PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION.docx

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE** - *Together with the creation of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic human capacity* -- language. - *Animals are said to be able to communicate with each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs barks, and birds chi...

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE** - *Together with the creation of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic human capacity* -- language. - *Animals are said to be able to communicate with each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs barks, and birds chirps. The sounds these creatures produce often reflect the state of their emotions.* - *While it may be true that animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing language.* **WHAT IS LANGUAGE?** - *Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon).* - It i*s a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used by people for communicating* **SPEECH COMMUNITY** - *When people use language, they can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community.* - *They can understand each other because in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language system.* **LANGUAGE ACQUISITION** -- While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition. **MOTHER TONGUE** -- The language acquired while growing up is known as mother tongue, which may also be referred to as first language. **SECOND LANGUAGE** -- People discover later on that other languages are needed for various reasons. These other languages may be referred to as second languages. **LANGUAGE LEARNING** -- People learn these languages by studying formally in school or informally on their own. This is the process of language learning. **WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE VISIT ANOTHER SPEECH COMMUNITY THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THEIR OWN?** - *What happens if you, for example, who speak a mother tongue and English, go to work in China where the residents speak Putonghua (Mandarin) and a little bit of English? Will you be able to communicate with the Chinese?* - *The answer is yes. Though it will be a challenge for you and your Chinese friends to try to understand each other, eventually you will be able to communicate as you slowly learn each other's languages.* **LANGUAGE CONTACT** - *What happening here is called language contact. The result of such contact may be a new form of language.* - *It is possible that in your attempt to communicate with each other, you and your Chinese friend will produce new language form that is understandable to both of you.* - *Your own languages may also change as you constantly interact and communicate with each other. Thus, language change is the result of language contact.* **FIVE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE** 1. **PHONOLOGY** - *The study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages.* - *The sound system of the language*. 2. **MORPHOLOGY** - *The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.* - *It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.* 3. **SYNTAX** - *The arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases*. - T*he study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.* 4. **SEMANTICS** -- The study of meanings in a language. 5. **PRAGMATICS** -- The appropriate use of language in different contexts. **COMMUNICATION** - *The term \"Communication\" is from the Latin word communicare which means \"to share\" or\"* *to be in relation with\". Some suggest that it came from Latin term communicatio which means \"sharing\" or \"imparting\".* - *Communication is the process that involves the exchange and development of ideas to achieve a particular goal and purpose.* - *Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver), various context come into play*. - *Context is the circumstances or the environment where communication take place.* **TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE** 1. **VERBAL COMMUNICATION** -- The *sharing of information between two individuals using words, spoken, written or signed.* **WHY IS VERBAL COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT?** - We use verbal communication to inform. - *Verbal communication helps to clarify misunderstandings and provides missing information.* - *Verbal communication can also be used as a tool of persuasion.* 2. **NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION** - It body language, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and posture. - *Touch is a non-verbal communication that indicates a person's feelings, level of comfort, and illustrates personality characteristics as well.* - *The sound of our voice, including pitch, tone and volume are also forms of non-verbal communication.* **WHY IS NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT?** - *Michael Argyle, in his book "Bodily Communication," identifies five main functions of non-verbal communication.* - T*o express emotions,* - C*ommunicate interpersonal relationships,* - S*upport verbal interaction,* - R*eflect personality;* - P*erform rituals, such as greetings and goodbyes.* - *Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D., in his paper, "The Importance of Effective Communication," details how non-verbal communication interacts with verbal communication. We can,* - R*einforce,* - C*ontradict,* - S*ubstitute,* - C*omplement or emphasize* - our verbal communication with non-verbal cues such as gestures, expressions and vocal inflection. 3. **VISUAL COMMUNICATION** -- The *transmission of information and ideas using visuals*. **TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT** 1. **INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION** - Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. - Talking to oneself, Self-talk or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it: self-verbalization or self-statement. - The speaker and listener are one and the same: you. - Communication process within an individual. 2. **INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION** - Latin prefix inter- means between, among, and together. - An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. - This may occur in dyads or small group, also known as group communication. - A communication situation is interpersonal if it is meant to establish or deepen one's relationship with others. - If the objective is to achieve something at the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional. 3. **EXTENDED COMMUNICATION** - Involves the use of electronic media. - Since it is public in nature, speakers are expected to be prepared when they speak, making their language more formal. - This is probably the most popular form of communication nowadays. It includes all types of technology to send a message to a lot of people. This includes email, twitter, facebook, and instagram. - Unlike before when it only called for the use of television and radio, nowadays the description of extended communication may be expanded as to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing, video conferencing; skype calls and other technological means. - Your own thinking, behaviors and attitude may be influenced by other people and you may be persuaded to take the views you hear. 4. **ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION** - For an organization to be successful, a set of rules should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established. **2 TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES** 1. Formal Structures - It allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions. - It may be Downward, Upward, Horizontal, and Crosswise communication. 2. Informal Structures - It comes from unofficial channels of message flow. - "Grapevine" - Messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. - Occurs due to dissatisfaction of some employees to the superiors. 