PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice Lecture 4 2024 PDF

12/08/2024 PSYU/X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 4: MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY Wayne Warburton 1...

12/08/2024 PSYU/X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 4: MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY Wayne Warburton 1 Macquarie copyright statement This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has This material is provided to you as licence toa use) the intellectual property in this Macquarie University student for your individual research andmaterial. Legal study purposes only.and/or disciplinary actions You cannot share this may bepublicly material taken if this material is shared without the University’s online without permission. Macquarie written permission. University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 2 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 1  12/08/2024 From aggression to aggression in the media Now we extend our knowledge about what the psychology sub-disciplines say about aggression and use it to go deeper - How can we use psychology findings to develop a holistic approach to one well-researched aggression phenomena – media violence effects? Why are media effects important? Saturation for one. 3 How much? Common Sense Media Poll: Average recreational media use per day. (i.e., not including school and homework) Age Media Type Average time per day (h:m) 2015 2019 2021 8-12 Media overall 5:55 8-12 Screen time 4:36 4:44 5:33 High income 3:59 4:21 This material is provided to you as a Low income 5:49 7:32 Macquarie University student for your 13-18 individual research and Media overall study purposes only. 8:56 13-18 Screen You cannot share this material publicly time 6:40 7:22 8:39 online without permission. Macquarie High income 6:49 7:16 University is the copyright owner of (or has Low income 8:32 9:19 licence to use) the intellectual property in 4 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 2  12/08/2024 2024 data for all people, including adults. Kemp, S. (2024). Digital 2024 Global Overview Report, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report Internet users in world 5.35 billion Global average hrs per day using internet 6:40 (6:14 Oz) Ages 16-14: 7:32 (F) 7:07 (M); Ages 25-34: 7:03 (F) 7:13 (M) Combined total internet use mins per year 780 trillion Social media users in world 5.04 billion Global av. hrs/day using social media 2:23 Av. hrs/day teens use top 7 soc med apps 4.8* Global average hours/month Tik Tok 34 hours Glob Av times WhatsApp users open app 930 times month Main reason use internet ‘fill up spare time’ 43% (48% 16-24) * American Psychological Association 2024 Poll: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2024/04/teen-social-use-mental-health Same figure found by Gallup Poll 2023. https://news.gallup.com/poll/512576/teens-spend-average-hours-social-media-per-day.aspx 5 Websites about cats and dogs Dog Sites 9.96 billion Cat sites 8.03 billion Views of Tik Tok posts tagged #dog 575 billion Views This material is provided of Tik to you as a Tok Macquarie University student for your posts tagged #cat individual research and study purposes only. 502 You cannot share this billion material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright Gif: Idil Keysanowner of Foundation, for the Wikimedia (or hasCC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons licence to use) the intellectual property in 6 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 3  12/08/2024 Statistics: How much violence? But it’s not all dogs and cats …….. Huston 1992 estimated by the age of 18 US children have witnessed 200,000 acts of violence and 8,000 murders on TV alone Early 2000s estimates up to 40,000 murders (e.g., Crenshaw & Mordock, 2005; Gullotta et al., 2005) Does not take into account video games and other media & content has become more violent since then What we will look at today is: Does this exposure to virtual violence change human psychology? 7 Psychology research Three streams of psychology research Is there an effect? If so, what are the psychological mechanisms? Remediation This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 8 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 4  12/08/2024 Is there really an effect? Effects of violent media on kids and adults: Does violent media really have an effect? Nearly 60 years of research Over 1,000 empirical papers on media violence Mostly about television and movies until the last 2 decades Is there some sort of consensus? 9 Are researchers evenly split on media violence effects? Arnold Schwarzenegger and Edmund Brown v. Video Software Dealers Association and Entertainment Software Association US Supreme Court: Fines selling VVGs to minors 2 Amicus Curiae (friend of the court) briefs Gruel brief – 13 authors, 102 signees (all scholars) Millett brief – 82 signees - scholars, medical This material is provided to you as a scientists, Macquarie University student industry representatives, owners, agents for your Deana individual research and Pollard study purposes Sacks et al (2011) compared track only. You cannot share this material records publicly of the authors/signees for the 2 briefs online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 10 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 5  12/08/2024 Relative research records of signees Gruel authors Gruel signees vs Millett vs Millett signees signees Media-effects articles 338:1 48:1 in