Biomolecules PDF

901 PPT 2 Biomolecules Biomolecules Examples of Carbs:  Sugars – most common is glucose  Glycogen  Starch  Cellulose  Chitin Sugars used as fuel (energy) but carbs have other uses as well NOTE THAT THERE IS NO NEED TO LEARN THE PICTURES IN THIS LECTURE...

901 PPT 2 Biomolecules Biomolecules Examples of Carbs:  Sugars – most common is glucose  Glycogen  Starch  Cellulose  Chitin Sugars used as fuel (energy) but carbs have other uses as well NOTE THAT THERE IS NO NEED TO LEARN THE PICTURES IN THIS LECTURE 1  Biomolecules Glycogen – energy storage in animals – stored in our liver Biomolecules Starch Starch – energy storage in plants – like potatoes Enzyme that breaks it down is amylase found in your saliva 2  Biomolecules Cellulose Cellulose – structural strength in plants Plants have a cell wall around their cell This cell wall is made of cellulose -we can’t break it Few animals capable of breaking it (Termites/cows) Biomolecules Chitin Found in the walls of fungi and in insect shells But we make a special enzyme to digest this one – called Chitinase. But we don’t make much of it. What we do make is a holdover from our primate ancestors 3  Biomolecules Lipids/Fats  They are non-polar and hydrophobic Examples: 1. Fats – energy storage, cushioning 2. Phospholipids – waterproofing 3. Steroids Biomolecules 1. Fat There are two types of fats: Saturated: Straight chains  Packed close together - Solid at room temp  These fats are solid – like butter or lard or bacon fat Unsaturated: Chains are bent Prevents molecules from packing close enough together to solidify at room temperature These fats are a liquid like olive or canola oil 4 Biomolecules Fig 5.10a Biomolecules Fig 5.10b 5  Biomolecules 2. Phospholipids: non-polar and polar ends Part of plasma membrane Hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions 2 “tails” with a phosphate Since they make up our cell membrane we’ll be spending more time on them in a few lectures Fig 5.11, 5.12 Fig 5.12 Biomolecules Phospholipid Fig 5.11 6  Biomolecules 3. Steroids: Ring structures Found in cell membrane, cholesterol and hormones Biomolecules PROTEINS Made from same set of 20 amino acids  They are sensitive to changes in pH 7  Biomolecules The shape is related to all levels of structure. If something goes wrong with any level of structure the protein won’t work – Fig. 5.20 For example Hemoglobin is a protein that is found in blood and carries our iron Biomolecules Fig 5.20 – single amino acid wrong causes Sickle-cell Anemia 8 Biomolecules Fig 5.14 General Protein functions Biomolecules Fig 5.14 General Protein functions 9 Biomolecules Fig 5.14 General Protein functions Biomolecules Fig 5.14 General Protein functions 10  Biomolecules NUCLEIC ACIDS Store and transmit hereditary information Eg. Genes  2 types: deoxyribonucleic acid – DNA ribonucleic acid - RNA  DNA provides information for it’s own replication and directs RNA synthesis  RNA directs protein synthesis (What order amino acids are bound in)  Copy of DNA is in each of our cells  Carries instructions to make all our proteins  A Copy of DNA is in all our cells Biomolecules  Nucleotides are monomers – attached in a chain they are nucleic acids  The DNA strand has a polarity with one end being 5’ and one being 3’  Nucleotides are often called bases 11 Biomolecules Fig 16.7 Biomolecules DNA Structure  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Sugar phosphate backbone – with nucleotides Fig 16.5 12  Biomolecules  The 2 strands of DNA are complementary to each other – each nucleotide has a complimentary nucleotide.  Only when paired with the proper nucleotide will they bind together Biomolecules  Double-stranded helix is arranged antiparallel such that one side will be 3’ – 5’ and the other side 5’ – 3’ Fig 16.7 13