Biomolecules Lesson 10 PDF

 OBJECTIVES 1. Categorize the biological molecules according to their structure and function. 2. Explain the role of each biological molecule in specific metabolic processes. 3. Describe the components of enzyme.  WHAT IS BIOMOLECULES? A molecul...

 OBJECTIVES 1. Categorize the biological molecules according to their structure and function. 2. Explain the role of each biological molecule in specific metabolic processes. 3. Describe the components of enzyme.  WHAT IS BIOMOLECULES? A molecule that is produced by a living organism. They are combinations of many smaller molecules joined together in chainlike structures. Biomolecules – Organelles – Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ System – Living Organism  ELEMENTS The simplest form of substances found in the body such as C, H, O, N COMPOUNDS Made up of two or more elements that are chemically joined together that can be classified as INORGANIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS  Water  Proteins  Acids  Carbohydrates  Bases  Lipids  Salts  Nucleic Acids  Carbon dioxide Concept Map of Biomolecules  Seven Major Elements and Their Functions SYMBOL NAME FUNCTIONS C Carbon  Makes up 10% of the mass of the human body  Helps in cellular respiration by which the body releases energy stored in glucose  Main components of organic compounds H Hydrogen  Accounts for 10% of the mass of the human body  Essential in energy production  H+ ion can be used as a proton pump to produce ATP to regulate numerous chemical reactions O Oxygen  The most abundant element in the body  Makes up 61-65% of the mass of the human body  Used for cellular respiration N Nitrogen  Approximately makes up 3% of the mass of the human body  Key elements for proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules SYMB NAME FUNCTIONS OL P Phosphor  About 1.2 % to 1.5% of the mass of the human body us  Important for bone structure  Primary energy molecule in the body  Major components of nucleic acids S Sulfur  About 0.20% to 0.25% of the mass of the human body  Important component of amino acids and proteins  Allow cells to use oxygen Ca Calcium  Accounts for 1.5% of human body weight  Gives skeletal systems its rigidity and strength  Found in bones and teeth  Important for muscle functions  WATER Universal and versatile solvent Water dissolves an enormous variety of solutes necessary for living. Water's versatility as solvent results from the polarity of its molecule. It can also exist in nature in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Water exhibits unique properties that make it vital for living. Below is the summary of the characteristics and functions of water in a living system: Biological solvent - ability to dissolve many substances including essential molecules in the body High heat capacity - a large amount of heat is needed to increase in temperature; thus, it helps in maintaining a constant body temperature High heat of vaporization - helps in preventing dehydration in an organism High heat of fusion - helps organism from freezing at low temperature Medium for chemical and physical processes – can serve as a place for exchanging gases and nutrients and elimination of wastes Means of transport - can serve as a transporter/vehicle in the distribution of nutrients, gases, and collection of waste products all over the body  ACIDS These are inorganic compounds that taste sour, change color of certain indicators (turn litmus paper into red), react with some metals and bases, and promote chemical reactions (acid catalysis) in a water solution. Some common acids include acetic acid (vinegar), ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), citric acid (common for citrus fruits), carbonic acid (found in soft drinks), and some strong acids like hydrochloric acid (found in the stomach). Its pH is between 2 and 4.  BASES This is the type of inorganic compounds that accepts hydrogen ions. It has a bitter taste, is slippery, and turns red litmus paper into blue. Some common bases include sodium hydroxide (found in soap), potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and some antacids. Summary of the Characteristic of Acid, Base, and Salt CHARACTERISTIC ACID BASE NEUTRAL Taste Sour Bitter salty pH level Has a pH lesser that 7 Has a pH greater than pH is equal to 7 7 Litmus paper test Blue to red Red to blue No reaction Reaction to Colorless Reddish pink/pink No reaction phenolphthalein Reaction with metals Reacts with metals Reacts with grease/oil Reacts with acid and base Examples Lemon juice (citric Baking soda, cuticle Iodizes salt, acid) remover, aspirin, magnesium chloride Vinegar (acetic acid) detergent, toothpaste  ELECTROLYTES These are inorganic compounds that can conduct electricity within the body also known as salts or ions. Ions are classified as either cations (positively charged ion) or anions (negatively charged ions) Electrolyte is important in maintaining voltages across the cell membranes and it sends electrical impulses in nerve cells and muscle cells during muscle contraction. Some examples of electrolytes include sodium chloride (NaCl), bicarbonate (HCO3 ), phosphate (PO4), sulfate (SO4), and magnesium (Mg).  