PSYc1001 Midterm 2 Review PDF

Midterm 2 Review Wednesday, November 6, 2024 11:43 PM SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Sensation: - The stimulation of the sense organs (touch, smell, sight, taste, sound) Perception: - The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input ○ Allows you to consciously recognize ob...

Midterm 2 Review Wednesday, November 6, 2024 11:43 PM SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Sensation: - The stimulation of the sense organs (touch, smell, sight, taste, sound) Perception: - The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input ○ Allows you to consciously recognize objects Psychophysics: - The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience Threshold: - A dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect Absolute threshold: - The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulation (taste, light, sound, odor) § The lowest level at which a stimulus can be detected by our senses Perceptible: - Something that can be detected or noticed by our senses § The ability to perceive or become aware of a stimulus Subliminal stimulation: - Any sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception - Stimulus events and material that are being presented to you that you are taking in but you are not realizing it § Stimuli we detect less than 50% of the time = subliminal Vision  - you are not realizing it § Stimuli we detect less than 50% of the time = subliminal Vision Light: - Light enters the eye through the cornea - Light then passes through the pupil - The iris dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotion Lens: - The transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina Pupil: - The opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye Retina: - The neural tissue lining in the inside back surface of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain § A layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for detecting light and converting it into neuro signals Visual cortex: - Part of the brain located in the occipital lobe that processes and interprets visual information received from the optic nerve Blind spot: - Refers to an area on the retina where there are no photoreceptor cells, resulting in a small region where we cannot perceive any incoming light Optical nerves: - The optic nerve is comprised of millions of nerve fibers that send visual messages to your brain to help you see - You have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain Rods: - Photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for vision at low light levels - *more sensitive to light than cones  - You have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain Rods: - Photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for vision at low light levels - *more sensitive to light than cones § Night vision, peripheral vision Cones: - A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina, giving us colour vision § Concentrated in the center of our retina in an area called the macula - 6 million cones § Daylight vision, colour vision, fine detail Fovea: - Area of the retina that is densely packed with photoreceptors Trichromatic theory: - Trichromatic theory of colour vision says that human eyes only perceive 3 colours of light: red, blue and green - All colours on the spectrum can be produced by combining R,B,G Opponent process theory: - Colour theory that states that colour perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism - Proposes that one member of the colour pair suppresses the other colour § Colour is yielded by receptors differentiating between antagonist responses to pairs of colours Colour "blindness": - Deficiency in brain's ability to distinguish colour § More males Perceptual set: - A mental predisposition to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on previous experiences, expectations, beliefs, and context CONSCIOUSNESS  experiences, expectations, beliefs, and context CONSCIOUSNESS Consciousness: - The awareness of internal and external stimuli Hypnosis: - Trance-like mental state in which people experience increased attention, concentration, and suggestibility - Sleep-like state but not asleep Mesmerism (animal magnetism): - A presumed intangible or mysterious force that is said to influence human beings (mesmerisation) - Franz Mesmer Electroencephalograph (EEG): - A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp EEG bands: - Human brain-wave activity is divided into four principle bands, based on the frequency of the brain waves: Beta (13-24 cps): - Normal waking thought, alert problem solving Alpha (8-12): - Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation Theta (4-7 cps): - Light sleep Delta (less than 4): - Deep sleep Sleep Delta (less than 4): - Deep sleep Sleep Biological rhythms: - Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning Circadian rhythms: - The 24-hr biological cycles found in humans and many other species - the physical, mental and behavioural changes over 24 hr cycle Five stages of sleep - Stage 1 ○ Start of sleep cycle ○ Light sleep (theta) ○ Easy to wake - Stage 2 ○ Duration = 20 min ○ Bursts of rapid brain activity - sleep spindles ○ Decrease in body temp and HR - Stage 3 ○ Deep and slow brain waves (delta) ○ Transition from light to deep sleep - Stage 4: ○ Slow brain waves (delta) ○ Duration = 30min ○ Bed-wetting ○ Sleepwalking - Stage 5: ○ Rapid eye movement (REM) ○ Increased respiration ○ Increased brain activity ○ Sometimes referred to as a "paradoxical" sleep ○ Duration = ~90 min - but varies throughout the night Hypnogogic hallucination: ○ Brief hallucinations