Psychology TB PDF - Maharashtra State Board - Standard Twelve

 The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.1.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21....

 The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.1.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21. Psychology STANDARD TWELVE Download DIKSHA App on your smartphone. If you scan the Q.R. Code on this page of your textbook, you will be able to access full text and the audio-visual study material relevant to each lesson provided as teaching and learning aids. 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. First Edition : © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. 2020 The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Second Reprint : Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, 2022 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. Psychology Illustrations : Smt. Madhura Pendse Subject Committee Cover : Smt. Madhura Pendse Dr. Shirisha Sathe, (Chairman) Dr. Jitendra Pralhad Badgujar Translation Coordination : Smt. Kiran Ravikiran Jadhav Shri Ravikiran Jadhav Smt. Paraginee Killawala Special Officer (Geography) Dr. Anita Patil Dr. Manisha Ramesh Naik Typesetting : DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune Shri. Pritamkumar Chandrakant Bedarkar Dr. Sujeet Dhananjay Kumavat Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove Smt. Ashwini Subhash Bapat Print Order : Shri R. J. Jadhav, Member Secretary Printer : Psychology Study Group Production Shri. Shishir Liladhar Lele Shri Sachchitanand Aphale Smt. Pooja Prakash Prabhavalkar Chief Production Officer Smt. Shilpa Suhas Wagh Shri Prashant Harne Smt. Geeta Kale Production Officer Smt. Anita Ramakant Dabholkar Shri. Anil Yashwant Punwatkar Shri. Shantinath Neminath Mallade Shri. Ramprasad Sukadev Shimpi Shri. Anandrao Shashikant Deshmukh Publisher Smt. Shaikh Nafeesa Begum Ghulam Jilani Shri Vivek Uttam Gosavi Shri. Suresh Brijlal Pardeshi Controller Smt. Sneha Santosh Jadhav Maharashtra State Textbook Shri. Jeevan Dhondiram Joshi Bureau, Prabhadevi, Shri. Lalasaheb Mahadeo Abhang Mumbai - 400 025 NATIONAL ANTHEM  Preface Dear Students, Welcome to the twelfth standard. We are extremely glad to place this Psychology textbook in your hands as you take your steps towards higher secondary education. Psychology is primarily a study of the human mind, brain and behaviour. Whenever a person engages in any act or thought, what exactly happens in his/her brain? In a given situation, why does one individual behave differently from another? How do emotions and thoughts affect human behaviour? What leads to the development of mental illness? What are some of the reasons and remedies behind mental illnesses? These are some of the questions that Psychology tries to answer. Every individual feels the need for guidance, advice at some stage in his/her life. Also the stressful lifestyle of our times creates many problems for us. In these times, a Psychologist or a counsellor or a guide can empower people to deal with these challenges. Currently, the field of Psychology has many different career opportunities. Even if Psychology is classified under social sciences, it comes close to the basic Sciences in many ways. Case studies and surveys are emphasised in Psychology. The counselling process changes with every individual case and the issues concerned. The study of Psychology involves both - theory and practical. Conducting surveys, practical hands-on experience through internships, completing research projects is also a part of studying Psychology. Psychological tests, theories, mental illnesses and remedies, research methodologies are some of the topics to be studied. Since you have been already introduced to this subject this textbook has been designed to provide more clarity about the scope of the field of Psychology. You will be required to complete different activities as part of the course. We urge you to complete these activities with sincerity. They will certainly help you to achieve a deeper understanding of the concepts. The textbook also includes plenty of small tasks. These tasks are designed to stimulate your thought process. Carefully complete all the tasks. Seek help from your teachers, parents and peers whenever necessary. You are of course very well versed with the use of smartphones and computers. You can use QR Code given in the textbook and other resources available online to supplement the textbook. Let us know your feedback about the textbook - especially the parts that you liked the most or the ones you found difficult to understand. Wish you all the best for your future ! (Vivek Gosavi) Pune Director Date: 21 February 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Bhartiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune  Statement of Learning objectives : Psychology Sr. Units Learning Objectives No 1. Psychology : x To acquire knowledge on the history of psychology as a science. A Scientific xTo know about the various research methods and their key features. Discipline xTo understand and explain the major challenges in establishing psychology as a science. x To understand the term Rationality and characteristics of a rational person. 2. Intelligence x To summarise and describe the perspectives on Intelligence and demonstrate an understanding of the History of Measurement of Intelligence. x To categorize the different types of Intelligence tests. x To develop an understanding on the usefulness of Intelligence testing and its application. x To evaluate the New trends in intelligence eg Social, Emotional and Artificial intelligence and apply its importance in daily life. 3. Personality x To illustrate an understanding of the concept of personality. x To assess and describe the various factors affecting personality. x To analyse and explain the various perspectives of studying personality. x To evaluate and explain the various techniques of measuring personality. 4. Cognitive x To analyse the various aspects of attention and formulate own examples for better Processes understanding. x To illustrate an understanding of the phenomenon associated with perception. x To analyse and explain the various stages in the process of problem solving and creative thinking. x To summarise and elaborate the various processes of learning. 5. Emotions xTo understand the historical basis of the theories of emotions. xTo create an awareness of basic emotions with emphasis to the Plutchik’s model. xTo highlight the physiological changes during emotions and the importance of emotional well-being. xTo acquaint students with the various techniques of managing their emotions with reference to anger management and apply the same to their life. 6. Psychological x To understand and evaluate the nature of psychological disorders. Disorders x To illustrate an indepth understanding of the term Mental Wellness and its various aspects. x To classify the various Mental disorders and understand its symptoms as per DSM-5. x To understand the various symptoms for identifying and treating psychological disorders. 7. First Aid in x To sensitize students to mental health issues. Mental Health xTo make students aware of the signs and symptoms of various mental illnesses. x To acquaint students with various first aid techniques for mental health issues xTo increase students awareness about the importance of mental health professional. 8. Positive xTo develop an understanding about positive psychology as an emerging branch of Psychology psychology. xTo relate and understand positive emotions and apply key elements in day to day life. xTo discuss the determinants of happiness and choose to adopt the same to enhance happiness. x To develop an understanding and explain methods to promote empathy, mindfulness meditation and the 7 C’s of Resilience and nurture it in day to day life functioning.  For Teachers Dear Teachers, x We have been given the opportunity to introduce the subject Psychology to the twelfth standard. This text book has been designed to fulfil the following objectives – 1. Students should understand why is Psychology classified as a branch of Science. 2. Students should understand how are matters concerning our daily life studied under this subject. 3. Students should understand the concept of ‘self’, how it applies to them personally and how could it be developed. 4. Students should be able to apply the techniques which they learn in this course in their day-to- day life, for instance mental health first aid techniques and key features of positive psychology- 5. Students should feel motivated to pursue higher education in the field of Psychology and make a career for themselves. To enable us as teachers to achieve the above mentioned objectives, we must keep in mind few important points. x We must ourselves go through and study the entire textbook. x The main aim of the textbook for 11th and 12th standards, is introduction to Psychology. Therefore, the syllabus is divided into four core themes. 1. History and scope of Psychology 2. The concept of self 3. Mental health 4. The Nervous System: structure, function and relevance to everyday life experience. x  The book is so organised that the foundation of these themes is laid in eleventh standard whereas the themes are explored in greater details in twelfth standard. Aforementioned four themes would remain same in both the years. x  Concepts like Attention, Perception, Thinking and Learning have been introduced in this book. Upcoming concepts like Positive Psychology and Mental Health First Aid also have been included in standard 12th book. The Teacher will have to take extra effort and gather indepth knowledge to be able to teach those chapters effectively. The chapter on emotions emphasises more on application which is a vital aspect of learning Psychology but our students are going to appear for 12th board exams so teachers will also have to teach the theories of Emotions in detail. x  The level of difficulty of the text and the suggested activities has been decided after carefully considering the resources accessible to the students and teachers, variation in their experiences and ability to grasp different concepts as well as the resources available to the teachers. Even then, it is possible that some students may find the book too easy whereas others may find it too difficult. Here, the teacher has an important role to play. The teacher needs to facilitate the difficult concepts and provide higher challenges if they are found to be too easy and preliminary. This can be done by referring the students to appropriate resources or setting challenging activities for them to complete. x  There are suggestions of movies or activities or experiments that have been provided in the textbook. The teacher can use them at her discretion and choice. However, it should be ascertained that students have understood the concepts for which the material and method have been suggested in the first place. The teachers should use QR codes given in the textbook whenever possible. The teacher can of course use resources above and beyond those suggested in the textbook. We are all aware of the wide scope of the subject of Psychology. No textbook, however well written can claim to be complete. We all know that a textbook is always just a medium or an instrument towards an end. We hope that you enjoy the teaching-learning process of the subject and students will also find the subject challenging, meaningful and interesting. Best wishes!  Index Sr. No. Chapters Page No. 1. Psychology : A Scientific Discipline......................... 1 2. Intelligence............................................................... 12 3. Personality................................................................ 23 4. Cognitive Processes................................................... 33 5. Emotions.................................................................... 44 6. Psychological Disorders............................................. 62 7. First Aid in Mental Health......................................... 78 8. Positive Psychology................................................... 95 Glossary..................................................................... 109 Reference................................................................... 112  1. Psychology : A Scientific Discipline 1.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Survey method 1.2 Key features of science 1.4.3 Observation method 1.4.4 Case study method 1.3 History of psychology as a 1.4.5. Correlation studies science 1.5 Challenges in establishing 1.4 Research methods in psychology psychology as a science 1.4.1 Experimental method 1.6 Importance of rationality Learning objectives : 1. To understand the key features of science and explain. 2. To acquire knowledge on the history of psychology as a science. 3. To know about the various research methods, their key features and apply the same knowledge in future. 4. To understand and explain the major challenges in establishing psychology as a science. 5. To understand the term Rationality and characteristics of a rational person and explain its application in day to day life. Activity 1 Read the following statements 4. Psychology is related only to the study of Think and discuss whether the given crazy people who are in need of therapy. statements are facts or myths and 5. Psychologists, psychiatrists and misconceptions about psychology : counsellors have the same professional 1. Psychology is just common sense and not qualifications and their jobs are almost a real science. of the same nature. 2. Psychology is simply a pseudoscience. 6. Anyone with a degree in psychology can 3. Psychologists are simply mind readers or provide counselling to a needy person. the face readers. 1 1.1 Introduction : direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable We live in an age of science. Almost every evidence so that other investigators can sphere of our life is influenced by sciences. observe or measure the same phenomena Since the evolution of Homo sapiens as a and verify its accuracy in future. species, the survival instinct of humankind has 2. Objectivity : Science objectively studies led humans to explore the world around them, the phenomenon under consideration. which gradually led to the development of Objectivity means the ability to see and various sciences. accept the facts as they are and not as the investigator might wish them to be. Today, sciences are broadly classified into Objectivity means that all sources of three basic groups viz. the physical sciences biases, prejudices, beliefs, wishes, values, (physics, chemistry, geology, etc.), the preferences, etc. are set aside while biological sciences (zoology, botany, investigating a particular phenomenon. physiology, etc.) and the social sciences (psychology, sociology, economics, etc.) 3. Scientific causality : Science aims at finding out the cause-effect relationship Some people question whether, Psychology between variables under consideration. In really is a science or not? To answer this a scientific study, a researcher tries to question, you first need to know the answers to control all extraneous variables in order to two questions viz. What is science? and What is find out the effect of the independent psychology? variable (cause) on the dependent variable (effect). This chapter aims at answering these two 4. Systematic exploration : Science adopts a complex questions by providing insights into certain sequential procedure for studying a the topics like key features of science, history of particular phenomenon. Sequential psychology as a science, the research methods procedure includes few scientific steps like in psychology, challenges in establishing identifying the problem, formulation of psychology as a science and the importance of hypothesis, collection of facts, analysis of rationality. facts, scientific generalization and 1.2 Key features of science : prediction. The word science is derived from the Latin 5. Replication : Replication means word ‘Scientia’ which means knowledge. reproducibility of scientific knowledge Science is the pursuit and application of under the same circumstances stated knowledge and understanding of the natural anywhere and anytime. Replication assures and social world following a systematic the reliability of results and it enables in methodology based on evidences. The following establishing a scientific theory. are some of the key features of science: 6. Predictability : Predictability is an 1. Empirical evidence : Science is an important feature of science. Scientists do evidence-based approach to study and not merely describe the phenomena being interpret information. Empirical evidence studied, but also attempt to explain it and refers to acquiring information through make predictions accordingly. 