CARBON DIOXIDE This is an inorganic compound that is essential for plants to perform photosynthesis. It is one of the raw materials needed in the manufacturing of glucose. In animals, on the other hand, it is a waste product from the breakdown of organic food substance such as glucose. It is also a by-product in the production of ethanol through the process called fermentation and the combustion of fossil fuels.  ORGANIC COMPOUND Contain carbon Macromolecules are made up of hundreds or thousands of atoms. The individual units of macromolecules are called monomers. Types of Macromolecules: Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids CARBOHYDRATES  CARBOHYDRATES  Carbohydrates are the body’s major source of energy.  They got their name from Carbon (carbo-) and H20 (hydrates).  Some examples of carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and cellulose.  Carbohydrates are formed when simple sugars, called monosaccharides are joined together.  CARBOHYDRATES AKA… Sugar Carbs Starch  BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Disaccharide  STRUCTURE Sugar One Monosaccharide  C6H12O6 MONOSACCHARIDE A simple sugars which consist of one sugar unit. It is considered as the building blocks for more complex forms of sugar and also serve as starting materials for the construction of other organic molecules. Highly soluble in water and can pass freely through membranes. Examples 1. Glucose – dextrose or blood sugar 2. Galactose – milk sugar 3. Fructose (corn sugar) – sweetest sugar found in fruits  STRUCTURE Sugar Two Di saccharide  DISACCHARIDE C12H22O11 Second type of carbohydrates which are complex sugars made up of two molecules chemically joined together. Examples 1. Maltose (malt sugar) – made up of two glucoses, found in malted cereals and sprouting grains 2. Sucrose (table sugar) – combination of glucose and fructose, found in sugarcane, carrots, &other sweet fruits 3. Lactose (milk sugar) – composed of galactose and glucose  STRUCTURE Sugar Many Polysaccharide  POLYSACCHARIDE (C6H10O5)n Third type of carbohydrates which are complex sugars made up of chains and/or branches of monosaccharide. Examples 1. Starch – plant carbohydrate storage 2. Glycogen – animal carbohydrate storage 3. Cellulose – found in the cell wall of plants  Cellulase is needed by the organism to digest cellulose. 4. Chitin – found in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insects  FUNCTION Provide QUICK energy to the body! PROTEINS Meat Polypeptide Peanut butter  PROTEINS The most abundant organic compounds found in any living organism. The name protein came from the Greek word proteos meaning “ first place”. A biological polymer constructed from amino acids as its monomer.  BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES Polypeptide Meat Amino Acid Monomer: amino acid Polymer: polypeptide MONOMER: AMINO ACIDS Contains C, H, O, N 20 types Has both hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends Differ in R-group R-group can be acidic, basic or neutral Makes polypeptide then makes proteins 32  SEVEN MAJOR CLASSES OF PROTEINS Structural protein – found in the hair of mammals; fiber that makes up the tendons and ligaments Contractile protein – proteins that provide muscular movement Storage protein – such as ovalbumin, main substance of egg white Defensive protein – includes antibodies that promote protection against foreign bodies  Transport protein – includes hemoglobin iron- containing protein in the blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body Signal protein – such as hormones which help coordinates body activities Enzymes – serves as the chemical catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reaction  FOUR STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS Primary structure – shows the sequence of amino acids forming polypeptide chains. Secondary structure – a highly regular local sub-structure that can take the form of an alpha helix or a beta strand. Tertiary structure – pertains the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide by a pattern of folding driven by the nonspecific hydrophobic interactions. Quaternary structure – the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex.  FUNCTION OF PROTEINS Provides us with building blocks for life! Also regulate most functions in a cell. Glycoproteins (antigens) Combines w/DNA to form chromosomes Turns genes on and off Antibodies (fights disease)  FUNCTION OF PROTEINS Provides structure & strength (fibers) Transports molecules in & out cells Hemoglobin (transports O 2) Enzymes (speeds up)- has –ase suffix Acts as hormones (insulin)- many proteins have suffix of -in  NUCLEIC ACIDS Contains C, H, O, N, P Monomer: NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: 1. 5-Carbon Sugar 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogenous Base  NUCLEOTIDE: NITROGEN BASES 5 types Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine (in DNA only) Uracil (in RNA only) Purines or pyrimidines In DNA: In RNA: C-G C-G A-T A-U  NUCLEOTIDES: 5-CARBON SUGAR AND PHOSPHATE GROUP 2 types of sugars Ribose (in RNA only) Deoxyribose (in DNA only) deoxyribose ribose Phosphate group Contains phosphorus & oxygen Polymer: polynucleotide  FUNCTION POLYPEPTIDE: DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) contains the genetic code stores & transmit heredity/genetic information found in the nucleus (mitochondria) Double stranded (double helix)  FUNCTION POLYPEPTIDE: RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) Carries info from DNA to cell Helps in protein synthesis found in ribosomes & nucleoli Single stranded  POLYPEPTIDE: ATP Contains adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates Stores and releases energy LIPIDS  LIPIDS This organic molecule came from the Greek word lipos which means “fat.” These are substances that include fats and fat-like substances and is a major building block of the cells of animals. Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Do not dissolve in water Composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids molecules  FUNCTION Fat best method of STORING (to store and produce energy) forms cell membranes Insulates nerve cells (myelin) Insulates body (maintains homeostasis) Serve as insulating materials to prevent heat loss and protection against extreme cold Serve as solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormone and prevent water loss in the skin  Fatty acids TYPES OF LIPIDS 1. Saturated fat – a lipid that exists as a solid substance when it is at room temperature. 2. Unsaturated fat – a lipid that exists as a liquid when it is at room temperature. Types of unsaturated fat 1. Monounsaturated fat 2. Polyunsaturated fat  BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC MOLECULES Fats, oils, waxes, steroids  WAXES The wax made by bees is classified as a lipid. Human ear wax and this wax protects the inside of our ears. A substance a called cutin is found on the surface of plant leaves. This wax stops water from evaporating from the leaves and protects a seals the plants.  PHOSPHOLIPIDS Major components of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayer. Most phospholipids contain two fatty acid molecules and one phosphate group. The head of phospholipids is hydrophilic (attracted to water), while the hydrophobic tails repel water.  STEROIDS Steroids – lipids with a carbon skeleton of four fused rings. Examples: Cholesterol – is the most common type of steroid lipid Estrogen – female hormone Testosterone – male hormone Bile salts – found in human intestinal bile Cortisol – a hormone that is produced in response to stress  ENZYMES In the biological world, living organisms also use catalysts They are called enzymes These enzymes control various physiologic reactions. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is broken down in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme lactase Individuals who are “lactose intolerant” have a deficiency of lactase Examples of Enzymes Enzyme Produced by Site of Action Optimum pH Digestion CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION Salivary amylase Salivary glands Mouth Neutral Starch+ H2O→maltose Pancreatic amylase Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Starch+ H2O→maltose Maltase Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Maltose+ H2O→glucose+ glucose Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Lactose+ H2O→glucose+ galactose Lactase PROTEIN DIGESTION Pepsin Gastric Glands Stomach Acidic Protein+ H2O→peptides Trypsin Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Protein+ H2O→peptides peptidases Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic peptide+ H2O→amino acids NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION Nuclease Pancreas Small Intestine Basic RNA and DNA +H2O→nucleotides Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Nucleotide + H2O→ base+ Nucleosidases sugar+phosphate FAT DIGESTION Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Fat droplet + H2O→ monoglycerides+ fatty Lipase acids  Concept Map Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids starches which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, Carbon, Carbon,hydrogen, Carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,oxygen, oxygen oxygen phosphorus nitrogen,