Purposive Communication Notes PDF

**Communication-** refers on exchange of information between two or more people. Exchange of thoughts, our feeling, expression among people. **Communication as process** (*steps or procedures*)- communicate actively. Done using certain action that led to a particular result. **Communication as an...

**Communication-** refers on exchange of information between two or more people. Exchange of thoughts, our feeling, expression among people. **Communication as process** (*steps or procedures*)- communicate actively. Done using certain action that led to a particular result. **Communication as an interaction-** helps people to connect, understanding as build relationships. **Communication as a Social Context**- act of producing transmitting and receiving meaningful symbolic. Messages in an environment such as schools or church or any social gathering. **COMMUNICATION PROCESS** *Components of Communication.* **Sender-** source of the message (speaker). The communication process begins with the sender, who is called the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information -a command, request, or idea- that he or she wants to share with others. **Receiver-** The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. Decoder of the message. In order to comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it. **Message-** The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. Can be spoken or written, verbal or non- verbal transmitted through a channel. **Channel (Medium)-** medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Through which the message is communicated. This may be object, electronic devices, light waves or sound waves. **Feedback-** the communication process reaches its final point when the message has been transmitted, received and understood. **Noise-** it refers to any barriers, hindrance or anything that construct the understanding of the message. This can be sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received or understood. It can be as literal as static over a phone line or esoteric as misinterpreting as local custom. **Context-** This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful exchange of information. ***Forms of Communication: An overview*** **1. Verbal Communication**- makes use of sounds and words to convey a message. The words serve as a means to express one's ideas and thoughts **2. Non-verbal Communication-** it refers to communication that goes beyond the usage of words. This includes eye contact, facial expression, gestures, postures, touch and even one's physical appearance. **THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS** The goal of communication is to convey information and the understanding of that information from one person or group to another person or group. A sender transmits a message through a channel to the receiver. The sender first develops an idea, which is composed into message and then transmitted to the other party, who interprets the message and receives meaning. Information theorists have added somewhat more complicated language. Developing a message is known as decoding, interpreting the message is referred to as decoding. **COMMUNICATION MODELS** In order to study communication as a process, we need to familiar with the early models of communication. **Aristotelian Model-** this model is focused mainly on the speaker and speech. There are five primary elements in this model. Which was accepted as the most common model of communication where the sender sends the information or message to the receiver to influence on make them respond and act accordingly.  The role of the speaker is to deliver his message to the audience. This message is organized beforehand based on the situation or occasion. In this kind of communication, the audience is passive, and feedback is not a part of the process. **Schramm Model-** proposed by Wilbur Schramm, this model is focused on the field "field of experience" which refers to the past and present experience of the participants in the communication. There is a two-way process in which the sender and the receiver take turns in sending and receiving messages, this components in this model include the sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback and noise. It views communication as a process that takes place between a sender (transmitter) and a receiver. **Berlo Model-** proposed by David Berlo is also called the SMCR Model of Communication, which stands for sender- message- channel- receiver, as these are the components or elements in this model.  **Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model** The Shannon-Weaver model is based on the idea that communication is a linear and one-way process that involves six elements: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, a destination, and noise. The source is the person or entity that has a message to communicate. **Laswell's Model of Communication.** Harold Lasswell, a sociologist and psychologist, created this linear communication model in 1948. The model asks five basic questions: who, what, which channel, to whom, and to which effect? This model allows you to define any piece of communication easily. For example, if an advertisement plays on the radio, you can use Lasswell\'s Model to analyze who\'s talking, what they\'re saying, which channel they\'re using, who their target audience is, and what the goal of the advertisement is.  **White's stage of oral communication** The stages are: thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedback, and monitoring. White\'s model states that communication is circular and continuous, with no clear beginning or end. **PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION** These principles if assimilated will facilitate communication and render it effective. 1. **Communication is an interaction situation wherein the participants are affected by each one's behavior.** Every message is simultaneously a stimulus to new behavior and a response to prior behavior of the receiver. No message should be isolated from what has occurred before between the communicants if we really want to understand the message. It should be understood in the totality of the situation. 2. **One does communicate.** We do communicate even when we are ignoring the message of another or maintaining complete silence. An easy way to understand this would be to think what you would do if someone, you did not want to interact with, passed a smile to you. 3. **The message received is not necessarily the message sent.** We usually relate to others as if there was only one reality the way we perceived the world. We all live as separate individuals with different experiences and different views or reality. How we interpret verbal and non-verbal messages may be quite different from the meaning intended by the speaker (communicator). Even when several people are viewing the same behavior, each interprets it differently. 4. **Communication occurs simultaneously at more than one level.** We communicate on the level of the literal content of the information being conveyed as well as on the relationship level. In other words, we do not convey information to the receiver verbally only. This second level of communication is called *meta-communication* and refers to any communication about communication or any verbal or non-verbal cues about the literal content of the message sent. They are basic to communication; thus, we can't ignore them. 1. **Interpersonal communication is inescapable.** we cannot "*not communicate".* The very attempt not to communicate something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and through gestures, postures, facial expression, etc. we constantly communicate to those around us. 2. **Interpersonal communication is irreversible.** You can't really take back something once it has been said. The effect must inevitably remain. 3. **Interpersonal communication is complicated.** No for of communication is simple. Because of the number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. 4. **Interpersonal communication is contextual.** In other words, communication does not happen in isolation, there is; a. **Psychological context.** Which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc. all form the psychological context (you here refers to both participants in the interaction) b. **Relational context.** Which concerns your interactions to the other person -the mix c. **Situational context.** Which deals with the psycho-social where you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar d. **Environmental context.** Which deals with the physical where you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day. All are examples of factors in the environmental context e. **Cultural Context.** Which includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. **ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION** Communication ethics is the notion that an individual or group's behavior are governed by their morals which in turn affects communication. Johnson (2015) "Straight talk and nonviolent communication" **TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION.** 1. Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with other group members. 2. Listen when others speak 3. Speak non-judgmentally 4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs and feelings. 5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be right or more ethical than thou) 6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them 7. Manage your own personal boundaries of others. Share only what you are comfortable sharing. 8. Respect the personal boundaries of others. 9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations. 10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal air time if they want it.