channel Noise Decoding Receiver Feedback Communication Context - It pertains to the personal, physical, social, psychological and cultural circumstances, among others in which communications occur. - Communication contexts refer to the setting in which communication takes place. It helps establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said. Communication Context Personal Context - It involves the background of both sender and receiver of the message. - It includes their education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status and beliefs that greatly Physical context - It pertains to the environment where communication takes place. It involves tangible factors which can be perceived by the senses such as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting, and noise level among others. - It includes proximity, how far or how close participants are to each other, as well as the medium used in sending messages. Social Context - It refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the receiver. - It motivates one to communicate with people who are closer to him and as such he easily grains their respect and understanding. Psychological Context - It includes the emotions and feelings of the participants in the communication process.  - It involves their opinions, judgements, prejudices, attitude and perception towards each other which can play a part in the transmission of messages. Cultural Context - It is one of the vital considerations in communication. - It includes sets of beliefs, value systems, ethnicity, age, gender identity, and religion with which communication happens. 9 Elements of Communication Sender - The sender is the source that starts communication. - The sender imagines the message and then considers how to transmit it to the receiver. - A message is the final concept of the idea formulated by the sender. Encoding - Is the process of translating information into a form that can be transmitted to another person or system. The sender must first encode their message in a way that the receiver can understand. - Is the part of transforming abstract opinions and ideas into symbols such as words, pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might represent or indicate opinions, statements, and actions. Message - It refers to the information, ideas, opinions, attitudes, and feelings the sender wants to convey. - Messages may be conveyed through verbal, written and non-verbal cues. Channel - It is the medium or tool to transmit the message. The person who wants to communicate must choose a channel to send in face-to-face,  information, ideas, communication, and request. The sender uses all five senses to transmit information. Examples of Communication Channels - Email - Mobile Phone - Video Conferencing - Online Meeting - Radio - Social Media With the advent of technology of social networking sites, what media have been used to send and receive messages? - Facebook - Twitter - Instagram - Skype - Viber - Telegram Noise - The noise is also called as the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood. Classification of Noise Physical - External environmental factors like loud conversations, static on a phone call, or visual distractions. Physiological - Biological factors such as hearing or vision impairments, fatigue, or hunger. Semantic - Misinterpretations due to language differences or ambiguous wording.  Psychological - Mental distractions or emotional states that affect how a message is received. Technical - Issues with technology, such as poor internet connectivity or malfunctioning equipment. Cultural - Misinterpretations arising from cultural differences. Decoding - Decoding is the first stage in listening. The receiver converts symbols into thoughts from the sender. - It translates encoded symbols into understandable language. - Without understanding the message, the receiver will not be able to communicate or give a response. On the other hand, with understanding, the receiver will be able to easily react or give feedback. Receiver - The recipient (receiver) is the person who received the message or to whom the message was sent. It is the receiver who will try to understand the message in the best possible way to achieve the desired goals. - Receiver can be one person or a group of people. Feedback - The feedback then is the message sent by the receiver in response to a message he has received. - When this happens, the receiver or recipient now acts as sender and the sender vice versa. - It also refers to the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message; response does not necessarily have to be verbal for it to be considered a feedback.  Students do not need to give explicit remarks about their agreements or disagreements on a lecture delivered by their professor. Instead, they can nod their heads to express agreement or shake them to express disagreement. The Communication Models The definition of communication and its elements can also be further understood in the light of a framework or model to see their interrelatedness. The common models of communication that have been utilized over the years are the: 1. Linear Model - Also called the transmission model, a linear model is based on the assumption that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner- from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process. - SENDER > CHANNEL> RECEIVER 2. Interactive Model - The interactive model of communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, messages, and information between two or more sources. - It involves an active exchange between two or more parties, where each party takes turns as the sender and receiver of the message. Examples: Linear Model Interactive Model Television Exchanges of email Radio Text Message Newspaper Social Media Posts Mass Communication Workplace Feedback in an interactive model of communication: - A teacher and a student having a feedback session on the student’s performance. They both ask and answer questions and share opinions. - A customer service representative and a client resolving an issue over the phone. - A doctor and a patient having a consultation about a health issue. They both exchange information, diagnose the problem and prescribe a treatment. 3. Transactional Model - The transactional model by Ramie et al., (in Elcomblus, 2020) was designed primarily to represent public communication. - Speakers here may be evaluated according to their credibility, self-concept or attitude towards self or others, knowledge of the subject, and intention or purpose of communication. - Listeners are characterized by their purpose of listening, knowledge and interest about the topic, listening skills, and their attitudes towards self, the speaker and ideas or information presented. - Feedback may be intentional (e.g., reply, angry retort, etc.) or unintentional (e.g., yawning), and verbal (oral or written) or nonverbal. - Situation refers to the physical environment and social context in which communication occurs. Contexts Situations channel limits or shapes messages. Message has content, structure, and style. Listeners Purpose, knowledge, Skills, and attitudes affect the listener's Interpretation of the message.  Listener’s verbal / visual response causes speaker to alter the message Speaker Message is affected by speaker’s purpose, knowledge, skills, attitudes and credibility. Reflectandreviewthevalueandmeaningofcommunicationb yanalyzingthepicture. Wr i t e a s h o r t p a r a g r a p h t o d e s c r i b e t h e p i c t u r e i n r e l a t i o n t o y ourunderstandingandimportanceofcommunication. The picture shows a family eating together, but their parents are busy on their phones and laptop. This is a problem because people are spending too much time with other stuff and not enough time talking to each other.” When parents are always on their phones or computers, they miss out on chances to spend time with their kids. This can make kids think that texting is more important than talking in person. This can hurt the family’s relationships and make it harder for them to communicate. When families are together, they should put away their phones and computers and talk to each other. This will help them feel closer and happier as a family LESSON 2 Communication Principles Fundamentals of Interpersonal Communication 1. Communication is inevitable - It is an indispensable part of daily life. We continuously send and receive messages through various channels. 2. Communication is irreversible - Verbal messages can’t be retracted. Responsible communications listen and evaluate before responding to maintain trust and positivity. 3. Communication is complex - We use words as symbols, giving them connotative meaning and denotative meanings. Connotative Denotative - Means the literal definition of a - Means the implied or underlying word. meaning of a word. Principles of Communication - Its ultimate goal is to understand each other, when communicating either through speaking or writing, its purpose is either to persuade, to entertain, to inform, to express one’s feelings, ideas or emotions and to influence others. 9 Communication Principles Trustworthiness - Effective relationships are built on trust and respect. - Keeping your words. Effective speaking skills - Effective speaking skills are essential principles of communication. Active listening - It shows intentional focus on the speaker. Active listening includes receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding. - If you are not paying attention to what others are saying, there is no way you will be able to respond effectively.  - Active listening is the basis of all good communication. Good writing skills - Writing affects all areas of your life academic, professional, civic, and personal. Good reading skills - Written communication takes place in the form of emails, letters, notices, messages, advertisements, etc. - As much as possible do not depend on grammar and application app-writing self-constructed sentences can lead to effective writing skills. - Writing comes from reading, and reading is the finest teacher how to write. - Quick, efficient, and imaginative reading techniques are essential especially in achieving academic success. - Reading enhances comprehension, vocabulary, and analytical skills. - Good reading skills make note-taking, commenting, and critiquing documents easier. - Reading improves concentration and attention span over time. Objective judgment - It refers to forming opinions or making decisions based on facts and evidence rather than feelings, biases, or subjective influences. - Judgment is inherent in any communicative activity, however, it should be objective and constructive. Examples: - Scientific research - Legal decision - Performance review - Medical diagnosis - Sports officiating Value difference  - Valuing individual contributions in communication strengthens relationships. - Equal rights and opportunities should be provided regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, education, or socio-economic background. - Communicators value differences by participating in equity and equality. What is the difference between equity and equality? - Equality means providing the same resources or opportunities to everyone. It focuses on treating everyone the same, regardless of their individual needs or circumstances. - Equity involves distributing resources and opportunities based on individual needs to achieve fair outcomes. It recognizes that different people have different circumstances and allocates resources accordingly to ensure everyone can reach an equal outcome. Examples of equity and equality in a classroom setting: - Equality would mean giving every student the same amount of time and resources for a project. - Equity would mean giving additional support to students who need it to ensure all students can succeed equally. No assumptions - Assumptions are beliefs accepted without evidence. Avoiding them ensures checks and balances in communication. - To ensure clear understanding, should avoid assumptions and practice truthfulness and transparency. - A relationship should be based on communication, not on assumption. Tips to demonstrate truthfulness and transparency in communication  1. Be Honest and Clear: Always provide accurate information and avoid hiding details. If you don’t know something, admit it and commit to finding the answer. 