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Questions and Answers
What is the resting potential of most neurons?
What is the resting potential of most neurons?
The Na+/K+ pump transports 3 sodium ions into the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell.
The Na+/K+ pump transports 3 sodium ions into the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell.
False
What is the primary function of K+ channels in maintaining resting potential?
What is the primary function of K+ channels in maintaining resting potential?
K+ channels allow potassium ions to leave the cell, making the inside more negative.
Pumps use _____ to exchange ions across the membrane.
Pumps use _____ to exchange ions across the membrane.
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Match the ion channel with its function:
Match the ion channel with its function:
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What causes the inside of the neuron to become more negative?
What causes the inside of the neuron to become more negative?
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At rest, Na+ channels are more permeable than K+ channels.
At rest, Na+ channels are more permeable than K+ channels.
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What are the two forces that affect ion movement across membranes?
What are the two forces that affect ion movement across membranes?
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Which hemisphere is primarily responsible for motor control in right-handed individuals?
Which hemisphere is primarily responsible for motor control in right-handed individuals?
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The basal ganglia are responsible for conscious muscle movements.
The basal ganglia are responsible for conscious muscle movements.
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What is the primary function of the white matter in the cerebrum?
What is the primary function of the white matter in the cerebrum?
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The area for _____ is responsible for processing sound in the brain.
The area for _____ is responsible for processing sound in the brain.
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Match the brain function with its corresponding lobe:
Match the brain function with its corresponding lobe:
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Which role is NOT associated with the medulla oblongata?
Which role is NOT associated with the medulla oblongata?
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The pons is solely responsible for the control of visceral motor functions.
The pons is solely responsible for the control of visceral motor functions.
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What part of the brain relays all sensory information except for smell to the cerebral cortex?
What part of the brain relays all sensory information except for smell to the cerebral cortex?
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The _____ sends impulses to breathing muscles and is a reflex center of the medulla oblongata.
The _____ sends impulses to breathing muscles and is a reflex center of the medulla oblongata.
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Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
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Which structure acts as a protective barrier that selectively allows certain substances to enter the brain?
Which structure acts as a protective barrier that selectively allows certain substances to enter the brain?
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The cerebellum is primarily responsible for regulating automatic survival functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for regulating automatic survival functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
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What is the primary role of the pons in the brain?
What is the primary role of the pons in the brain?
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The three layers protecting the brain and spinal cord are the ______, ______, and ______ mater.
The three layers protecting the brain and spinal cord are the ______, ______, and ______ mater.
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Which of the following characters describe the left hemisphere's functions?
Which of the following characters describe the left hemisphere's functions?
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Match the brain region with its primary function:
Match the brain region with its primary function:
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Cerebrospinal fluid plays a role in transporting nutrients but not in cushioning the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid plays a role in transporting nutrients but not in cushioning the brain.
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What role does the diencephalon play within the brain?
What role does the diencephalon play within the brain?
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What structural feature is characteristic of phospholipids?
What structural feature is characteristic of phospholipids?
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Steroids are generally linear in structure and not found in cell membranes.
Steroids are generally linear in structure and not found in cell membranes.
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Which protein is known for carrying iron in the blood?
Which protein is known for carrying iron in the blood?
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Phospholipids have ____ tails and a phosphate group.
Phospholipids have ____ tails and a phosphate group.
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Match the biomolecule with its primary function:
Match the biomolecule with its primary function:
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What is the primary function of RNA in cells?
What is the primary function of RNA in cells?
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DNA has a single-stranded structure.
DNA has a single-stranded structure.
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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The sugar phosphate ______ forms the backbone of a DNA strand.
The sugar phosphate ______ forms the backbone of a DNA strand.
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Match the following nucleotide properties with their descriptions:
Match the following nucleotide properties with their descriptions:
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Which of the following carbohydrates is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
Which of the following carbohydrates is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
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Chitin is easily digestible by humans.
Chitin is easily digestible by humans.
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What type of fat is solid at room temperature?
What type of fat is solid at room temperature?
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_____ is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch.
_____ is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch.
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Match the following biomolecules with their primary roles:
Match the following biomolecules with their primary roles:
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Which type of fat prevents molecules from packing tightly together?
Which type of fat prevents molecules from packing tightly together?
