Medical Technology: History and Practice PDF

1 2 3 What is MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY???  ____________________________________________ Medical technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the maintena...

1 2 3 What is MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY???  ____________________________________________ Medical technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the maintenance of health.  ____________________________________________ Medical technology is the application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.  ____________________________________________ Medical technology is the health professions concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health.  PMT Act of 1969 ____________________________________________ aid the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease and the promotion of health in general. Examination of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated  ____________________________________________ Train in: Hematology Clinical Chemistry Medical Microbiology Clinical Microscopy Immunology Serology Blood banking ____________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________ Belief in the unknown Belief in the superstitions No clear knowledge of disease causations. Diseases are works of evil spirits and witchcraft. Rituals and prayers. North American Indians: Purgation, sweating, bleeding and diet restrictions  _________________________________________________________________ Medical practices: Amputations, circumcision, castration and trephining Herbal medicine in Chinese-practices. “Emperor Shen Nung (2700BC)” _________________________________________________________________ Mysticism, magic, and super natural beliefs Diseases are punishment from gods. Astrological associations of diseases. _________________________________________________________________ Practices for disease prevention: Environmental sanitation, draining swamps and fumigation. _________________________________________________________________ Father of Handwashing _________________________________________________________________ Father of Medicine NO! Diseases are from not supernatural causes but NATURAL CAUSES!!!!  _________________________________________________________________ The theory of humors Hippocrates (460 B.C.- 377 B.C.) was called the father of medicine. Four “humors” or body fluids in man. 1. Blood 2. Phlegm 3. Yellow bile 4. Black bile  _________________________________________________________________ The theory of humors Hippocrates (460 B.C.- 377 B.C.) was called the father of medicine. Four “humors” or body fluids in man. 1. Blood 2. Phlegm 3. Yellow bile 4. Black bile  _________________________________________________________________ Central Hippocratic doctrine of humoral pathology All diseases were due to the disorder of these four humors or body fluids. During this times, urine was regarded as a composite of these humors.  _________________________________________________________________ “Water casting” (Uroscopy) Urinalysis was practiced Physical characteristics of urine are used in the diagnosis of disease. Marcelo Malphigi: Father of modern anatomic pathology (embryology and anatomy). Jean Baptiste van Helmont: gravimetric testing of urine specimen  _________________________________________________________________ NOT ACCEPTED IN THE LABORATORY  _________________________________________________________________ There are three structural parts of the microscope head, arm, and base. Head – The head is a cylindrical metallic tube that holds the eyepiece lens at one end and connects to the nose piece at other end. It is also called a body tube or eyepiece tube. It connects the eyepiece lens to the objective lens. The light coming from objectives will bend inside this tube. In binocular microscopes, they are adjustable so that the viewer can adjust the eyepiece for maximum visualization.  _________________________________________________________________ Arm – This is the part connecting the base to the head and the eyepiece tube to the base of the microscope. It supports the head of the microscope and is also used when carrying the microscope. Base is the lowermost part of the microscope that supports the entire microscope structure. It provides stability for the microscope. Illuminators, light switches, and electrical wiring systems are fitted in the base.  _________________________________________________________________ Optical parts of a microscope and their functions Eyepiece – The eyepiece (ocular Lens) is closest to the viewer’s eye. They are located at the top of the microscope. This part is used to look at the specimen. Eyepiece tube – It’s the eyepiece holder. It carries the eyepiece just above the objective lens. In some microscopes, such as the binoculars, the eyepiece tube is flexible and can be rotated for maximum visualization for variance in distance. For monocular microscopes, they are none flexible.  _________________________________________________________________ Diopter Adjustment – Diopter Adjustment is a control knob present only in the binocular microscope that is used to change focus on one eyepiece. It is used to correct any difference in vision and compensate for the differences in vision between the viewer’s two eyes. Nose piece – A nose piece is a movable circular structure that houses all the objective lenses. It is also called the revolving turret.  _________________________________________________________________ Objective lenses – The objective lens is the lens that is closest to the specimen. They are fitted on the nosepiece. A standard microscope has 3 to 4 objective lenses of different magnifying powers: 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X. The objective lenses first receive the light transmitted from the specimen and magnify the image for the first time. Objective lenses are color-coded and are of different sizes.  _________________________________________________________________ The Adjustment knobs – Adjustment Knobs are the control knobs used to focus the microscope on the specimen. These knobs are of two types; a. Fine Adjustment Knob: Fine Adjustment Knob is used for fine adjustment. It is a smaller knob and is used to move the stage up or down very slowly. The stage covers a very small distance on each rotation of the fine adjustment knob. It is used to sharpen the image. It is mostly used while viewing under high power. b. Coarse Adjustment Knob: Coarse Adjustment Knob is used for focusing the image under low power magnification. It is a larger knob and is used to move the stage up or down very rapidly. The stage is raised or lowered rapidly with the help of a coarse adjustment knob.  _________________________________________________________________ The Adjustment knobs – Adjustment Knobs are the control knobs used to focus the microscope on the specimen. These knobs are of two types; a. Fine Adjustment Knob: Fine Adjustment Knob is used for fine adjustment. It is a smaller knob and is used to move the stage up or down very slowly. The stage covers a very small distance on each rotation of the fine adjustment knob. It is used to sharpen the image. It is mostly used while viewing under high power. b. Coarse Adjustment Knob: Coarse Adjustment Knob is used for focusing the image under low power magnification. It is a larger knob and is used to move the stage up or down very rapidly. The stage is raised or lowered rapidly with the help of a coarse adjustment knob.  _________________________________________________________________ Stage – This is the section in which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen slides in place. The most common stage is the mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving them manually. Stage Control Knobs – Stage Control Knobs are the control knobs used to move the stage mechanically. There are two knobs; one for moving left and right and the other for moving forward and backward. This will move the slide in the field of vision. Aperture – This is a hole in the microscope stage through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage.  _________________________________________________________________ Microscopic illuminator – A microscopic illuminator is a light source. Condenser – These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. Diaphragm – It’s also known as the iris. It is found under the stage of the microscope, and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the specimen. Condenser focus knob – This is a knob that moves the condenser up or down, thus controlling the focus of light on the specimen.  _________________________________________________________________ Light Switch – Light Switch is an electrical control device. Light switches are used to on and off the illuminator. Brightness Adjustment – The brightness adjustment system controls the voltage supplied to the light bulb, controlling the intensity (brightness) of the light bulb.  _________________________________________________________________ Light Switch – Light Switch is an electrical control device. Light switches are used to on and off the illuminator. Brightness Adjustment – The brightness adjustment system controls the voltage supplied to the light bulb, controlling the intensity (brightness) of the light bulb.  _________________________________________________________________ “Father of Microscopy” - first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, plants the teeming life in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries.  _________________________________________________________________ Observed a thin slice of cork, called the empty spaces “cells” _________________________________________________________________ Rudolf Virchow (1858) Cell theory Biogenesis - living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells.  _________________________________________________________________ Father of Modern Bacteriology. Microorganisms are present in the air everywhere Offered proof of biogenesis by using an S-shaped curve flask in his experiment. He proved that air can contaminate a sterile solution but air itself does not produce microbes.  _________________________________________________________________ Proved that microorganisms transmit disease. Koch’s Postulates - A pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the same disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.  _________________________________________________________________ The Chinese developed the practice of variolation following a smallpox pandemic.  _________________________________________________________________ Father of Immunology Invented the first vaccine smallpox vaccine He realized that milkmaids who were infected with COWPOX (mild form) could not be infected with SMALL POX. _________________________________________________________________ October 26,1979  _________________________________________________________________ Penicillin (the first antibiotic) Penicillin notatum Changed the face of therapeutic medicine Saved million lives ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ “Magic bullet” Salvarsan, cure for syphyllis Produced modern chemotherapeutic agent  _________________________________________________________________ Historian who notes that medival technology began during the medieval period(1906-1438) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Historian who dicovered ancient writing about intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris  Taenia saginata - Beef tapeworm Taenia solium - Pork tapeworm _________________________________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________ Initiated the use of laboratoy animals for experimentation as part of the means to diagnose diseases. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Father of American of Pathology Set up the first pathology laboratory in America at Bellevue Hospital.  _________________________________________________________________ Described the pap test for surgical screening used to detect malignancy in cervix  _________________________________________________________________ Describe the pap test for surgical screening used to detect malignancy in the cervix. Cells are removed from the cervix.  _________________________________________________________________ Laboratory tests for the detection of tuberculosis, cholera typhoid and diphtheria. First clinical laboratory in the US. University of Michigan Hospital. 1922 - American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) was organized. Major Histocompatibility complex (HLA system) Hybridoma technology leading to the discovery of tumor marker. 15-3 CYFRA 21-1 CA 19-9  _________________________________________________________________ During WWII, US bases were put up in Leyte 1944. Health care team served the wounded soldiers and civilians. 1st clinical laboratory: 208 Quiricada St. Sta.Cruz Manila 6th Infantry Division of the US Army Manila Public Health Laboratory  _________________________________________________________________ Oct. 1,1945 Dr. Alfredo Pio Roda supervisor/director Dr. Mariano Icasiano - assistant Dr. Prudencia Sta.Ana: training program for HS student. 1954: 1st four year Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology.  _________________________________________________________________ Philippine Union College (Adventist University of the Philippines) Manila Sanitarium (Manila Adventist Medical Center)  _________________________________________________________________ The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 Revised: RA 6132 s. 1970 PD 498 s. 1974 PD 1534 s. 1978 In process: House Bill No. 4742 _________________________________________________________________ Circle - symbolizes the continuous involvement where practice and education must always be integrated Triangle - is the trilogy of love, respect and integrity _________________________________________________________________ Microscope & Snake - symbolize the science of Medical Technology profession Green - the color of health 1963 - the year of establishment of the organization _________________________________________________________________ Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong “Emergence of the Profession” First PAMET President _________________________________________ Mr. Crisanto Almario Father of PAMET _________________________________________________________________ Luella A. Vertucio PAMET National President _________________________________________________________________ Dean Bernard Ebuen PASMETH President 1 2 3  ____________________________________________ RA 5527 of 1969 Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969. In 2014, Senate Bill 2743 was introduced by Senator Teofisto Guingiona III repeals RA 5527, RA6138, PD498 and PD1534. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 1. Microbiology, Parasitology, Mycology and Virology. 2. Hematology 3. Clinical Chemistry 4. Clinical Microscopy 5. Immunology and Serology 6. Histopathology 7. Immunohematology/ Blood banking 8. Molecular biology and others. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________  ____________________________________________________________________ Blood donation, blood typing and crossmatching  ____________________________________________________________________ Blood donation, blood typing and crossmatching D ____________________________________________________________________ Our blood has four main components  Our blood has four main components ____________________________________________________________________ When someone has a blood test, a small amount of blood is taken and 55% kept in a tube for testing. buffy coat