Philippine Politics and Governance Historical Background PDF

HUMSS 005/ GAS 004  islands. Each barangay was an independent “balangay” The barangay was the basic political unit that existed in the Philippine  exercised authority wi...

HUMSS 005/ GAS 004  islands. Each barangay was an independent “balangay” The barangay was the basic political unit that existed in the Philippine  exercised authority within a defined territory. polity that - implements the  customary laws - serves as the commander-in-chief during war - responsible for the livelihood of the “Datu or people Chieftain” By birth or by valor. In Visayas, it referred not only as an individual but an entire social class. Maharlika Timawas Alipin ✓ Namamahay ✓ Sagigilid “Lakan &  Rajah” and warfare Luzon & Visayas Ex. Kingdom of Manila and - Connected Tondo through alliance “Sultan” From the 1400s onwards, Sulu and Maguindanao in Mindanao started to organize themselves into sultanates  Political legitimacy was based on blood and religious ties. Centralization. Sultan Datu Rajah Ruma Bichara (council) Datus (barangays) Panglima (Aristocrats) ✓ Wajir (Advisers) ✓ Rajah laut (Leader of the Maritime Forcers)  ✓ Qadi (Magistrate) Halal Certification 1. Obligatory 2. Recommended - ordained path of conduct that guides 3.Permitted Muslims 4. Discouraged Marriage 5.Forbidden Financial Laws  st very 1 Sultan of the Sultanate of Sulu. First Code of Law Jolo–capital of Sulu Bangsa Sug (Sulu Nation) – “Shariah Law” surrounding areas in Sayyid Abu Bakr, a Mindanao – Borneo Muslim missionary, and Palawan established and In 1500s, Sultanate of Maguindanao  (Cotabato City) was established by Sharif Muhammed Kabungsuwan. Through military alliances, intermarriages and religious “Shariah conversions. Law” Kingdom of Maynilad – th 16 Century in Luzon Proto-Sultanate – emerged from alliances with powerful brgys such as Tondo. 1574, it is interrupted by the arrival of Spaniards and the successful conquest of Maynilad and the rest of Luzon.  is known as the period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe around 14th century. It introduced the desire for exploration for Europeans, giving way to the Age of Discovery.  COLONIALISM – economic and political ideology. Power and influence of a country is based on the number of territories it conquers and colonies it establish. 1521- his troop landed in the Philippine islands and explored the Eastern and Central Visayas. As chronicler Antonio Pigafetta wrote, “They approached the ships showing us fish, feigning that they would give them to us; but then threw stones at us and fled. And although the ships were under full sail, they passed between them and the small boats [longboats fastened astern], very adroitly in those small boats of theirs. We saw some women in their boats who were crying out and tearing their hair, for love, I believe, of those whom we had killed.”  A NARRATIVE ACCOUNT OF FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION - Documented the voyage and events during the circumnavigation “At dawn on Saturday, March 16, 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leguas from the islands of Latroni — an island named Zamal [i.e.,  Samar]. The following day, the captain-general desired to land on another island which was uninhabited and lay to the right of the abovementioned island, in order to be more secure, and to get water and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore for the sick and had a sow killed for them. “On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no one  should move or say a word without his permission. When those men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain-general, giving signs of joy because of our arrival.” “Five of the most ornately adorned of them remained with us, while the rest went to get some others who were fishing, and so they all came. The captain-general seeing that they were reasonable men, ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the captain’s courtesy, they presented  fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e., bananas], and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two cocoanuts. They had nothing else then, but made us signs with their hands that they would bring umay or rice, and cocoanuts and many other articles of food within four days.” LIMASAWA “Mazaua” (March 31, 1521) Two indigenous leaders participated in the mass: Rajah Colambu, ruler of  Limasawa, and Rajah Siagu, ruler of Butuan, both of whom kissed the cross and prayed with the crew  Successfully conquered and declared colony in the Philippines in 1565. drawn by the Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila in 1734, with engravings by Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay (1701-1771)  compelling prominent individuals to relocate into poblaciónes within