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Cellulose can be digested by humans easily.
Cellulose can be digested by humans easily.
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What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?
What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?
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During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in pairs on the metaphase plate?
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in pairs on the metaphase plate?
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Independent assortment occurs in metaphase I of meiosis.
Independent assortment occurs in metaphase I of meiosis.
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What is the result of non-disjunction during meiosis?
What is the result of non-disjunction during meiosis?
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During ____________, spindle fibers guide whole chromosomes to the poles of the cell.
During ____________, spindle fibers guide whole chromosomes to the poles of the cell.
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Match the following disorders with their associated chromosomal abnormalities:
Match the following disorders with their associated chromosomal abnormalities:
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What is formed as a result of meiosis II?
What is formed as a result of meiosis II?
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Sister chromatids move to the same pole during Anaphase I in meiosis.
Sister chromatids move to the same pole during Anaphase I in meiosis.
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In which phase do the chromosomes become individual chromosomes as centromeres separate?
In which phase do the chromosomes become individual chromosomes as centromeres separate?
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What is one primary advantage of sexual reproduction?
What is one primary advantage of sexual reproduction?
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Diploid cells have half the number of chromosomes compared to haploid cells.
Diploid cells have half the number of chromosomes compared to haploid cells.
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What are the two main types of cell division and which one results in gametes?
What are the two main types of cell division and which one results in gametes?
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In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is _____ and the haploid number is _____.
In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is _____ and the haploid number is _____.
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What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?
What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?
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Match the phase of meiosis with its definition:
Match the phase of meiosis with its definition:
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Crossing over is a process that does not contribute to genetic variation in meiosis.
Crossing over is a process that does not contribute to genetic variation in meiosis.
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What is the significance of internal fertilization in sexual reproduction?
What is the significance of internal fertilization in sexual reproduction?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.
- It comprises two main components:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Processes and interprets information. Sends signals to muscles, glands and organs. Includes the brain and spinal cord.
-
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Transmits information to and from the CNS. Includes nerves that extend throughout the body.
- Further divisions:
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary movements.
-
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates internal organs and glands. Divided into:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates the body for action (fight or flight).
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body and conserves energy.
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system.
- Key components of a neuron include:
- Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons.
- Axon: Transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons or effector cells.
- Axon hillock: Integrates signals from dendrites and initiates action potentials.
- Myelin sheath: Insulates the axon, speeding up signal transmission.
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are generated, increasing speed.
- Synaptic terminals: Release neurotransmitters at synapses.
- Nissl bodies (RER and free ribosomes): Sites of protein synthesis within the cell body.
- Neurofilaments/neurotubules: Provides structural support and intracellular transport within the axon.
- Golgi apparatus: Involved in packaging and modifying proteins, including neurotransmitters.
- Mitochondria: provide energy for neuronal activity.
- Axonlemma: The membrane surrounding the axon.
- Telodendria: Branching terminal fibers of the axon.
Types of Neurons
- Bipolar neurons: Have one axon and one dendrite.
- Unipolar neurons: Have one axon that divides into two branches.
- Multipolar neurons: Have one axon and multiple dendrites..
Neuroglial Cells
- Neuroglial cells, or glia, support and protect neurons.
- Different types exist, each with specific roles:
- Astrocytes (neuroglia) support neurons and regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid.
- Oligodendrocytes (CNS): Produce myelin sheaths around axons; crucial for fast impulse transmission.
- Schwann cells (PNS): Similar to oligodendrocytes in function, producing myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system.
- Microglia: Immune cells in the central nervous system, removing cellular debris and pathogens.
- Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and regulating its composition.
Action Potentials
- Action potential: Rapid changes in membrane potential that propagate along the axon. Governed by ion channels, leading to depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization of the axon.
Resting Potential and Ion Channels
- Resting membrane potential is the stable membrane potential of a neuron at rest (around -70 mV).
- Various ion channels (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium) contribute, resulting in the maintained resting potential.
- Ion concentrations are kept controlled, with sodium and potassium actively pumped across the cell membranes by Na+/K+ pumps. Calcium is also actively pumped out by Ca++ pumps.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the nervous system in this comprehensive quiz. Understand the roles of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System, and delve into the details of neuron structure. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together to transmit information throughout the body.