2. Encourage Open Dialogue: Create an environment where others feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feedback. This fosters mutual trust and understanding. 3. Be Consistent and Accountable: Follow through on your promises and be consistent in your actions and words. If mistakes happen, acknowledge them and take responsibility. Authenticity - The quality of being real or true - All communicators must ensure their information is genuine, valid, and truthful. - In this age, verifying information to prevent spreading fake news can cause panic or harm. Therefore… - Becoming a good communicator is not an easy feat to accomplish. It takes years or even so a lifetime to be good at communicating. What matters most is be yourself when expressing yourself to others and be mindful with your words and actions while speaking. Also do not forget to listen to the people/person you are talking to and make them feel involved by letting them speak if necessary. LESSON 3 Communication and Globalization Definition - Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups.  - It involves a sender, a message, a medium, and a receiver. - Effective communication is essential for understanding, cooperation, and collaboration. It can be verbal (spoken or written), non-verbal (body language, gestures), or digital (emails, social media). - Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations. This process is driven by international trade, investment, and the spread of technology and information. What is the Relationship Between Communication and Globalization? Communication plays a crucial role in globalization by facilitating the exchange of information and ideas across borders. Here are some key points: 1. Enhanced Connectivity: Advances in communication technology, such as the internet and mobile phones, have made it easier for people to connect globally. This has accelerated the pace of globalization. 2. Cultural Exchange: Communication allows for the sharing of cultural practices and ideas, leading to greater understanding and appreciation of different cultures. 3. Economic Integration: Effective communication is vital for international trade and business. It helps in negotiating deals, managing multinational teams, and understanding diverse markets. 4. Political Collaboration: Communication enables countries to engage in diplomacy, form alliances, and address global challenges such as climate change and terrorism. Communication and globalization are deeply intertwined. Effective communication is both a driver and a product of globalization, enabling the flow of information, culture, and economic activities across the globe. Global Issues Affecting Communication  1. Technological Disparities: Access to communication technologies varies globally. In some regions, limited internet access can hinder effective communication. Examples: - 1.1 Regional Variations: Significant differences exist within regions, such as between technologically advanced countries like South Korea and Japan, and less developed ones like Afghanistan and Myanmar in Asia. - 1.2 Global North vs. Global South: There is a broad divide between the Global North (e.g., North America, Europe) with advanced technological infrastructure, and the Global South (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Asia and Latin America) with lower levels of technological development. 2. Global Teams: Working in global teams introduces challenges such as time zone differences, varying work ethics, and diverse communication styles. Managing these differences is crucial for effective collaboration. Examples: - Amazon operates with teams spread across the globe, Leveraging diverse perspectives and local expertise to innovate and maintain a competitive edge. - Google known for its innovative culture, Google utilizes Global teams to drive its projects and maintain its leadershipIn technology and services. 3. Economic Disparities: Economic conditions can influence communication styles and access to resources. 3.1 Limited Access to Technology - access to modern communication technologies like smartphones, computers and the internet can be limited - individuals from lower-income backgrounds may rely on outdated technology or have no internet access at all 3.2 Cost of Communication Tools - some low-income communities, the high cost of mobile data plans or internet subscriptions can limit people’s ability to communicate effectively. 4. Political and Legal Differences: Different countries have varying regulations regarding communication, such as censorship laws and data privacy regulations. These can impact how information is shared and received. 4.1 Censorship and Freedom of Speech: democratic countries often protect freedom of speech, allowing open expression, while authoritarian regimes impose strict censorship, limiting what can be said or published. 