that take place as you're falling asleep - During "hypnogogia" - transition state from wakefulness to sleep Hypnopompic hallucination: Hypnogogic hallucination: ○ Brief hallucinations that take place as you're falling asleep - During "hypnogogia" - transition state from wakefulness to sleep Hypnopompic hallucination: ○ During "hypnopomp" - transition state from sleep to waking Dream analysis: - Freud believed dreams are a window to the unconscious - Dream analysis - key to psychoanalytic theory ○ Reflect inner perspectives on the psyche ○ Reflect the unconscious part of personality Manifest content: - Consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level Latent content: - Refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot SUBSTANCE USE Psychoactive drugs: - Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning Psychedelics (hallucinogens): - Drugs that act on various neurotransmitters to produce visual hallucinations and out-of- body experiences - Primary psycho-biological action: ○ Marked alterations in cortical functioning including cognition, perception and mood - Heightened awareness (and distortion) of sensory input often accompanied by enhanced sense of clarity and diminished control over experience - Sometimes called "psychotomimetic" - mimic psychotic state Opioid Analgesics: - Pain killers, mimic analgesic actions of endorphins - Inhibit release of pain-inducing transmitters ○ Highly addictive  Opioid Analgesics: - Pain killers, mimic analgesic actions of endorphins - Inhibit release of pain-inducing transmitters ○ Highly addictive Opioids (defined): - Natural or synthetic substances that are capable of relieving pain Sedatives: - Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system (CNS) activation and behavioural activity Ethyl Alcohol: - Sedative-hypnotic, Psycho-active drug - Affects CNS (central nervous system) - stimulant AND depressant *Alcohol is a group 1 carcinogen ○ 0 drinks per week: § Not drinking has benefits, such as better health, and better sleep ○ 2 standard drinks or less per week: § You are likely to avoid alcohol-related consequences for yourself or others at this level ○ 3-6 standard drinks per week: § Your risk of developing several types of cancer, including colon and breast cancer, increases at this level ○ 7 standard drinks or more per week: § Your risk of heart disease or stroke increases significantly at this level Benzodiazepines: - Produces a sense of calm and well-being - Tranquilizing, sedating - Anxiety and sleep disorders Stimulants: - Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioural activity - Excite or stimulate CNS functioning (psychostimulant) ○ Increase dopaminergic energy, Elevate mood, Increase motor activity, Increase alertness, Reduce/allay sleep, Sense of well-being Popular combos: - Alcohol and (any) other drug  - Excite or stimulate CNS functioning (psychostimulant) ○ Increase dopaminergic energy, Elevate mood, Increase motor activity, Increase alertness, Reduce/allay sleep, Sense of well-being Popular combos: - Alcohol and (any) other drug - "speed balls" - cocaine and heroin - "Ts and Rs" - pentazocine (talwin) and methylphenidate (ritalin) T's and R's: - Talwin (pain relief) and Ritalin (stimulant) - Injected - "High" followed by "low" (depressive effects) - Unpleasant effects: ○ Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shakiness, confusion, constipation, anorexia, insomnia, paranoia - High doses of Talwin and Ritalin: ○ Increased blood pressure, Hallucinations, Coma, Death Club Drugs: - Crystal meth, MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), "Date rape" drugs, Ketamine Antagonistic therapies - "Antagonists" ○ Reverses or prevents the effects of opiates - Naloxone (Narcan) ○ Duration - 3 minutes Drug replacement therapy: - "Agonist", Replaces the problematic drug - Binds to receptor cells, eliminates withdrawal symptoms - Clinical examples: ○ Methadone, Naltrexone, Buprenorphine Substance use in Canada: - Costs of alcohol and tobacco use have diverged - Costs of opioids increased 66% - Tobacco use still causes the most deaths - Opioids, alcohol responsible for most productive years of life lost ○ Grade 7 and 8 students: ○ Regular cannabis use greatest risk of physical harm  - Tobacco use still causes the most deaths - Opioids, alcohol responsible for most productive years of life lost ○ Grade 7 and 8 students: ○ Regular cannabis use greatest risk of physical harm ○ High school students: ○ Cocaine greatest risk of harm Sub-group differences: - Males are more likely than females to use: ○ Energy drinks, Cough/cold medication, Tobacco cigarettes, Smokeless tobacco ADHD drugs (non-medicinal), Synthetic cannabis, Mushrooms, Cocaine, Ecstasy, LSD - Females are more likely than males to use: ○ Inhalants Perceived availability of drugs: - Alcohol is perceived as the most readily available ○ 60% report "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain - Perceived availability of most drugs has declines over the decades MIND OF A SERIAL MURDERER Dissociative Identity Disorder: - Coping response to abuse and traumatic events and experiences ○ Alternate identities formed to aid, assist or compensate for weakness in core personality - Formerly called multiple personality disorder, very rare Psychodynamic perspective: - Explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes, person is passive recipient of unconscious processes - Freud: "hypnosis is the royal road to the unconscious" Social psychological perspective: - A person learns of the rules along with the accepted norms of a society via interacting with other persons Kenneth Bianchi case: