History Of Medical Technology Profession PDF

History of Medical Technology Profession Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  History of Medical Technology in a Global Context ○ Disease was believed to be caused by negative interaction between the given environment and the body ○ Hippocrates  "father of medicine"...

History of Medical Technology Profession Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  History of Medical Technology in a Global Context ○ Disease was believed to be caused by negative interaction between the given environment and the body ○ Hippocrates  "father of medicine"  Author of Hippocratic Oath ○ Galen  Greek physician and philosopher  Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids ○ Body fluids  Also called the four humors □ Blood □ Phlegm □ Yellow bile □ Black bile ○ Urine  One of the body fluids that underwent body examination  Hippocrates advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearance in the diagnosis of disease □ Concluded that appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus in the urine indicated kidney disease and chronic illnesses  Galen described diabetes as "diarrhea of urine" and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume □ More water = more urine □ Less water = less urine ○ Medieval Europe  Diagnosis by water casting (uroscopy) was widely practiced □ Uroscopy = urinalysis  Patients submitted their urine specimen in decorative flasks  Physicians who failed to examine urine were subjected to public beatings ○ 900 AD  The first book detailing the characters of urine (e.g., color, density, quality) was written. ○ Early 11th century  Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient's body.  Relied on solely on the patient's description of symptoms and their observation □ Due to ethical concerns ○ 18th century  Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the insides of the body ○ 19th century  Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics □ John Hutchinson's spirometer Measures vital capacity of lungs □ Jules Herisson's sphygmomanometer Measures blood pressure  Use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis during this periods  The onset of mechanical and chemical devices spurred the turn from general practice to specialization □ Brough about by the increasing number of patients and the increasing amount of medical knowledge which generalists could no longer handle. □ Complex machinery and equipment use in medical practice required technical expertise, resulting in cooperative arrangement among specialists □ Medical service became organized in hospitals Large amount of data were required in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Prompted the need for information technology ○ 1969  80% of medical professionals were non-physicians  ○ Mid-1800s  Laboratories designed for analyzing medical specimens were organized by chemical experts ○ Mid-1900s  Technical laboratories regulated by the centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to be used for medical diagnostics in the US ○ 20th century  Improvements in basic sciences and integration of scientific and technological discoveries marked the advances in medical technology  Medical technologies also made impacts on various surgical procedures ○ The electron microscope gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells ○ The adaption of computers in medical researches led to the development of tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.  History of Medical Technology in the United States ○ Establishment of the first clinical laboratories and the development of laboratory practice marked the growth of the medical technology field ○ 1895  University of Pennsylvania's William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories  ○ 1918  John Kolmer called for the development of a methods that would certify medical technologists on a national scale □ Published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians Included a description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology  State legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician ○ 1920  Administrative units of clinical laboratories consisted of 4-5 divisions including clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology. ○ 1922  American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded with the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists □ Established code of ethics for technicians and technologists stating that these allied health professionals should work under the supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral or written diagnosis and advising physicians on how patients should be treated  American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (formerly known as the American Society for Medical Technologists) □ Originally formed as a subgroup of ASCP □ Helped in the recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals ○ 1950s  Medical technologists in the United States sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws  History of Medical Technology Profession in the Philippines ○ 1611  Dominicans founded the UST ○ 1871  First faculties of pharmacy and medicine were established ○ 1886  Boletin de Medesina de Manila ○ 1893  Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas ○ 1895  Cronicas de Ciencas Medicas ○ 1806   The central board of vaccination started producing and distributing vaccines ○ 1876  Medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country ○ 1883  Board of Health, and charity was established, which later expanded in 1886 ○ 1887  Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established  For laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples although the laboratory was not adequately used in the study of outbreaks  Philippine war hero, General Antonio Luna, was employed as a chemical expert in the laboratory and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies  By the end of 19th century, the Spaniards who were considered to be authorities in medicine, started exploring the microbial causes of diseases ○ Spanish military hospital was converted into the first reserve hospital in 1898 by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lippincott who was the chief surgeon of the division of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps ○ Richard P. Strong, the successor, utilize a laboratory to perform autopsies and examine blood, feces, and urine along with other laboratory services ○ Bureau of Government Laboratories was established in 1901 under the Philippines Commission Act No.156.  Located in Calle Herran Pedro Gil Ermita Manila  Science library, chemical section, serum laboratory, and biological laboratory  Paul Freer was the first director  Destroyed during WWII ○ Board of Health  Change into Bureau of Health  In 1915, it was reorganized into Philippine Science  1933, reverted into Bureau of Health  October 4, 1947: DOH ○ UP-College of Public Health  Offered certificate in public health program (June, 1927) ○ At the beginning of World War II  Medical laboratory unit of US Army provided medical services with the available laboratory supplies, supplemental laboratory examinations, and epidemiological and sanitary investigations ○ At the end of WWII, medical technology practice was introduced to the Philippines by 6th Infantry Division of US Army ○ The 26th medical laboratory of the sixth US Army established in the Philippines at Quiricada Street in Santa Cruz Manila ○ Training of high school graduates to work as laboratory technician started in 1944 ○ The US Army left the clinical laboratory in June 1945. It was endorse to the National Department of Health, but the department rendered the laboratory nonfunctional for some time ○ Realizing the need for clinical laboratory in the Philippines, Dr. Pio de Roda, who was one of the staff of the clinical laboratory formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory from the remnants of the deserted laboratory on October 1, 1945 ○ Dr. Pio de Roda was assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano, who was the first Manila City health officer. ○ In 1947, the training program of high school graduates to work as medical technicians was revised under Dr. Pio de Roda, and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana (No definite period of training was set, and no certificates were provided) ○ In 1954, a sixth month laboratory training program with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees. Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the training program. ○ Dr. Tirso Briones ○ The training program ended in 1954 when the Bureau of Private Education approved a four-year course in Bachelor of Science in Medical Science in Medical Technology. ○ Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) opened the first school of medical technology in the Philippines under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hedrick ○ Loma Lina University in California ○ Philippine Union College in Caloocan City offered the first five-year Bachelor of Science degree course in Medical Technology which was headed by Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick, an American Seventh-day Adventist missionary in the Philippines  Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick □ Acknowledged as the founder of medical technology education in the Philippines □ Developed the first course curriculum □ Put the first medical technology school in the Philippines ○ Mrs. Antoinette Mc Kelvey, joined Mrs. Hedrick in putting up the first complete laboratory in the Philippines at the Manila Sanitarium and Hospital ○ March 1955, Philippine Union College produced its first graduate Dr. Jesse Umali. ○ Dr. Antonio Gabriel, and Dr. Gustavo Reyes, faculty members of Pharmacy Department of UST, offered medical technology as an elective to 4th and 5th year BS in Pharmacy students (1957 - 1958) ○ UST is the first and only school that offers Doctorate Degree in Medical Technology (2017). Pioneer Invention Pione Invention er Antoine van Father of microbiology; Karl Distinguished blood groups Leeuwenhoek known for his Lands through the development of the (1660) improvement of the teiner ABO blood group system microscope (1902 ) Edward Jenner Discovered vaccination to Augus Developed immunologic tests (1796) establish immunity to t von for syphilis small pox; impact of Wasse contribution: rman Immunology n (1906 ) Marie Francois Identified organs by their Howa Discovered microorganisms Xavier Bichat types of tissues; impact of rd whose range lies between (1880) contribution: Histology Ricket bacteria and viruses called ts rickettsiae. (1906 ) Agostino Bassi Produced disease in Hans Worked out the structure of (1835) worms by injection of Fische hemoglobin organic material — the r beginning of bacteriology (1929 ) Louis Pasteur Successfully produced Jonas Developed poliomyelitis vaccine (1857) immunity to rabies Salk (1954 ) Gregor Mendel Enunciated his law of James Introduced the Westgard Rules (1866) inherited characteristics Westg for quality control in clinical from studies on plants ard laboratory (1973 ) Joseph Lister Demonstrated that Baruc Introduced Hepatitis B vaccine (1870) surgical infections are h caused by airborne Samu organisms el Blum berg (1980 ) Robert Koch Presented the first Kary Developed the Polymerase (1877) pictures of bacilli Mullis Chain Reaction (PCR)  (anthrax), and later (1985 tubercle bacillli ) Elie Described phagocytes in Andre Introduced the intracytoplasmic Metchnikoff blood and their role in van sperm injection (VF) (1886) fighting infection Steirt eghe m (1992 ) Ernst von Introduced steam James Derived the first human stem Bergmann sterilization in surgery Thom cell line (1886) son (1998 ) Defining the Practice of Medical Technology Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  Nature of Medical Technology ○ Science is primarily concerned with the study of the natural world and the interrelationship among biological, psychological, and even the social world ○ Many principles of medical technology are highly dependent on developments in the scientific discipline areas such as chemistry, electronics, optics, and mechanics, among others, in order to develop utilizable biotechnology that will aid in the diagnosis of diseases. ○ Technology is an avenue for humans to alter or modify the environment in order to extend their abilities to create, invent, discover, or innovate to make the world a better place to live in. ○ Medical technology is designed to improve the detection of diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. ○ Clinical laboratory testing plays a crucial role in detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases ○ Clinical laboratory scientists perform most of the laboratory tests that are involved in the examination and analysis of body fluids, tissues, and cells. ○ Laboratory scientists:  Look for the presence of bacteria parasites and other microorganisms in the body  They analyze the chemical contents of fluids, match blood for transfusions, and tests for drug levels in the blood to show a patient response to a specific treatment  They use microscopes cell counters and other sophisticated laboratory equipment. They also use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing several tests simultaneously  After testing and examining his specimen, laboratory scientists analyze the results and relay them to the physicians ○ With the increasing automation and innovation in computer technology the work of technologists and technicians has become less hands-on and more analytical  Medical Technology Practice Defined ○ RA 5527, also known as the Medical Technology Act of 1969. ○ Section 2.a. Practice of Medical Technology  A person shall be deemed to be in the practice of medical technology within the meaning of this act, who shall for a free salary or other compensation, or reward pair or given directly or indirectly through another, renders any of the following professional services for the  purpose of aiding the physician in the diagnosis study and treatment of diseases and in the promotion of health in general. Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic, immunologic, nuclear, and other laboratory procedures and techniques either manual or automated. Blood banking procedures and techniques Parasitologic, mycologic, and microbiologic procedures and techniques Histopathologic and cytotechnology; provided that nothing in this paragraph shall inhibit a duly registered medical laboratory technician from performing histopathologic techniques and procedure Clinical research involving patients or human beings requiring the use of and/or application of medical technology knowledge and procedures Preparations and standardization of reagents, standards stains, and others provided such reagents, standard, stains and others are exclusively for the use of their laboratory Clinical laboratory quality control Collection and preservation of specimens ○ Provided that any person who has passed the corresponding board examination for the practice of a profession already regulated by existing law, shall not be subjected to the provisions of the last four preceding paragraphs if the performance of such act or services is merely incidental to his profession. ○ All aforementioned are commonly observed in a clinical laboratory. However, some of these may not be exclusive to medical technologist. Microbiologist, biologists, chemists and even sanitary engineers may be involved in some activities usually done by medical technologist. ○ A medical technologist must first become licensed before he or she is permitted to practice the profession  Code of Ethics ○ Medical technology practice should be bound by the accepted pledge of oath in accordance with the code of ethics of medical technology. Which states that the medical technology profession should accept the responsibilities inherent to being a professional and shall not engage in any illegal activities. ○ Original version was written by Dr. Nardito Moraleta ○ Revised version was written by Prof. Rodolfo Rabor As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology, I shall accept the responsibilities inherent to being a professional; I shall uphold the law and shall not engage in illegal work nor cooperate with anyone so engaged; I shall avoid associating or being identified with any enterprise of questionable character; I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employer, clients, contractors, employees and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the profession; I shall use only honorable means of competition for professional employment or services and shall refrain from unfairly injuring, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, projects or business of a fellow medical technologists; I shall accept employment from more than one employer only when there is no conflict of interest. I shall perform professional work in a manner that merits full confidence and trust carried out with absolute reliability, accuracy, fairness, and honesty; I shall review the professional work of other medical technologists, when requested, fairly and in confidence whether they are subordinates or employees, authors of proposals for grants or contracts, authors of technical papers of other publications or involved in litigation; I shall advance for the profession by exchanging general information and experience with fellow medical technologists and other professionals and by contributing to the work of professional organizations; I shall restrict my praises, criticism, views, and opinions, within constructive limits and shall not use the knowledge I know for selfish ends; I shall treat any information I acquired about individuals in the course of my works as strictly confidential, and may be divulged only to authorized persons or entities or with consent of the individual when necessary; I shall report any infractions of these principles of professional conduct to the authorities responsible for the enforcement of applicable laws or regulations, or to the ethics committee of the Philippine Association off Medical Technologists as may be appropriate. To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct myself at all times in a manner befitting the dignity of my profession.  Roles and Responsibilities of Medical Technology Professionals ○ The following are the tasks of medical technology professionals in the practice of laboratory science: 1. Perform clinical laboratory testing 2. Perform special procedures 3. Ensure accuracy and precision of results 4. Be honest in practice 5. Ensure timely delivery of result 6. Demonstrate professionalism 7. Uphold confidentiality 8. Collaborate with other health care professionals 9. Conduct research 10. Involvement in health promotion programs  Defining the Practice of Other Laboratory Personnel ○ Pathologist  They are duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of laboratory medicine or the gross and microscopic study and interpretations of tissues secretions and excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose disease, Follow its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, a certain cause of death, an advanced medicine by means of research.  A pathologist is always considered to head a clinical laboratory to monitor and release laboratory results. A laboratory result without the signature of a pathologist may not be considered valid. ○ Medical Laboratory Technicians  A person certified by and registered with the board of medical technology and qualified to assist a medical technologist and/or qualified pathologist in the practice of medical technology as defined and aforementioned act.  Failed to pass the medical technology licensure exam given by the board of medical technology but obtain a general rating of at least 70%  Pass the civil service examination for medical technicians given on March 21, 1969  Finished a 2-year college course and has at least one year experience of working as a medical laboratory technician. □ Provided that for every year of experience in college two years of work experience may be substituted and provided further that the applicant has at least 10 years of experience as medical laboratory technicians as of the date of approval of this decree ○ Phlebotomist  An individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests or blood donation.  Phlebotomy is a skill confined not only to medical technologists but to other health care practitioners as well, provided they were given certification by a reputed certifying or training body. ○ Cytotechnologist  Laboratory personnel who works with a pathologist to detect changes in body cells which may be important in the early diagnosis of diseases.  Cytotechnology select and sections minute particles of human tissue for microscopic study using microtomes and other equipment.  They perform stain techniques to make cell structures visible or to differentiate its parts. ○ Histotechnologists  They are also referred as histotechnician.  A laboratory personnel responsible for the routine preparation processing and staining of biopsies and tissue specimens for microscopic examination by a pathologist. ○ Nuclear Medical Technologist  They are health care professional who works alongside nuclear physicians.  They apply their knowledge of physics and safety regulations to limit radiation exposure, prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals, and use radiation detection devices and other kinds of laboratory equipment that measure the quantity and distribution of radionuclides deposited in the patient or in the patient’s specimen. ○ Toxicologist  They study the effects of toxic substances on the physiological function of human beings, animals, and plants to develop data for use in consumer protection and industrial safety programs.  