hearing distance of church-bells. Bell ringing ordered daily life by signaling  times to congregate and by marking special occasions. a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. tasked to establish political authority, administer and improve the local economy (agriculture and trade) promote education convince and convert people to Catholicism Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by  providing laborers. forced labor, brutality, loss of freedom and rights  Monarch of Spain Viceroy of Nueva España (New Spain or Mexico) Consejo de Indias (Council of Indies) Ministerio de Ultramar (Overseas Ministry) Administrative role (implement laws) Military role (Commander-in-Chief) Representative of the Spain monarchy Encompass executive and judicial branches Assignment and appointment to various government positions Vice Real Patron – power to appoint priests to parishes Cumplase – he could suspend or ignore laws imposed by the Crown if he considered them inapplicable Short-term – determined by Viceroy The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created: The Residencia  The Visita The Royal Audencia judicial review of an official’s acts, conducted at the conclusion of his term of office. visita (“inspection”) Visitador Visita, a  special investigation undertaken in the Spanish colonies in  response to perceived mismanagement or an emergency.  an advisory body to the Governor General and had the power to check and a report on his abuses audited the expenditures of the colonial  government and sent a yearly report to Spain Calced Augustinians (1892) 2,082,131 Discalced Augustinians (1892) 1,175,156 Franciscans (1892) 1,010,753  (1892) 699,851 Domini Jesuits (1895) 213,065 Secular Clergy (1892) 967,294 Total, 6,148,250 Ambrose, C., (1899) The Friars in the Philippines. Marlier, Callanan & Co. Boston.  religious activities authority in administration of the colony supervised the election of the gobernadorcillo and cabeza keeper of the list of residents of the town (census) Graciano Lopez Jaena, 1874.  Tondo Conspiracy Dagohoy Revolt (Bohol) Silang Revolt (Vigan) Malong Revolt (Pangasinan)  liberal minded citizens full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines pure blood and white Spanish descent who lived in the colonies but had been born in Spain Governor General 1869 Pro-Native and Anti Friar Supported by the reform-minded elites  Mariano Gomez (72) Jose Burgos (35) Jacinto Zamora (36) Executed on 1872  Graciano Jose Rizal Marcelo H. Del Pilar Mariano Lopez -Jaena Ponce  PH as a province of Spain Same rights and freedom. Filipino representation in Cortes or legislative body. Secularization of Education Hard all parishes work Citizenship Social Reforms  recognize the Philippines as a province of Spain; have a Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; implement social reforms.  Filipino perspective in interpreting history. Colonialism is interruption in the development of PH. a newspaper was used to disseminate the views and ideas of the propagandists.  they did not advocate revolution.  The Filipino League Jose Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina when he returned in the Philippines on July 3, 1892. (ended July 7) encourage reforms in the country; call the government peacefully to end abuses and injustices; bring unity among Filipinos. Because of this movement, the Spanish authorities were alarmed and ordered to exile Rizal to Dapitan.  Elites Middle Class Masses United in their desire to fight for freedom.  Andres Bonifacio - Ama ng Katipunan Emilio Jacinto - Utak ng Katipunan Apolinario Mabini – Utak ng Himagsikan Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini ng Katipunan  Bonifacio founded the KKK on July 7, 1892, in Tondo Manila. “katagalugan” refers to the nation composed of all Filipino people. “sanduguan” a symbol of the member’s loyalty. Executive Supreme Council (highest governing body) Provincial Council Popular Council Judicial Branch  Women’s chapter organized a newpaper - Kalayaan KKK is a movement to advocate separation of the colony from Spain.  Completely separate the Philippines from Spain The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism. The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed.  Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B. 1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag 2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan. 3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran. 4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri. 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. 7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan. Value of time 8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi. 9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. 10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.