4.2 Data Privacy Regulations: The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDP) enforces strict data privacy laws, giving individuals control over their data, whereas the United States has a more fragmented approach with varying state laws. How should I communicate Globally? How can I improve my cultural competence in communication? 1. Be considerate of cultural differences. - When communicating globally, it's important for you to understand that cultures and beliefs vary across different nations. 2. Lear how your associates deal with things in their countries. - The best way to handle cultural differences is to research beforehand how different countries handle business meetings or any other type of discourse. 3. Be aware of language barriers. - English is usually the medium of discourse but some countries do not necessarily use this as their primary language. 4. Go over any form of written correspondence - before you send it out to your contacts. 5. Always stay updated - with developments in communications and information technology. 6. Develop active listening skills  - Listen without judgment: pay attention to what others are saying without immediate forming opinions. - Ask questions: show genuine interest in understanding the cultural context behind someone’s words and actions. 7. Practice Empathy - Put yourself in others’ shoes: try to understand situations from the perspective of people from different cultural backgrounds. - Show respect: acknowledge and respect cultural differences, even if you don’t fully understand them. 8. Adapt your communication style - Be flexible: adjust your communication style to sit the cultural context of your audience. - Use clear language: avoid jargon and idiomatic expressions that might not be understood by everyone. LESSON 4 Communication in Multicultural Settings Definition Culture - is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. - The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization. Culture understanding - influences our personal preference in communication style and continues to influence our perception of others throughout our life. Cross-cultural communication  - Cross cultural communication thus refers to the communication between people who have differences in any one of the following: styles of working, age, nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Aims of cross-cultural communication - create a feeling of trust - facilitate cooperation - Focus in on providing the right response rather than providing the right message Sources of MIScommunication 1. Assumption of Similarities - It refers to our tendency to think that the way we behave and act is the generally accepted code of conduct. When someone is different, we have a negative view of them. 2. Language Differences - Problems arise when it is not possible to understand what the other person is saying because different languages ​are spoken. Speaking the same language can sometimes lead to differences because some words have different meanings in different contexts, countries, or cultures. 3. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - The way we dress, the way we express ourselves through body language, eye contact and gestures also say something. A simple gesture like nodding is considered YES in some cultures and NO in others. 4. Preconceptions and Stereotypes - Stereotyping involves placing people in predefined niches based on our image of how we think they are or should be. Stereotypes can lead to expectations and misconceptions. A preconceived opinion of another can lead to bias and discrimination. 5. Tendency to Evaluate  - Humans tend to make sense of the behavior and communication of others by analyzing them from one’s own cultural point of view without taking into consideration why the other person is behaving or communicating a certain way. 6. High Anxiety - Sometimes being confronted with a different cultural perspective will create an anxious state in an individual who does not know to act or behave or what is considered to be appropriate. Other Example: Japan and Singapore: - They have distinct business cultures that reflect their geographical, historical, and cultural influences. The Japanese are more conservative, polite, and indirect while the Singaporeans are more diverse, efficient, and direct. Netherlands and China: - Chinese business culture is as authoritarian and collectivist as the Dutch version is participative and individualistic. Examples: - It is not considered appropriate for students to get up and walk around the class, but it is perfectly acceptable to do so at home while watching t.v. - Different households have different views on shoes in the home so it is always best to make sure you're on the same page. As you arrive at the entrance, it is good etiquette to remove your shoes before walking through the home, or check with the homeowner to see if they would prefer that you did so before going any further. Communication and Culture How are communication and culture intertwined?  - Communication and culture are intertwined. - Communication and culture are intertwined. In fact, they are inseparable. Americans are more direct or straightforward when they deliver their messages. Whereas Filipinos, on the other hand, are non-confrontational. They use polite words or expressions in place of ideas that may come across as offensive, rude, or harsh. When invited, Filipinos use “I will try” instead of saying an outright “No, I will not attend.” - To increase awareness and to develop competence in communicating in a multicultural setting, it is essential to unlock some cultural dimensions, provide examples, and explain how they affect communication as adapted by Verderber et al. (2015) from the early work of Edward T. Hall, and more recently by Gerard Hendrik Hofstede. Cultural Dimensions in Communication Individualistic vs. Collectivist culture - Puts premium on the self and personal influence fulfillment. - It is when the culture focuses on the individual’s needs and looks for happiness on an individual level before looking to the group. An example of an individualistic culture would be the United States, Canada, Northern and Western Europe. - Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each individual. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. - Cultures in Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and Africa are collectivist. Low context vs High context culture  - Low-context culture views explicit words as a way to convey messages. People in the USA, Germany, and Scandinavia have low-context culture. Their verbal messages are direct, definite, and detailed. - High-context culture uses subtle non-verbal behaviors and implicit information to convey meaning. Latin America and most Asian cultures have high-context cultures. Definition - Chronemic pertains to how we use and observe time. Its standards are determined by place and time (based on culture). Age and role can play a part in how people interpret timing, too. Monochronic vs. Polychronic culture - Monochronic culture advocates punctuality, time completion of tasks, and accomplishment of one task at a time. Schedule matters in a monochronic culture. e.g USA. - Polychronic culture has a more fluid and flexible concept of time. In this culture, task interruption and multitasking are acceptable practices and maintaining relationships is more important than strictly following a schedule. Latin American, Arab, and Southern European cultures are more flexible when it comes to time. Low-uncertainty avoidance vs. High-uncertainty UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE refers to the need to foresee what is going to happen. - A low-uncertainty avoidance culture is comfortable with unpredictability and has few rules, allowing for spontaneous responses to situations.”  - High-uncertainty avoidance cultures value precision and create rules to reduce risks. In contrast, people from the US, Sweden, and Denmark, with low-uncertainty avoidance, are more comfortable with unpredictability.” People from Germany, Portugal, Greece, Peru, and Belgium have low tolerance for uncertainty and prefer to control unpredictable situations due to their high-uncertainty avoidance.” Low power distance culture vs. High power distance culture Power distance is a term that describes how people in a particular culture view power relationships – superior/subordinate relationships – between people, including the degree to which that those who are not in power accept that power is not evenly distributed Low - Power - Values the equal treatment for everyone - Supports a flat organizational structure with decentralized decision-making responsibilities. Its a participative management style. - mostly observed in Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and USA - Individuals under this culture might be comfortable challenging the status quo or arguing with the boss High - Power - power inequality is pronounced and common, and people accept that without question - tend value things like tradition (“It’s always been like this.”) - Hierarchical – people are ranked within society by strict roles - Mostly observed in the Middle East, Malaysia, Guatemala, Venezuela, and Singapore.  - mostly likely follows any rule without question Feminine culture vs. Masculine culture - Masculine culture or masculine society is one that stresses different expectations for men and women. In a masculine culture, men are expected to be assertive, competitive, and focused on material success. Women are expected to be nurturing and focused on people and quality of life. In contrast, Hofstede says a feminine culture or feminine society is one where gender roles are more fluid. Both men and women are expected to be nurturing and focused on people and quality of life. - This refers to the distribution of roles between men and women. Male - Challenge, earnings, recognition, and advancement are important - expected to be assertive, competitive, and focused on material success. - Women are supposed to be tender and take care of relationships - Double standards: men are subjects, women are objects - Being responsible, decisive, and ambitious is for men; being caring and gentle is for women - In Mexico, Italy, and Japan have highly masculine cultures in which the role of males is highly valued than the role of females Female - Relationships and quality of life are important - Both men and women should be modest - Both men and women can be tender and focus on relationships - Single standards: both are subjects - Being responsible, decisive, ambitious, caring and gentle is for women and men - In Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, there seems to be no male supremacy because males and females are viewed equally in terms of their role in society Long term orientation culture vs. Short term orientation culture  Cultural Dimensions in Communication - Long-term orientation culture refers to how patience is valued in waiting for the outcomes of actions. - Short-term orientation is characterized by being very performance driven. LONG TERM AND SHORT TERM ORIENTATION SOCIETIES Long-term - It is more laid back that it has more patience in waiting for the outcomes of an action. - It values perseverance towards the achievement of goals. - people from Japan, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan can juggle work time and leisure time together to talk about business during lunch will not be a big issue for them since they can mix working time and leisure time. - They more patient when it comes to waiting for the rewards of their hard work Short-term - It emphasizes quick results, fulfillment of social obligations, and efficient revenue generation. - It values rewards - USA, Pakistan, Russia, UK, Canada, Norway – people here work time is separated from leisure time to talk about business during lunch might be impolite for them Conclusion - An understanding of these cultural dimension is integral to becoming effective intercultural communicator who is competent in interacting and dealing with people and situations in multicultural and diverse setting. A competent  intercultural communicator interprets and shares meanings with individuals from different cultures with accuracy, respect, and a high level of sensitivity. As the adage says. “ignorance of the law excuses no one.” The same is true of cultural nuances and differences. Guidance on the use of appropriate terms and phrases, images and more 1. Slow down when you speak - Allow those who don’t have the same native language as you the time to interpret what you are saying. 2. Speak clearly and concisely - Make eye contact and enunciate plainly. Avoid using ambiguous or dual-meaning words. 3. Keep it simple - Think in terms of your audience, and speak to their understanding. Don’t make long speeches. Allow listeners to absorb what you have said. 4. Maintain respect and courtesy for people who come from different cultures - When you respect the people you communicate with, this helps reduce the stress they feel when trying to understand what you are saying. 5. Smile and be open - Your body language communicates your acceptance – or non-acceptance and respect, as it helps put listeners at ease. 6. Avoid Slang - Slang words are unique to individual cultures and not always interpreted correctly. 7. Shun humor - What is funny in one culture might not be in another. Humor might be misunderstood and interpreted in a bad light. 8. Adopt a formal communication approach until you develop a rapport with your group - Use a respectful and formal mode of speech until you have developed a relationship with your cross-cultural group.  9. Stay away from using negative questions or answer - Double negatives are easily misunderstood. Keep questions and answers simple. 10. Ask for feedback - Request members of the cross-cultural group to speak up and provide interaction or ask questions. 11. Summarize what your said - Repeat what you have said in a different way, summarize it and allow people time to grasp what you have said. The World Englishes in Multicultural Setting Definition of terms Diversity is recognized in communication because of the different background and identity of communicators involved in the interaction or transaction. Cultural Relevant Terms Multicultural - Refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. Cross-cultural - Deals with the comparison of different cultures. Intercultural - Describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures. What is the relationship of communication and culture? Cultural factors of Communication in Multicultural Settings 1. Mother tongue and Secondary Language 2. Race  3. Ethnicity 4. Gender 5. Local culture 6. Religion 7. Religion attire 8. Ancestry, parents, and families 9. Teachers 10. Friends 11. Neighborhood 12. Education 13. Profession 14. Experience 15. Politics 16. Physical Features 17. Media What makes language dynamic? - World englishes refers to the various forms and varieties of the English language used in different sociolinguistic contexts around the world. - This concept acknowledges that English is not a monolithic language but has multiple localized forms influenced by cultural, social, and historical factors. Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English Inner Circle - Represents the traditional bases of English - Dominated by the “mother tongue” varieties of the language Outer Circle - English has been institutionalized as an additional language  Expanding Circle - Includes the rest of the world where English is used as the primary foreign language. Philippine Englishes - Globally recognized as one of the best users of english language - Over the decades, Filipinos developed their own variation of English, known as Philippine English. - Distinct Accent and Vocabulary: Philippine English features a unique accent and localized vocabulary. - Creative Writing: It includes a body of creative works by Filipino writers in English. - Legitimate Variety: It is a recognized form of English used in key fields like science, technology, law, and education. Linguistic Features of Philippine English Consonant Changes: Philippine English often devoices sibilant consonants (e.g., “beige” as “bes”) and renders ‘th’ sounds as ‘t’ or ‘d’ (e.g., “this” as “dis”). Vowel Features: There is a loss of distinction between long and short vowels (e.g., “sheep” and “ship” sound similar), and many speakers use a reduced vowel inventory compared to American English. Borrowed and Translated Terms: Philippine English incorporates many words from Spanish and Tagalog, and uses loan translations like “open/close the light” for “turn off the light.” Local and Archaic Coinages: It includes unique local terms such as “carnap” and “highblood,” as well as archaic American English terms like “comfort room (CR)” and “viand.”  Developing Intercultural Competence World Englishes and intercultural competence share the following common features: - Intercultural competence, which includes skills in interpreting, relating, discovery, and interaction, is crucial for developing World Englishes and reducing misunderstandings. - Developing critical cultural awareness is essential to overcoming prejudice, whether it’s towards different language varieties or broader attitudes towards otherness. - Equality in democratic citizenship promotes participation regardless of language or language variety.