Toxicologist also designs and conducts studies to determine physiological effects of various substances on laboratory animals, plants, and human tissue, using biological and biochemical techniques. Ethics Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  Ethics ○ Definition:  Psychology: a branch of philosophy concerned with establishing the principle of right and wrong behavior  Philosophy: the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline  Definition of Terms: ○ Competence  the ability of an individual to perform one's duties well ○ Informed consent  communication between a professional and a subject; gives permission for a procedure to occur ○ Privacy  a persons right to keep personal information out of public view ○ Confidentiality  the capacity to keep information restricted to only those who have permission to view it ○ Beneficence and nonmaleficence  aim to help and do no harm ○ Integrity  adherence to ethical principles; honest behaviors ○ Fidelity and responsibility  establish trust and uphold one's responsibility  Health Ethics ○ Interdisciplinary field encompassing a broad range of domains: public health, research, and clinical care (WHO)  Ethical Issues in Health Care 1. Patient Privacy and Confidentiality - Protection of private patient information □ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) define what information can be released and to whom 2. Transmission of Diseases - Right of healthcare providers to protect themselves from communicable diseases, whether by direct or indirect contact with an infected patient - Patient's health history 3. Relationships - Sexual relationships (in healthcare facilities) □ STRICTLY FORBIDDEN 4. End-of-Life Issues - Terminally ill patient's special wishes — "Living Will" 5. Elderly Patients  - Not capable of making rational decisions - "Living will" 6. Aggressive marketing practices - Patient care, not marketing schemes - Marketing campaign is truthful, sincere, and not misleading  Living Will ○ A written document that allows a patient to give explicit instructions in advance about the medical treatment to be administered when he or she is terminally ill or no longer able to express informed consent ○ A concept associated with Passive Euthanasia  Euthanasia  (Health) Ethics Committee ○ Goal: To establish a written code of ethics that details the policies and procedures that determine proper conduct for all employees. - Doctors - Therapists - Nurses - Other healthcare providers ○ Assist patients and their families ○ Work together to identify, understand, and resolve difficult ethical decisions  Health Care Providers ○ Must seek to protect patient privacy in all settings to the greatest extent possible and should: - Minimize intrusion on privacy when the patient’s; privacy must be balanced against other factors. - Inform the patient when there has been a significant infringement on privacy of which the patient would otherwise not be aware. - Be mindful that individual patients may have special concerns about privacy in any or all of these areas.  MEDICAL ETHICS ○ An applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research.  CLINICAL ETHICS ○ A practical discipline that provides a structured approach to assist health professionals in identifying, analyzing and resolving ethical issues that arise in clinical practice.  Ethics in Clinical Research ○ Ethics in clinical research focuses largely on identifying and implementing the acceptable conditions for exposure of some individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of society at large.  School of Ethics: Finding the Right Balance Within and Between Values  7 Ethical Principles in Health Care 1. Non-maleficence - Do no harm – asserts that a health care professional should act in such a way that he or she does no harm, even if her or his patient or client requests it 2. Beneficence - The obligation to produce benefit, for individual patients or clients 3. Health Maximization - Health of the broader constituency of the public and improvements 4. Efficiency - Efficient use of resources 5. Respect for autonomy - Acknowledge patient’s rights 6. Justice - Equal rights 7. Proportionality - Private good and public interest  Professional Ethics Concepts ○ Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior of person or a group of people. ○ Provide rules on how a person should act towards other people and  institutions ○ Unlike values, professional ethics are often codified as a set of rules, which a particular group of people use.  Ethical Principles ○ Ethical principles underpin all professional codes of conduct ○ Some universal ethical principles that apply across all professions, including: - Honesty - Respect for others - Accountability - Trustworthiness - Adherence to the law - Loyalty - Doing good and avoiding harm to others  Codes of Conduct ○ Provide guidelines for the minimum standard of appropriate behavior in a professional context. ○ Sit along side the general law of the land and the personal values of members of the profession. Medical Terminologies Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  Root word ○ Main part of the medical term that denotes the meaning of the word. ○ Examples:  Colo - colon  Phlebo - vein  Hema - blood  Aero - air  Prefix ○ Found at the beginning of the term; shows how meaning is assigned to the word. ○ Examples:  A-/-an - without, absence  Hyper - increased/above  Poly- - many  Pre- - before  Suffix ○ Found at the terminal portion of the term; denotes the meaning to the root word. ○ Examples:  - megaly - enlargement  - uria - urine  - emia - blood  - ostomy - to make an opening or mouth  Medical Terminologies ○ If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel needs to be used (usually the letter O) ○ Combining the vowel does not change the meaning of the root word; it is added in order to make the pronunciation of the word easier ○ The combining vowel is added between the root word and the suffix. ○ Example:  Hemat + logy = hematology [study of blood]  Phlebo + tomy = phlebotomy [a process of cutting into the vein using a needle] ○ The plural form of medical terms is made by changing the end of the word, and not by simply adding S ○ Follows the rule for irregular nouns ○ Examples: SINGULAR PLURAL  Bacterium Bacteria Nucleus Nuclei Thrombus Thrombi Bacillus Bacilli Ovum Ova Spermatozoon spermatozoa  Medical Terminologies [Examples] Medical Technology Education Saturday, 7 September 2024 8:00 pm  Curriculum ○ The Latin word currere which means curriculum or course of study. ○ Refers to the academic content and lessons taught in a school or educational institution or in a specific course or program ○ A detailed plan for instruction set by policy-makers ○ Serves as a primary guide for all educators  Medical Laboratory Science Curriculum ○ RA 7722 - "Higher Education Act of 1994" ○ AN ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES ○ Technical Committee for Medical Technology Education (TCMTE) Composition  Senior specialists or academicians function to assist the Commission in setting standards in program and institution, monitoring, and evaluation  MLS CURRICULUM ○ CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER (CMO) NO. 13 SERIES OF 2017 ○ "Policies, standards, and guidelines for the BSMT/BSMLS"  Goals  Program outcomes  Performance indicators  Minimum program offerings □ General Education Core Elective Mandated PE NSTP □ Core Courses (MLS) Org, Inorg, Ana Chem, Biochem, Anatomy, etc. □ Professional courses CC CM Mic Para Hema ISBB HP/HT MTL Lab Man  □ Research Internship ○ Prescribe number of Units per Course  1 unit of lecture = 1 hour of class  3-unit lecture = 3 hours/week = 54 hours per semester (18 weeks/semester)  1 unit of lab = 3 hours of class  5-unit subject: 2-unit lab, and 3-unit lec □ 3 hours of lec, and 6 hours of lab/week Total: 54 lec hrs, and 108 lab hrs whole sem  GEN. ED. COURSES ○ Foundational knowledge 1. Understanding self 2. Readings in Phil. History 3. Contemporary World 4. Mathematics in the Modern World 5. Purposive Communication 6. The Life and Works of Rizal 7. STS 8. Arts Appreciation 9. Ethics  PROFESSIONAL COURSES ○ Necessary to practice and demands of the profession 1. PMLS 1 2. PMLS 2 3. CPH for MLS 4. Cytogenetics 5. Human history 6. Histopathology with Cytology 7. Clinical Bacteriology 8. Clinical Parasitology 9. Immunohematology and BB 10. Mycology and Virology 11. Lab. Man. 12. MT laws and Bioethics 13. Hematology 1 14. Hematology 2 15. Clinical Microscopy 16. Clinical Chemistry 1 17. Clinical Chemistry 2 18. Seminar 1 and 2 19. Molecular Biology and Dx  PROGRAM GOALS ○ Article IV Section 5.2 ○ Article IV Section 6.3 ○ Article V: MT Curriculum ○ Article V Section 9.2: Program of Study UNITS LEC LAB 1st yr 50 40 10 2nd yr 47 42 5 3rd yr 46 29 17 4th yr 30 6 24  1st yr to 3rd yr □ Total laboratory = 32 units (1728 hours) □ 1 unit of laboratory = 54 hours  Licensure Examination ○ PRC - Professional Regulation Commission  Tasked to administer Licensure Examinations to different professionals throughthe PRB ○ PRB - Professional Regulatory Board (Examiners)  Tasked to prepare and administer the written licensure examinations  Current Board: As of Sept. 2023 □ Hon. Marilyn A. Cabal-Barza - chairman (duly licensed pathologist) □ Hon Leila Lany M. Florento - member (RMT) □ 1 vacant position (member)  PROFESSIONAL COURSES INCLUDED IN THE MT LICENSURE EXAMINIATION Clinical Chemistry 20% Microbiology and Parasitology 20% Hematology 20% Blood banking, Immunology, and Serology 20% Clinical Microscopy 10% Histopathologic Techniques (including) 10% MT Laws, Bioethics, and Lab Management - Not prescribed in the RA 5527 but included in the exam  MT LICENSURE EXAMINATION  ASSESSMENT ○ Provides feedback, and the progress ○ Identifies the flaws in the psychomotor skills, and deficiencies ○ Serves as a diagnostic tool to determine the capabilities of a student ○ Serves as a motivation to further improve student skills ○ Provide information on student's response to a particular learning strategy ○ Provide information to the teacher if there is a need to improve teaching and learning strategies ○ TYPES OF ASSESSMENT  FORMATIVE □ A low-stakes assessment that does no normally contribute towards a student's final grade  SUMMATIVE □ An assessment administered at the end of an instructional unit in a course; has a high point value  DIAGNOSTIC □ Sets of written questions (multiple choice or short answer) that assess a learner's current knowledge base on current views on a topic/issue to be studied in the course ○ ASSESSMENT TOOLS  Teacher-made written test  Reflection papers □ An essay on how a book, experience, or academic lecture shaped one's thoughts and opinions on a subject  Portfolios □ Provide progressive and coherent snapshots of a learner's knowledge, performance and development at point □ Performance task (return demo), oral examinations, and presentations (individual or group reporting) □ Rubrics - indicates achievement criteria across all the components