5. **INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** - Communication between or among people having different: - Language - Religion - Ethnicity - Social status - Professional background - Gender difference also affects communication. - Individuals having different orientations communicate and interpret messages differently (particularly happens in non-verbal communication). **TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE** 1. **FORMAL COMMUNICATION** - It occurs in formal and official style. - Certain rules, conventions, principles and authority lines are needed to be followed in formal communication. - Usually professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences undergo in formal pattern. - In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required. 2. **INFORMAL COMMUNICATION** - It is done using channels that are in contrast with formal communication channels. - It's just a casual talk. - Informal communication helps in building relationships. - In informal communication use of slang words, foul language is not restricted. - Usually, informal communication is done orally and using gestures. **COMMUNICATION MODELS** - Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how communication works -- Businesstopia (2018) - Models show the communication process metaphorically and in symbols. - They form general perspectives on communication by breaking communication from complex to simple and keep the components in order. - Communication models can sometimes encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but can also omit some major aspects of human communication. **ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION** - This is considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. - It is also the most widely accepted among all communication models. - Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. - It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. - The Aristotle's communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. - It is the speaker's role to deliver a speech to the audience. - The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. - The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech. **LASSWELL'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION**  - Harold Dwight Lasswell, the American political scientist states that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questions: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To whom, and With What Effect. - The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) afterwards. - The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the recipient of the message. - This model is similar to Aristotle's in the sense that both are linear and have the same components, Lasswell's also differs in that there are 5 variables involved, with the addition of two: medium and effect. **SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION** - In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist - Both of them joined together to write an article in "Bell System Technical Journal" called "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and also called as "Shannon-Weaver model of communication". - This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. - Also, they find factors which affects the communication process called "Noise". - At first, the model was developed to improve the technical communication. Later it's widely applied in the field of Communication. **CONCEPTS IN SHANNON WEAVER MODEL** 1. **SENDER (INFORMATION SOURCE)** -- Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message. 2. **ENCODER (TRANSMITTER)** -- Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine. 3. **CHANNEL** -- Channel is the medium used to send message. 4. **DECODER (RECEIVER)** -- Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the receiver who translates the message from signals. 5. **RECEIVER (DESTINATION)** -- Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message. 6. **NOISE** -- Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent. **BERLO'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION**  - David K. Berlo, a communication theorist and consultant developed a model named as S-M-C-R Model of communication in 1960 in his book "The process of communication". - SMCR stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver. - However, it was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN. - **S -- Sender** -- The source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver. - **M -- Message** -- The substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. - **C -- Channel** -- The medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being are the channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel. - **R -- Receiver** -- The person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender. **GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION** 1. **KNOW YOUR PURPOSE** -- Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or reason why you communicate. 2. **KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE** -- In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture and other salient features of your listeners or readers. 3. **KNOW YOUR TOPIC** -- Way before you speak, make sure you understand and know what the topic it is that you will be talking about. You need to make sure that you have a lot of information beforehand. 4. **ADJUST YOUR SPEECH TO THE CONTEXT** -- The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use. 5. **WORK ON THE FEEDBACK GIVEN TO YOU** -- Work on the comments of the listeners/readers. Take kindly to criticisms. You should be prepared when someone disagrees and make sure you have a suitable response towards them. **PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION** 1. Be clear with your purpose 2. Be complete with the message you deliver 3. Be concise 4. Be natural with your delivery 5. Be specific and timely with your feedback **PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION** (7 C's) 1. **CLEAR** - Make use of exact, appropriate and concrete words. - Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. - Put a limit in the length of a sentence. - Insert no more than one main idea in a sentence. 2. **CONCISE** - Eliminate wordy Expressions. - Include only relevant material. - Avoid unnecessary Repetition. 3. **CONCRETE** - Use specific facts and figures. - Choose image building words. - Put action in your verbs. 4. **CORRECT** - Use the correct level of language - Include only facts and figures - Maintain acceptable writing mechanics - There should be proper grammar, punctuation, spelling and paragraphing. 5. **COHERENT** - Use the correct level of language - Include only facts and figures - Maintain acceptable writing mechanics - There should be proper grammar, punctuation, spelling and paragraphing. 6. **COMPLETE** - Provide all necessary information. Use the five W and H questions; WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW? 7. **COURTEOUS** - Avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate misinterpretation. - Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. - Use expressions that show respect. - Choose nondiscriminatory expressions. **COMMUNICATION ETHICS** - Rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). - A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group, or an individual. - It emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. - It is important to note that one\'s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness. **TO ACHIEVE ETHICAL COMMUNICATION**: 1. Uphold integrity 2. Respect diverse perspectives and privacy 3. Observe freedom of expression effectively 4. Promote access to communication 5. Be open-minded 6. Develop a sense of accountability **CODE OF ETHICS** - It sets the standards to be observed by a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but also for the organization. - Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive.