Psych 214 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

PSYCH 214 Chapter 8 Define brain plasticity - Brain plasticity= ensures that children will acquire certain abilities even if some brain areas are damaged - declines as synaptic pruning occurs laterization= when certain hemispheres of the brain take over certain skills and abilities...

PSYCH 214 Chapter 8 Define brain plasticity - Brain plasticity= ensures that children will acquire certain abilities even if some brain areas are damaged - declines as synaptic pruning occurs laterization= when certain hemispheres of the brain take over certain skills and abilities Describe lateralization in preschool males and females. Boys: - greater lateralization of language in left hemisphere - High autism incidence (Baron-Cohen’s theory) or - Gender predisposition to functioning differences girls - language is more evenly divided between two hemisphere or - verbal abilities emerge earlier in girls because girls receive greater encouragement for verbal skills than boys What brain areas are maturing that support enhanced cognitive and social functioning? - Cerebellum: structure that aids in balance and control of body movement - Reticular formation: structure in brainstem that maintains alertness and consciousness - Hippocampus: inner-brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and spatial understanding - Amygdala: inner-brain structure that processes novelty and emotional information - Corpus callosum: large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres Describe the relationship between lead exposure and intelligence. - Negative relationship between lead exposure and intelligence and iq - low-ses children are more likely to live in lead-contaminated areas and to experience risks that magnify lead-induced damage. What hormones promote growth? - growth hormone (GH) is necessary for development of almost all body tissues - Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) prompts release of thyroxine, needed for brain development and for full impact impact of GH What is psychosocial dwarfism? - Extreme deprivation can lead to psychosocial dwarfism characterized by - decreased secretion of GH and melatonin very short stature and immature skeletal age.  - Serious adjustment problems What hormone inhibits (prevents) growth? - Cortisol ; stress hormones What are the most common dietary deficiencies in preschoolers? - Protein - Essential vitamins and minerals: iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C Otitis media= middle ear infection; most common between 6 months and 3 years; rates nearly double in children who attend childcare centers What are the risks associated with otitis media? - risks associated with otitis media include: disrupts language and academic progress What are the greatest health risks to preschoolers? - childhood injury Describe gross and fine motor development during the preschool period - Gross-motor skills: Involve large muscle groups and movements that control the body’s overall mobility and balance - walking, running, jumping hopping, Catching, throwing, swinging, riding - Fine-motor skills: Involve smaller muscle groups for precise and detailed movements, especially in the hands and fingers. - self-help: dressing eating - Drawing: line and circle, tadpole image Chapter 9 Describe Piaget’s preoperational stage. - Ages to 2- 7 - During this stage the child can think about things symbolically, like using symbols to represent words, things, people, ideas What are the benefits of make believe play? - Make-believe offers a rich context for thinking about the mind Compare centration, egocentrism, and animistic thinking - centration: is key element and limitation of preschool thinking; involves inability to consider all available information about stimulus; dominated on superficial, obvious elements within sight  - egocentrism: on simplified tasks with familiar objects, 3 year olds show clear awareness of others’ vantage points; perspective taking develops gradually throughout childhood and adolescence - animistic thinking: belief that inanimate object have lifelike qualities; magic like thinking: assigning human purposes to physical events What educational principles are derived from Piaget? - discovery learning: opportunities for spontaneous interaction with environment - sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn: building on children’s current thinking - acceptance of individual differences: activities for individual children and small groups Describe language development during preschool. - Sentence length increases at a steady pace - Syntax doubles each month - enormous leaps in number of words used through fast mapping (after a brief exposure to a word, the kids know it What are possible purposes of private speech? - private speech is speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves - performs important function - serves to try out ideas, acting as sounding board - facilitates children’s thinking and helps them control their behavior - serves an important social function - gradually changes into whispers and silent lip movements - is used more and over a longer period by children with learning problems What is fast mapping? - New words are associated with their meaning after only brief encounter - By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around 14,000 words - vocab acquired at rate of nearly one new word for every 2 hours, 24 hours a day What is pragmatics? - Relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others - helps children to understand the basics of conversations - Turn taking - sticking to a topic - What should and shouldn’t be said, according to the conventions of society - use of different language in various settings Describe language as a function of SES. - Quantity of languages exposure  - Quality of language - Access to resources - Parental stress and time Compare recasts and elaborations. - recasts= restructuring incorrect speech into correct form (you correct the child’s speech) - elaborations= Describe memory in preschoolers. - Elaborative style leads to better recall and more organized, detailed personal stories one to two years later Compare recognition and recall. - recognition: - easier for young children and adults - nearly perfected by age 4 or 5 - recall: - much poorer than recognition in young children - associated with language development - hindered by limited working memory, lack of skill at using memory strategies What is emergent literacy? - Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experience: - children gradually figure out the symbolic function of print - phonological awareness How does reading readiness skills in kindergarten vary as a function of SES? Compare ordinality and cardinality. - ordinality: toddlers display beginning grasp of ordinality //counting in order, days of week,etc - Cardinality: focuses on quantity; counting in total; by age 3 ½ to. 4, most children grasp cardinality Compare the types of preschool (and kindergarten). - children- centered programs: teachers provide activities from which children select; most of the day is devoted to play - Academic programs: teachers structure children learning through formal lessons, often using repetitive drills - Montessori education: the child- centered approach equally focuses on academic learning and social development What are the benefits of Head Start? - higher IQ and achievement scores in the early school years - Less special education and grade retention - More high school graduation, college enrollment Compare the advantages and disadvantages of child care. - Advantages: good child care can enhance language,cognitive and social development, especially for low- ses students; clean; positive adult- child interactions; - Disadvantages: are less polite, less compliant, less respectful of adults, more competitive and aggressive towards peers; likelihood of being disruptive; may cause harm Discuss preschoolers’ understanding from television. What is the zone of proximal development? - One step ahead so that the child can improve their way of learning. For example u wanna be in their leve What is scaffolding? - providing support to the child given by the caregiver to complete a task the child couldn’t have done on their own What is theory of mind - also known as meta cognition: coherent set of ideas about mental activities Chapter 10 Describe initiative v. guilt (Erikson). initiative: eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with pears Trying out new skills through play Acting out family scenes and highly visible occupations Guilt: overly strict superego, or conscience, leading to too much guilt Related to excessive threats, criticism, punishment from adults What is a self-concept? - based on observable characteristics - Appearance, possessions, everyday behaviors How does storytelling vary in collectivist and individualistic cultures? - Findings of longitudinal study comparing personal storytelling of Irish-American and Chinese families: - Chinese parents emphasize the severity of children’s misbehavior and its impact on others. - Irish-American parents attributed transgressions to spunk and assertiveness, downplayed seriousness. - Differing emphasis in children’s self-image: - – Chinese children: belonging, obligations to others – Irish-American children: autonomy What is self-esteem? - self esteem= judgements we make about our own worth and feelings associated with those judgements What are common fears during the preschool period? - monsters, ghosts, darkness, preschool/ childcare, animals, phobias Describe preschoolers’ play. - Functional play: simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects - Constructive play: creating or building something - Make believe play - Associative play: two or more children interacting, sharing or borrowing toys or materials, even though they are doing different things - Parallel play: children play with similar toys, at the same time using the same manners but do not interact with each other - Onlooker play: child simply watches others play but does not participate What is the relationship between peer relations and school readiness? - Being able to interact with peers and build friendships predicts how kindergartners will participate in the classroom and how they handle learning tasks. - Socially competent preschoolers perform better than less socially skilled pears in early school grades Compare the perspectives of moral development. - Psychoanalytic - freud: children identify with same-sex parent; obey superego to avoid guilt. - Current view: Emphasizes inductive discipline - Social learning - modeling promotes moral behavior - children internalize prosocial rules (Prosocial behavior is doing something to benefit, help or care for someone else because you believe that other people's feelings and experiences are important) - harsh punishments have negative side effects - Cognitive-developmental - children are active thinkers about social rules - children make moral judgements based on concepts of justice and fairness What is inductive discipline?  - Inductive discipline= gives children information about how to behave that they can use in future situations; gives children reasons for changing their behavior, encouraging them to adopt moral standards that make sense What are the effects of punishment? - the punishment itself models aggression - children react with anger and resentment - Children tend to develop conflict filled relationships with the parent conflicting the punishments - punitive and aggressive inflicting adults can increase the frequency and severity of their punishments overtime - passed on to next generation What are the different types of aggression? - instrumental aggression - aggression used to obtain something one desires - higher in boys than girls - relational aggression - to hurt another person’s feeling through non-physical means - higher in girls than boys - ex: gossiping Describe the Bobo doll experiment - Bobo doll experiment was a demonstration by adults hitting and attacking bobo dolls while a group of children were watching them. When the children were later put in the room with the Bobo dolls they did the same thing: hit and attack Describe the media’s influence on aggressive behavior - media influences: tv and computer game violence can lead to violent children Compare the biological and environmental factors contributing to gender. biological: - evolutionary adaptiveness of male and female traits - Effects of prenatal hormones environmental: - family: expectations for son and daughter - teachers: actions that extend gender-role learning - peers: reinforcement for gender-typed play - Broader social environment Compare different parenting styles. - Authoritative: high acceptance, high involvement, adaptive control, appropriate autonomy - authoritarian: low acceptance, low involvement, high control, low autonomy - permissive-indulgent: high acceptance, low involvement, low control, high autonomy  - permissive-indifferent: low acceptance, low involvement, low control, indifferent autonomy What are the long-term effects of child-rearing strategies? the children grow: - authoritarian parents= withdrawn, socially awkward children - permissive-indulgent parents= dependent, moody, low social skills children - Permissive-indifferent parents= emotionally detached, unloved, and insecure children - Authoritative parents= independent, friendly, self assertive and cooperative What is child maltreatment? - Basically child abuse - Physical abuse - Sexual abuse - Neglect= failure to meet child’s basic needs for food, clothing, education, supervision - Emotional abuse