top tier journals Peer-reviewed articles of original 28:1 14:1 research on violence or aggression Articles on violence 18:1 8:1 or aggression 11 The Gruel Statement Anderson, Bartholow, Berkowitz, Brockmeyer, Bushman, Dill, Donnerstein, Gentile, Huesmann, Krahe, Moller, Sakamoto & Warburton (2010) “Both the American Psychological Association (APA, 2005*) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2009) have issued formal statements stating that scientific research on This material is provided to you as a violent Macquarie University student video games clearly shows that such for your games individual research and study are causally purposes only. related to later aggressive behavior You cannot share this material in children and adolescents.” publicly online without permission. Macquarie *APA University is the copyright 2015 owner statement of (or has echoes their earlier statement licence to use) the intellectual property in 12 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 6  12/08/2024 The Gruel Statement Extensive research has been conducted over many years using all three major types of research designs (experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal). Numerous original empirical research studies have been conducted on children and adolescents. Overall, the research data conclude that exposure to violent video games causes an increase in the likelihood of aggressive behavior. 13 The Gruel Statement The effects are both immediate and long term. Violent video games have measurable and statistically significant effects on both males and females. Theoretically important effects of violent video games have been confirmed by many empirical studies. The effects have been replicated by researchers in different settings and in numerous countries. The psychological This material is providedprocesses to you as a underlying such effects are well Macquarie University student for your and include: imitation, understood individual research and study purposes only.learning, priming of cognitive, observational You cannot share this material publiclyand behavioral scripts, physiological emotional online without permission. Macquarie arousal, and emotional desensitization. University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 14 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 7  12/08/2024 The Gruel Statement These are general processes that underlie all types of social behavior, not just aggression and violence; they have been confirmed by countless studies outside of the media violence domain. In addition to causing an increase in the likelihood of aggressive behavior, violent video games have also been found to increase aggressive thinking, aggressive feelings, physiological desensitization to violence, and to decrease pro-social behavior.” (Anderson, Bartholow, Berkowitz, Brockmeyer, Bushman, Dill, Donnerstein, Gentile, Huesmann, Krahe, Moller, Sakamoto & Warburton, 2010) 15 ISRA Media Violence Effects Commission Findings Krahé, B., Berkowitz, L., Brockmeyer, J. H., Bushman, B. J., Coyne, S. M., Dill, K. E., Donnerstein, E., Gentile, D. A., Huesmann, L. R., Kirsch, S. J., Möller, I., & Warburton, W. A. (2012). Report of the Media Violence Commission. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 335-341. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University http://www.israsociety.com/news.html#MVReport student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 16 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 8  12/08/2024 Well researched effects of violent media Both short term and long term effects Increases in aggressive thoughts, feelings and behaviour More fearful Overestimate likelihood of being a victim Age dependent Emotional desensitisation to violence Less concerned about others’ suffering Tolerate increasing levels of violence in the world around them 17 Other effects of violent media Subtle long-term changes to thinking: Hostile attributional bias Increase in normative beliefs approving aggression Aggressive problem solving scripts for behaviour This material is provided to you as a Decreased Macquarie University student for your empathy individual research andDecreased study purposesprosocial You cannot share this material publicly only. behaviour online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 18 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 9  12/08/2024 Anderson Warburton et al 2017 7 nation study (PSPB) 19 HOWEVER: A risk factor approach Violent and fairly aggressive behaviour always has multiple contributing risk factors These may include personality traits, type of family and peer environment, access to weapons, mental health issues etc. These can be balanced by protective factors – caring community, warm parenting, peers etc. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student No one individual research andcause for your factor is necessary or sufficient to study purposes only. BUT violence You cannot share this material publicly Media violence exposure is one risk we can online without permission. Macquarie change University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in 20 this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 10  12/08/2024 Anderson Warburton et al 2017 7 nation study Risk factors for aggression: 1. Peer delinquency 2. Media violence 3. Peer victimisation 4. Neighbourhood crime 5. Gender (being male) 6. Abusive parenting 21 Warburton & Laird, 2024 SIGNIFICANT PREDICTORS OF POST-GAME AGGRESSION Predictor r* p M SD Self-Control -.45