2  event is considered as the official start of Activity 2 psychology as a separate scientific Read the following statements and discipline. discuss about the same in the classroom : 3. Emergence of structuralism : 1. Psychology is a science because it fulfills Structuralism is widely regarded as the many conditions of science. first school of thought in psychology. 2. Psychology is not an exact science like Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward B. physics or chemistry. Titchener advocated Structuralism. Wilhelm Wundt used the method of 3. Psychology is a social science that studies introspection to study the conscious human (and animal) behavior and mental experiences like sensation, perception, etc. processes. 4. Emergence of Functionalism : 4. Psychology uses some objective research Functionalism was advocated by William methods, it examines cause-and-effect James. He is known as the father of relationships to produce laws governing 'American Psychology'. He emphasized on human behavior and its findings can be the study of human consciousness. verified. 5. Emergence of Psychoanalysis : In contrast 5. Psychology can be distinguished from to the early schools of thoughts, an Austrian pseudoscience and folk wisdom as physician named Sigmund Freud proposed psychology has evidence against its a theory of Psychoanalysis in early 1890s. theories. He gave importance to the study of the 6. The subject matter of psychology is unconscious mind. complex as human behavior is dynamic 6. Emergence of Behaviourism : During the and the mental processes are abstract. early 20th century, an American Therefore, the theories of psychology are psychologist named John B. Watson not as universal, exact and precise as advocated a new school of thought known those in physics and chemistry. as Behaviorism. Behaviourism rejected both the study of conscious experiences 1.3 History of psychology as a science : and unconscious mind and made 1. Psychology begins as a branch of psychology a more scientific discipline by Philosophy : The origin of psychology focusing on the study of observable dates back to the Ancient Greeks. behaviours. Psychology did not emerge directly as a 7. Emergence of Humanistic Psychology : science. Psychology was a branch of The first half of the 20th century was philosophy until the 1870s. dominated by Psychoanalysis and 2. Psychology emerges as a separate Behaviourism. During the second half of discipline in 1879 : Wilhelm Wundt, a the 20th century, Carl Rogers, an American German psychologist established the psychologist advocated the new perspective world’s first psychology laboratory in 1879 known as Humanistic Psychology. In in Germany at University of Leipzig. This contrast to the study of unconsciousness 3  advocated by psychoanalysis and Activity 4 determinism advocated by behaviourism, Learn the Key Terms of experimental humanistic psychology stressed upon the method with the help of given example : study of power of free will, self – determination and self actualization. 1. Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure. 8. Emergence of Cognitivism: During the 1950s and 1960s, Psychoanalysis and 2. Hypothesis: The music will help in Behaviourism were replaced by the new regulating the level of blood pressure. perspective known as Cognitivism. 3. Independent variable: Music. American psychologist named Ulric 4. Dependent variable: Level of blood Neisser is generally considered as the pressure. founder of Cognitivism. Researchers in 5. Intervening variables: Age, gender, all Cognitive Psychology study higher other sounds other than music, etc. cognitive processes like memory, decision- making, problem-solving, intelligence, 6. Experimenter : A person who will be language, etc. with the tools like MRI and conducting this experiment. (May be you PET scans. or your psychology teacher.) 7. Participant : A person on whom this Activity 3 experiment will be conducted. (May be Visit the website given below and collect your family member/ friend.) information about various schools of thought of psychology : https://www. Some of the important features of experimental method can be explained as verywellmind.com/psychology-schools- follows : of-thought-2795247 1. Experimental method is one of the most 1.4 : Research methods in psychology : objective method of collecting data. 1.4.1 Experimental method : 2. It enables accurate observations in Experimental method is one of the most controlled conditions. scientific method of studying behavior. It is the 3. Experimental method helps in finding out method which has assigned the status of science the cause and effect relationship between to psychology. In experimental method, the two or more variables. experimenter conducts experiments using 4. The findings of the experimental method following steps : are verifiable. 1. Identifying problem 2, Developing hypothesis Do you know ? 3. Selecting an experimental design and Certain aspects of human behaviours standardizing the experimental procedure cannot be studied by the experimental 4. Conducting experiment and collecting method due to ethical constraints and data. some risk factors involved. 5. Analyzing data 6. Drawing conclusions. 4  preferences, etc. Survey method makes use of Activity 5 questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, Find out the Independent Variable and inventories, interviews etc. to collect the Dependent Variable from the experiment required information. The Survey method is ideas given below : largely used by social psychologists, educational (1) To study the effect of practice on memory. psychologists, industrial psychologists etc. (2) To study the effect of mental set on Survey method is an economic and an efficient problem solving. method of data collection. Surveys can be undertaken using email, telephonic calls or (3) To study the effect of noise pollution on direct interaction with respondents. the speed of writing. (4) To study the effect of colour on perception. (5) To study the effect of feedback on decision making. Activity 6 Conduct the following experiment and find out whether the color of text has any impact on memory: 1. Randomly assign participants to two groups. (See to it that age, gender, cultural background, etc. of all Specimen of a questionnaire used participants is same.) in survey method 2. Ask one group to read a list of 20 words Activity 7 written in black ink for 5 minutes. Discuss about the following topics which 3. Ask the second group to read a list of the can be studied using survey method : same 20 words for the same amount of 1. Determinants of job satisfaction time, but instead written in green ink. 2. The problems of working women 4. After 5 minutes, ask participants from both the group to write down as many 3. Exercise and physical health words as they can recall on a plain paper. 4. Causes of students absenteeism 5. Compare the recall scores and conclude. 5. Causes of alcoholism 6. Addiction to virtual online games. 1.4. 2 Survey method : 7. Social networking and cyber-crimes A survey is defined as a research method used for collecting data from a pre-defined 8. Problems faced by senior citizens group of respondents (sample) to gain information and insights on various topics of interest such as political opinion, consumers’ 5  1.4.3 Observation method: as a scientific method as it provides rich Observation method is a research method descriptive information often suggesting which is very useful in the areas where hypotheses for further studies. experiments cannot be conducted. It is a method In case study method, a researcher collects in which behaviour is observed in a natural or information about a particular individual (case) laboratory setting. Observation carried out in a from multiple sources such as parents, family natural setting is called natural observation and members, peers, teachers, colleagues, etc. to observation carried out in a laboratory setting is assess the individual’s current level of called controlled observation. psychological functioning. A researcher while Observation method is widely used by child using case study method may use several psychologists, clinical psychologist, social techniques like observation, interview, psychologists, etc. Observation method can be psychological tests, etc. to collect information treated as a scientific method and will be about a particular individual. beneficial when it is used with the specific purpose of the research and planned in a Activity 9 systematic way. Read the following well known Activity 8 classical case Discuss about the following topics which The Case of “Anna O.” can be studied using observation method: (1) Aggressive tendencies shown “Anna O” (Real name : Bertha by teenagers. Pappenheim) was suffering from a variety (2) Reactions of passengers stuck in of odd physical and psychological heavy traffic. symptoms. One of them was that for several (3) Body language of students weeks she was unable to drink any fluids. participating in the elocution competition. "Anna O" would pick up the glass of (4) Civic sense shown at public places. water, but as soon as it touched her lips she (5) Student’s behaviour at the book would push it away like someone suffering exhibition. from hydrophobia. "Anna O" lived only on fruit, such as melons, etc., so as to lessen 1.4.4 Case study method : her tormenting thirst. Case study is one of the qualitative research methods used in psychology. This method is During hypnosis, “Anna O” grumbled mostly used by clinical psychologists. Sigmund about her English “lady-companion,” Freud and Jean Piaget were the two important whom she did not care for, and went on to figures to use case study method widely. Case describe, with every sign of disgust, how study is an in-depth look at an individual, group she had once gone into this lady’s room and or a particular event. Case study can be treated how her little dog had drunk out of a glass 6  1.4.5 Correlation studies : there. During hypnosis “Anna O” asked for There are certain scientific studies which something to drink, drank a large quantity make use of correlation as a statistical tool to of water without any difficulty and awoke understand the relation among variables. Such from her hypnosis with the glass at her lips; studies are called correlational studies. Correlation is a statistical tool used to and thereupon the disturbance (inability to measure the relationship between two or more drink water) vanished, never to return. variables. If the change in one variable appears Freud’s interpretation was that “Anna to be accompanied by a change in the other variable, the two variables are said to be O” had repressed the memory of incident correlated and this interdependence is called (dog had drunk out of a glass) along with correlation. the emotion that it triggered and that this The extent of correlation between two was what had caused her inability to drink. variables is measured by correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is always a number Furthermore, during hypnosis, “Anna O's" between –1.00 to +1.00 The sign (+ or –) of a recollection of the incident, along with her correlation coefficient indicates the direction of expression of the emotion she had repressed, the relationship between the variables. caused the symptom to go away. There are three types of correlation : 1. A positive correlation : When both The case of "Anna variables either increase or decrease at the O" played a same time, they are said to have a positive remarkable role in correlation between them. In case of the establishment positive correlation, the value of correlation and development is found between 0.00 and +1.00 For Sigmund Freud of psychoanalysis example, The amount of rehearsal and by Sigmund Freud. recall score. 2. A negative correlation : When an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other and vice versa, they are said to Activity 10 have a negative correlation between them. Discuss about the following topics which In case of a negative correlation, the value can be studied using case history method: of correlation is found between 0.00 to -1.00 For example, amount of exercise 1. A patient suffering from phobia and level of body fats. 2. A student suffering from dyslexia 3. A zero correlation : When any change in one variable brings no significant change 3. A farmer who attempted suicide in other variable, they are said to have a 4. A successful young entrepreneur zero correlation. In case of zero correlation, 5. Gold medallist athlete the value of correlation coefficient is found to be 0. For example, height and intelligence. 7  Activity 11 such as physics and chemistry, psychology is younger and a social science. Though Remember the information given in the psychology is considered as a science, following table : according to philosopher named Thomas Type of Variable Variable Kuhn, psychology is still in a pre- correlation ‘X’ ‘Y’ paradigmatic state. Psychology has not succeeded yet in Positive Rises Rises producing a cumulative body of knowledge correlation Falls Falls that has a clear conceptual core that is consequently agreed upon by experts in Negative Rises Falls psychology. correlation 2. Issues related to objectivity and validity: Falls Rises Some areas of psychology such as Zero Rises No personality, leadership, creativity, significant correlation change emotions, attitudes, etc. rely on "soft" Falls research methods such as surveys and questionnaires, etc. Methods such as Activity 12 introspection and psychoanalysis are Discuss about the following topics that inherently subjective. Therefore, psychology can be studied using correlation study to some extent falls short on the criteria of method : objectivity and validity. (1) Bunking lectures and score in exams 3. Issues related to predictability and replicability : A major goal of psychology (2) Weight and intelligence is to predict behaviour by understanding its (3) Amount of salary and level of job causes. In psychology, making exact satisfaction predictions is difficult as people respond (4) Rehearsal and forgetting differently in different situations. Human (5) Height and aptitude in music behaviour is more difficult to study than (6) Urbanization and pollution particles and chemical compounds. (7) Speed of vehicles and road accidents Therefore, the test results in psychology are more varied, harder to control and 1.5 Challenges in establishing psychology as difficult to replicate. a science : 4. Objectifying humans : Some existential Although psychology is considered to be a and humanistic psychologists from within scientific discipline, it has many controversies. the field criticizes that, by subjecting the Controversies and criticisms of psychology human behaviour to experimentation, have been made on theoretical, practical, ethical psychologists objectify persons. Since it and philosophical grounds. The following treats human beings as things, as objects controversies and criticisms are the challenges that can be examined by experiments, in establishing psychology as a science : psychology is sometimes portrayed as 1. Psychology in pre-paradigmatic state : dehumanizing what is most essential about In contrast to mature and natural sciences being human. 8 1.6 Importance of rationality : 1. Understanding self-interest and social Being a science, psychology tries to interest : ‘Safeguard your self-interest and establish laws that govern human behavior, at know others interest’ is almost like a slogan the same time it accepts the fact that human of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy. behavior is dynamic and complex. Some of our Rational people understand what is self- behaviors are commonly seen in others at the promoting and what helps them to grow same time some of our behaviors are exclusive. and they take responsibility of making Attaining happiness is man’s greatest aim those choices but at the same time take in life. While achieving this aim, every care of not violating other person’s rights individual feels, thinks and acts exclusively. and aid in survival of the society in which But while being happy one should see to it that they live. one’s emotions, thoughts and acts do not get 2. Self-direction : Rational people assume driven by irrational influences and one should primary responsibility for their own lives not compromise on social norms, values and rather than demanding or needing excessive ethics for being happy. Here the aspect of support or nurturance from others. rationality comes in picture in psychology. 3. Tolerance : Rational people are highly Sciences are appreciated by society when tolerant. Tolerance is the willingness to application of scientific knowledge improves the quality of life. Like other sciences, accept behavior and beliefs of others that psychology too helps in improving the quality are different from one's own. Similarly, of life by applying the concept of rationality in rational people accept one’s own and day to day life. others’ right to be wrong. Stanovich and his colleagues while talking 4. Flexibility : Rational people are found to about rationality stated that, “Rationality be healthy individuals. Rational people involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement tend to be flexible, unbiased in their and good decision making.” thoughts and actions. Sternberg and his colleagues while talking 5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility : about intelligence suggested that Practical Rational people accept themselves Intelligence can be defined as “the ability to unconditionally rather than rating or perform successfully in naturalistic settings in a proving themselves and also accept way that is consistent with one’s goal.” responsibility for their own thoughts, Dr. Albert Ellis who proposed Rational beliefs, feelings and behavior. Emotive Behavioral Therapy (one of the According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality effective and popular method of intervention in as a personal philosophy helps an individual to the field of counselling psychology) has given attain many goals in life and to be happy. For values of rational living. He also says that rational people are psychologically healthy being happy a person must BE RATIONAL. people and they possess certain characteristics. This concept is explained with the help of the Some of them are given ahead : following table : 9  B (Balance) Balance between self-interest and interest of others E (Estimate) Estimate the time, efforts, gains and losses R (Respect) Respect oneself and others A (Affiliate) Affiliate with others T (Tolerate) Tolerate oneself and others I (Intergrate) Integrate personal wellbeing with social wellbeing O (Optimize) Optimize potential fully N (Navigate) Navigate path of success A (Accept) Accept the limitations and overcome them L (Live) Live life fully Summary x Empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific discipline. scientific causality, systematic x Experimental method, survey exploration, replication and method, observation method, case predictability are some of the key study method, correlation studies, features of science. etc. are some of the research x Psychology is considered as a methods of psychology. science as it fulfils many x Pre-paradigmatic stage of conditions of science. Psychology psychology, issues related to is a social science that studies objectivity, validity, predictability, behaviour and mental processes. replicability and ethical x Wilhelm Wundt, opened the controversies are the challenges in world’s first psychology establishing psychology as a laboratory in 1879 in Germany at science. University of Leipzig. This event x Psychology helps in improving the is considered as the official start quality of life by applying rationality of psychology as a separate in day to day life. Important Concepts x Replicability x Participant x Independent Variable x Interview x Dependent Variable x Correlation coefficient 10  Important Psychologists x William James : William James x Edward B. Titchener : Edward was the first educator to offer a Titchener was a student of psychology course in the United Wilhelm Wundt. He belongs to States, earning him the title 'Father Structuralism school of thought of of American Psychology.' He is psychology. considered as the founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology. Exercises Q.1. Choose the correct option and Complete laboratory established? the following statements : (2) Who is considered as the 'Father of (1) Till 1879, psychology was a branch of …... American Psychology'? a. physics b. philosophy (3) What is meant by an experimenter? c. physiology Q.5. Define the following concepts : (2) Psychology is a ….............. science. (1) Replicability a. natural b. social c. biological (2) Correlation coefficient (3) ….........is considered as founder of Q.6. Write short notes on the following : Psychoanalysis. (1) Observation method a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Carl Rogers (2) Survey method c. Sigmund Freud (3) Case study method Q.2. Match the Pairs : (4) Importance of rationality Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ Q.7. Answer the following questions in detail: 1. Structuralism a. John Watson (1) Write detailed information of the 2. Functionalism b. Carl Rogers experimental method in psychology. 3. Behaviourism c. Ulric Neisser (2) Explain some of the challenges in 4. Cognitivism d. William James establishing psychology as a science. e. Wilhelm Wundt (3) Explain some of the characteristics of Q.3. State whether the following statements a rational individual. are true or false : (4) Explain the types of correlation. (1) Psychology is a study of mental processes. (5) Explain the key features of science. (2) Case study method is quite often used by Q.8. How Rational Am I ? clinical psychologists. (1) Identify the strongest and the weakest (3) An experimenter is a person on whom the characteristics in you from those experiment is conducted. explained by Dr. Albert Ellis. Q.4. Answer the following in one sentence (2) How will you work on your weakest each : characteristic? Write two strategies. (1) In which year was the first psychology 11  2. Intelligence 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Types of intelligence tests 2.2 Perspectives on intelligence 2.5 Applications of intelligence testing 2.3 Measurement of intelligence in various areas 2.3.1 History of measurement 2.6 New trends in Intelligence of intelligence 2.6.1 Social Intelligence 2.3.2 Concepts related to 2.6.2 Emotional Intelligence measurement of intelligence 2.6.3 Artificial Intelligence Learning objectives : 1. To summarise and describe the perspectives on intelligence. 2. To demonstrate an understanding of the History of Measurement of Intelligence and various concepts related to it. 3. To categorize the different types of intelligence tests and analyse their characteristics and advantages. 4. To develop an understanding on the usefulness of intelligence testing and its application in diverse fields. 5. To evaluate the new trends in intelligence eg Social, Emotional and Artificial intelligence and apply its importance in daily life. 2.1 Introduction : have achieved new horizons of progress by If you are asked to choose only one of the using the gift of intelligence. three options viz. (1) Lot of money (2) Good Activity 1 looks and (3) Intelligence, which one will you Read the following sentences and decide choose? Why? whether the given sentences are the facts Probably majority of you will choose or just beliefs about intelligence : intelligence, as intelligence is essential for 1. Intelligence is something that is inborn. getting success in examinations, participating in various competitions, taking decisions, 2. Students who are intelligent can get good getting job and money and so on. Now, let us marks in examinations. see what psychologists say about this attribute 3. Students who do not get good marks in of human beings. examinations are less intelligent. Intelligence is a unique and the highest 4. People who are intelligent are very smart. attribute of human species because of which, 5. Intelligent people can impress anyone by human is proved to be supreme today. Humans their talk. 12  By reading the sentences given in the above box, you must have started thinking about the x E. L. Thorndike : E. L. Thorndike put nature of intelligence. What intelligence is in forth three independent abilities that can reality is unveiled in this chapter. Intelligence be called intelligence. These abilities means a capacity to understand the world, think are (1) Abstract intelligence (2) Social rationally, and use available resources intelligence and (3) Concrete intelligence. effectively when faced with challenges. x Louis Thurstone : Louis Thurstone Different psychologists have defined proposed seven primary abilities, each intelligence in different ways depending upon independent of the other that can be called their perspectives. Some of the definitions of intelligence. These seven primary abilities intelligence are as follows : are (1) Verbal comprehension (2) Word 1. According to Lewis Terman, ‘An ability to fluency (3) Number facility (4) Spatial think on an abstract level is called visualization (5) Associative memory (6) Intelligence.’ Perceptual speed and (7) Reasoning. Louis 2. According to David Wechsler, ‘Intelligence Thurstone also devised the test to measure is the aggregate or global capacity of an these abilities. individual to act purposefully, to think x Charles Spearman : In 1927, Charles rationally, and to deal effectively with his Spearman with the help of statistical environment.’ method called factor analysis separated 2.2 Perspectives on intelligence : and identified two different factors of intelligence viz. (1) General factor (g) and Many psychologists believe that (2) Specific factor (s). According to him, intelligence is a single, global ability. On the General factor is the minimum competence other hand, many other psychologists believe required to carry out daily work. Whereas that intelligence encompasses several different specific factor includes abilities which abilities. These two main perspectives on are required to solve problems in specific intelligence are as follows : areas. 1. Intelligence as a single, general ability : Psychologists who believe in the unitary x Raymond Cattell and John Horn : notion of intelligence explain that only the Raymond Cattell with his student John functions of intelligence take different Horn proposed a theory of intelligence forms but basically it is the same ability. explaining two types of intelligence viz. Alfred Binet, Lewis Terman, David (1) Fluid intelligence and (2) Crystallized Wechsler believed that intelligence is a intelligence. According to them, fluid single entity. intelligence is dependent on neurological development and it is relatively free from 2. Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities : the influences of learning and experiences. Psychologists like E. L. Thorndike, Louis Thurstone, Charles Spearman, etc. came However, crystallized intelligence is up with the notion that multiple abilities not dependent on one’s neurological are involved in intelligence. This development and it is a function of perspective on intelligence is explained in one’s educational attainment, acquired the following table : experiences and stock of knowledge. 13  In the beginning of the 20th Century, the x Howard Gardner : Howard Gardner school authorities in Paris were keenly interested in his theory of multiple intelligence in knowing the reasons for repeated failure of asserted that there are nine independent certain students in the examination as no types of intelligence that grow and medical reason or any environment factor was develop differently in different people, found to be associated with their failure. The depending upon the individuals result was the Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale. heredity characteristics or environmental In collaboration with Theodore Simon, French experiences. These nine types of Psychologist, Alfred Binet published the first intelligences are (1) Linguistic intelligence scale of intelligence in 1905. So Alfred Binet is (2) Logical-mathematical intelligence considered as the ‘Father of Intelligence Test’. (3) Spatial intelligence (4) Musical Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale consists of intelligence (5) Bodily-kinesthetic several components such as logical reasoning, intelligence (6) Interpersonal intelligence finding rhyming words and naming objects. and (7) Intra-personal intelligence (8) This scale was revised in 1908 and again in Naturalistic intelligence and (9) Existential 1911. intelligence. Lewis Terman from Stanford University 2.3 Measurement of intelligence : revised the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale in 2.3.1 History of measurement of intelligence : 1916. He adapted few items, added other items, Paul Broca and Sir Francis Galton were established new age norms and extended the among the first scientists to think about upper age limit of the scale. This revised test measuring intelligence. In mid 1880s, Sir was known as Stanford Binet Test. This test Francis Galton administered a battery of tests was revised in 1937, 1960, 1972, 1986 and measuring variables such as head size, reaction 2004. time, visual accuracy, auditory threshold, The first World War began in 1914. Later breathing capacity, etc. He thought he could on in 1917, Robert Yerks with the help of his determine intelligence by measuring the size of colleagues prepared Army Alpha and Army the human skull. He assumed that the larger the Beta intelligence tests. These intelligence tests skull, the smarter the person. But Sir Francis were used while recruiting soldiers in the army. Galton’s test did not prove very useful for the In the Post First World War period the measurement of intelligence. importance of intelligence testing increased. In In the early 1890s, Raymond Cattell, an 1939, during the Second World War, again assistant in Sir Francis Galton’s laboratory, while recruiting soldiers in the army, an established similar laboratories in the United intelligence test named Army General States. During this time, Raymond Cattell used Classification Test was used on a large scale. the term ‘mental test’ for the first time in the David Wechsler, in 1939, published the psychological literature. Raymond Cattell Wechsler- Bellevue Intelligence Scale. This shared Sir Francis Galton’s view that intelligence scale was revised in 1955 and was renamed as is best measured through sensory tasks, but Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). expanded his mentor’s ideas by emphasizing WAIS is a test designed to measure intelligence that test administration must be standardized so of adults and older adolescents. The fourth that results are comparable from person to edition of this test (WAIS-IV) was released in person and from time to time. 14 2008 by Karl Pearson. David Wechsler also Chronological Age (C.A.). Stern computed developed an intelligence test to measure the I.Q. by the formula. Later, Terman refined intelligence of children. This test is known as the formula of I.Q. by multiplying the ratio Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children of M.A. and C.A. by 100. This formula is (WISC). as follows : Besides these tests, many other (Mental Age (M.A.) psychologists have developed various Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) = X 100 (Chronological Age (C.A.) intelligence tests. The number of intelligence tests and applications of intelligence testing are The concept of I.Q. is explained with the help increasing day by day. of the following examples : 2.3.2 Concepts related to measurement of Rela- intelligence : tion Chrono- Mental between 1. Mental Age : The concept of mental age Age logical Intelligent Indi- Age mental Quotient was introduced by Alfred Binet. He vidual (in age and (in (I.Q.) assumed that mental development need not years) chrono- years) logical correspond to chronological age. He age devised a test comprising of items specified M.A. is for different age group levels and measured 120 greater Esha 12 10 (Above mental age of various people. Mental age than Average) can be defined as the age at which C.A. individual performs successfully on all M.A. is 100 items on the test prepared for that age. The Ankit 10 10 equal to C.A. (Average) concept of mental age is explained with the help of the following examples : M.A. 80 is less Rajesh 08 10 (Below than The age at Average) C.A. which individ- Mental Chrono- Age ual performed Individ- logical successfully on (in ual Age (in Activity 2 all items on the years) years) test prepared for Read the following examples. Using the that age formula, calculate the I.Q. of the following Esha 10 12 12 students : Ankit 10 10 10 1. Aabha is a genius girl. Her chronological age is 8 years and her mental age is 14 Rajesh 10 08 08 years. Find out her I.Q. 2. Mayur has learning disabilities. His 2. Intelligence Quotient : The concept of chronological age is 8 years and his Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) was introduced mental age is 6 years. Find out his I.Q. by German psychologist William Stern in 1912 as a ratio of Mental Age (M.A.) to 15 2.4 Types of intelligence tests : Activity 3 Today psychologists use a variety of intelligence Make a chart listing the advantages and tests to measure intelligence. All these tests are disadvantages of individual tests of classified into the following main categories: intelligence Types of 2. Group tests of intelligence : Intelligence Tests Intelligence tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time are called Based on Based on group tests of intelligence. Group tests of methods of material administration used intelligence were devised to recruit large number of soldiers in the army during the First World War. Group tests are useful mainly for mass Individual Group Verbal Non-Verbal testing. Army Alpha Test , Army General Tests of Tests of Tests of Tests of Classification Test, Raven’s Standard Intelligence Intelligence Intelligence Intelligence Progressive Matrices, etc. are some of the 1. Individual tests of intelligence : examples of group tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests that can be administered Advantages of group tests of intelligence : to a single individual at a time are called 1. Group tests are less time consuming and individual tests of intelligence. Binet’s Scale of economical. Intelligence, Wechsler Scale of Intelligence, Dr. Bhatia’s Performance Test of Intelligence, 2. In administrating group tests, the role of Arthur Point Scale, Koh’s Block Design, etc. the examiner is minimal. So he need not go are some of the examples of individual tests of through any specialized training. intelligence. Disadvantages of group tests of intelligence: Advantages of individual tests of intelligence: 1. The test administrator has much less 1. The test administrator can establish a opportunity to establish rapport, obtain co- rapport with a client. operation and maintain interest of the 2. The test administrator can get additional clients. information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing. 2. Compared to individual tests, group tests 3. Individual tests are more capable of are less capable of measuring creative measuring creative thinking, compared to aspect of intelligence. group test. Activity 4 Disadvantages of individual tests of intelligence: Make a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of group tests of intelligence 1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer. 3. Verbal tests of intelligence : 2. Individual tests require a trained and Intelligence tests that use language (words skillful examiner to administer, score and or numbers) for measuring intelligence are interpret them. called verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests 16 subjects are required to respond verbally to test Block Building test, Dr. Bhatia’s Non-Verbal items. Army Alpha Test, Wechsler’s Adult Test of Intelligence, etc. are some of the Intelligence Scale (WAIS), etc. are some of the examples of performance tests of non-verbal examples of verbal tests of intelligence. tests of intelligence. Raven’s Standard Advantages of verbal tests of intelligence : Progressive Matrices, Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices, etc. are some of the 1. Verbal tests of intelligence are useful to measure higher mental abilities. examples of paper pencil tests of non-verbal tests of intelligence. 2. Verbal tests of intelligence are useful to differentiate between people having Advantages of non-verbal tests of intelligence: average intelligence and people having 1. Non-verbal tests can be given to people above average intelligence. having different linguistic background, Disadvantages of verbal tests of intelligence: illiterate people and small children. 1. These tests cannot be given to people Performance tests are especially useful to having different linguistic background, measure intelligence of differently abled illiterate people and small children. people. 2. These tests are culture bound and 2. These tests are culture free and therefore therefore cannot be used in other cultures. can be used in other cultures. Disadvantages of non-verbal tests of Activity 5 intelligence: Study the specimen of verbal test of 1. Non-verbal tests of intelligence are less intelligence given below: suitable to measure higher and subtle Verbal test of intelligence mental abilities. Choose the correct option : 2. Non-verbal tests of intelligence are less (1) Shoe – Foot : : Hat - …………… suitable to differentiate between people (i) Kitten (ii) Head (iii) Knife having average intelligence and people (2) Eye – Head : : Window - ………... having above average intelligence (i) Key (ii) Floor (iii) Room Specimen of performance tests of 4. Non-verbal test of intelligence : intelligence Intelligence tests that use pictures, designs, material objects, etc. to measure intelligence are called non-verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests language is not used to measure intelligence. In these tests subjects are not required to respond verbally to test items. Non-verbal tests are of two types viz. (1) Performance tests and (2) Paper-pencil tests. Koh’s Block Design Test, Alexander’s Pass-along test, Merril Palmer 17  facilities to their children and to have Specimen of paper-pencil test of intelligence realistic expectations from their children. 4. Career counselling : Intelligence tests helps students to select the right educational course which is suitable to their intellectual capacities. This helps in reducing the problems of failure, waste of time and money, etc. and increase the possibilities of being successful. 5. Vocational counselling : Intelligence tests 2.5 Applications of intelligence testing in help people to choose the suitable vocation various areas : for themselves. This helps in reducing the Measurement of intelligence began with problems of absenteeism, job the need of knowing individual differences. dissatisfaction, etc. and increases the Today, intelligence testing has its applications possibilities of living a satisfied and happy in diverse fields such as educational institutes, life. child guidance centres, industries, recruitment 2.6 New trends in intelligence : (Social centres, diagnostic clinics etc. Following are Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and some of the areas, where intelligence testing Artificial Intelligence) proves helpful. 1. Effective schooling : The intelligence tests 2.6.1 : Social intelligence : enable teachers and other authorities to Activity 6 identify the educationally backward Read the following examples : students and solve their problems. On the basis of periodic test scores, teachers are 1. Chetan, a very intelligent adult, fails to able to classify pupils into different cope up with the simple challenges in life. intellectual categories, to help them by He feels very lonely. His relations with devising special instructional programs parents, wife and colleagues are suited to their mental development and extremely problematic. thereby enhancing the process of their 2. Sagar, a bank manager has good relations development to the adequate normal level. with others. But, sometimes he becomes 2. Mental health aiding : Intelligence tests angry without reason and talks rudely to enables clinicians to measure the his subordinates. intellectual levels of their clients. 3. Anil, a young entrepreneur, got very less Intelligence tests are helpful to clinicians marks in his degree examination. for diagnostic purposes, prognosis and However, by his hard work, excellent deciding the therapeutic or rehabilitative communication skills and ability to programs. maintain friendly relations with all, he 3. Effective parenting : Intelligence tests has become successful in his business help parents to know the intellectual and is living his life very happily. capacities of their children. IQ scores help By reading the examples given in the above parents in providing relevant educational box, you must have started thinking about the 18 nature of social intelligence. Many a times we The following are some of the characteristics see people who are less qualified, or who did of people having high social intelligence : not do well in school are quite successful, happy (1) They are good at understanding and and popular in their lives. Thus, it is not merely interacting with other people. the cognitive abilities but some other factors (2) They have ability to monitor their verbal that determine the success and social intelligence and non-verbal expressions while is one of those factors. communicating with others. E.L. Thorndike, a psychologist from (3) They are good speakers and good listeners. Columbia University proposed the term social (4) They are skilled at assessing the emotions, intelligence for the first time in 1920. Howard motivations, desires, and intentions of Gardner included ‘inter personal intelligence’ those around them. in his multiple intelligence theory. According to (5) They understand social dynamics in an Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability effective way. to get along well with others, and to get them to cooperate with oneself.” (6) They are flexible in their approach while dealing with others. According to Karl Albrecht our behavior (7) They are goal orientated, persistent and towards others falls somewhere on a spectrum self- confident. between toxic behaviour and nourishing behaviour. Devaluing others, refusing (8) They can resolve conflicts in social cooperation to others, negative talking, contexts. discouraging others, etc. are some of the (9) They are successful negotiators. examples of toxic behaviors. A continued (10) They enhance personal and professional pattern of toxic behavior indicates a low level relationships with others. of social intelligence. Respecting others, cooperating with others, positive talking, 2.6.2 : Emotional intelligence : encouraging others, etc. are some of the Activity 8 examples of nourishing behavior. A continued pattern of nourishing behavior indicates a high Read the following examples : level of social intelligence : (1) Megha is always afraid of getting less marks in examinations. Therefore, she Activity 7 always becomes restless and avoids Read the examples given in Activity 6 again going to college. and decide the positions of Chetan, Sagar and (2) Shailesh, an ordinary worker in a textile Anil on the following spectrum of behaviour : mill earns 10,000 salary per month. Though having some financial problems, Toxic Nourishing he never feels anxious, he understands Behaviour Behaviour the problems of others, helps needy people and lives his life happily. Low Average High Level Level Level By reading the examples given in the above of Social of Social of Social Intelligence box, you must have started thinking about the Intelligence Intelligence nature of emotional intelligence. In our pursuits 19 to be successful in a competitive world, all of us face socially, economically, occupationally or Characteristics Characteristics academically challenging situations. To cope of people having of people having up with these challenging situations effectively, high emotional low emotional intelligence intelligence it is very important to be aware of and to manage our emotional reactions in such Emotionally stable, Emotionally challenging situations. Patient unstable, Impatient John Mayer and Peter Salovey used the Optimistic, Pessimistic, term emotional intelligence for the first time. Independent Dependent Daniel Goleman (1995) popularized the concept of emotional intelligence on a large scale. Happy, Enthusiastic Sad, Apathetic Researchers like John Mayer and Peter Calm, Satisfied Restless, Dissatisfied Salovey defined Emotional Intelligence as the ‘ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them 2.6.3 Artificial Intelligence : and to use this information to guide one’s Artificial Intelligence is enabling machines thinking and action.’ They presented an ability or the software programmes running those based model of emotional intelligence and machines to think and learn through experience defined emotional intelligence as a set of just like human’s intelligence. Artificial following cognitive abilities : intelligence is a field of study that combines the 1. Perceiving emotions : The ability to sciences of computer science, algorithms, identify and interpret emotions of self and languages, philosophy and psychology. others. Activity 10 2. Using emotions : The ability to use Discuss how the following devices use emotions to facilitate various cognitive Artificial Intelligence : activities such as thinking and problem solving, etc. 1. Computers 3. Understanding emotions : The ability to 2. Self-driving cars understand emotional language and 3. Robots comprehending relationships among 4. Medical diagnostic tools various emotions. 5. Translation devices 6. Automatic Missiles 4. Managing emotions : The ability to 7. Chatbots, etc. regulate emotions of self and others. Artificial Intelligence is an innovation Activity 9 created by human intelligence. There are Study the differences between the comparatively no limitations to human characteristics of people having high intelligence, but there are certain limitations to emotional intelligence and low emotional Artificial Intelligence. intelligence and think about what you can Due to upgraded knowledge based on do to develop your emotional intelligence ? experiences, imagination, emotions, ethics, 20 social values, etc. human intelligence can take tasks as well as to solve various critical comparatively more relevant decisions, problems. For example, it is used for : Artificial Intelligence can take decisions only (1) Speech recognition on the basis of stored information. (2) Natural language processing In comparison to Artificial Intelligence, human intelligence is superior in nature. (3) Spam filtering from emails Therefore, Artificial Intelligence cannot be an (4) Medical diagnosing option to human intelligence in a real sense. (5) Detecting frauds in economic transactions, Today, Artificial Intelligence is used on a large scale to perform various daily routine (6) Weather forecasting, etc. Summary x Intelligence means a capacity to educational institutes, child understand the world, think guidance centres, industries, rationally, and use available recruitment centres, diagnostic resources effectively when faced clinics etc. with challenges. x In today’s competitive world, the x The two major perspectives to importance of social intelligence intelligence are that - intelligence and emotional intelligence is is a single entity and intelligence increasing from the point of view comprises of multiple abilities. of becoming successful in a real x In 1905, Alfred Binet developed sense. the first intelligence test. He is x Today, Artificial Intelligence is considered to be the ‘Father of used on a large scale to perform Intelligence Test.’ various daily routine tasks as well x Today, the intelligence tests are as to solve various critical used in diverse fields such as problems. Important Concepts x Mental age x Social Intelligence x Intelligence Quotient x Emotional Intelligence x Performance tests x Artificial Intelligence 21 Important Psychologists x Alfred Binet : Alfred Binet x Lewis Terman : Lewis Terman was devised the first intelligence test from Stanford University. He in 1905. He is considered as the revised the Bind-Simon Intelligence ‘Father of Intelligence Test’. Scale in 1916. Exercises Q.1. Choose the correct option and complete (4) What is meant by individual test of the following statements : intelligence? 1. ………….…….