PL-413-MODULE-02 (1).pdf

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 PREPARED BY AR. GERALD VICENCIO, RMP LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the people, place and context and the influences of historical, socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental issues in...

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 PREPARED BY AR. GERALD VICENCIO, RMP LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the people, place and context and the influences of historical, socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental issues in shaping urban, suburban environments; TOPIC OUTLINE Beginnings of Urban Design – Western Stream Historical Background: Aesthetics/ Community Architecture FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 PART 01 HISTORY- Development Planning History and Influence on Urban design TOPIC: BEGINNINGS OF URBAN DESIGN – WESTERN STREAM FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 INTRODUCTION The field of architecture may be one of the deepest of all environmental professions. It involves understanding the past, present, and future. It engages itself with its potential users, their behavioral patterns, desires, and needs. It also involves laws, codes, regulations, theories, and concepts in design. Design does not only concern physical form, color, texture, size, and shape, but it also concerns function. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 If this building is found alone in the countryside, then it is a piece of art in itself, though the landscape will play an important role in creating a beautiful picture. But put this building with half a dozen more city block and an art other than architecture is created – an art of architecture and its relationship with the environment. In this case then, an additional element must be included in the design process, and that is understanding how building will fit with its surrounding. Ultimately, This translate to the design of the urban environment, hence the term “URBAN DESIGN” FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 To further illustrate the link between architecture and urban design consider the main concerns when designing a building: the relationship of spaces with one another, circulation patterns, utility systems. All these are similar concern, albeit in larger scale, in the design of the urban environment wherein this building will stand. The rooms become the buildings, the verandas and balconies the plazas and parks, the corridors and hallways the roads and pedestrian paths, and the plumbing and electrical works the same system that they will connect to. The (Brief) History of Urban Planning - YouTube FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 TIME TRAVEL ACTIVATE! Base on your previous subject- History of Architecture, name your favorite ancient civilization and tell something on how did they developed their ancient cities. 15 MOST AMAZING Ancient Cities (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  ANCIENT CITIES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 A. Natural factors that affect the development and growth of urban areas: Potential for natural calamities: (fire, flood, volcano eruption etc.) Presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources Slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses climate B. Innovations that influenced the development of early cities: The plow and rectilinear farming Circular fencing and radio centric planning FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 C. 7000-9000 B.C. The Neolithic Ciities Jericho- the early settlement in Israel around 9000 BC. It has 3000 people. The city was built around a reliable source of fresh water. 3 hectares in area and enclosed with a circular stone wall. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 C. 7000-9000 B.C. The Neolithic Ciities Khirokitia- is an archaeological site on the island o f Cyprus dating from the Neolithic age. The site is known as one of the most important and best preserved prehistoric sites of the eastern Mediterranean. The first documented city with streets. Main street was narrow but had a wide terminal FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 C. 7000-9000 B.C. The Neolithic Ciities Catalhoyuk-was the largest Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia(in Turkey), which existed from approximately 7100 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. 13 hectares in area and population is about 10,000. It was an intricately assembled complex without streets FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 D. 3000-4000 B.C In this era cities in the fertile Cresent were formed by the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia. The City of Eridu-oldest city The City of Damascus-Oldest continually inhabited city Babylon: The largest city with 80,000 inhabitants Eridu (Sumerian Mythology) one of the oldest cities in Mesopotamia, home of Enk - YouTube E. 3000 B.C. Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley – these Egyptian Cities were characterized by monumental architecture popularly symbolized by the pyramids FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 F. 2500 B.C. Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) Mohenjo – Daro : administrative-religious center with 40.000 inhabitants G. 1900 B.C. Yello River Valley of China – “Land within the passes”. Precursor of Linear City. Anyang – Largest city of the Yellow River Valley Cities also envolved in Mesoamerica, Built by the Aztecs, Mextecs, and Zapotecs FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 A. 700 B.C. Cities spread through the Aegean Region (westward to France and Spain) “polis” defined as a “city state,” the most famous example is the Acropolis Finite measurements of Greeks- built to the human scale Sparta and Athens were the largest cities Neopolis and Paleopolis means new and old cities. Neopolis became Paleopolis once another new city was built. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  1. Parthenon 11. Arrephorion 2. Old Temple of Athena 12. Altar of Athena 3. Erechtheum 13. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus 4. Statue of Athena Promachus 14. Sanctuary of Pandion 5. Propylaea 15. Odeon of Herodes Atticus 6. Temple of Athena Nike 16. Stoa of Eumenes 7. Eleusinion 17. Sanctuary of Asclepius Ancient Athens Explained (youtube.com) 8. Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia 18. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus 9. Chalkotheke 19. Odeum of Pericles 10. Pandroseion 20. Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 B. 450-400 B.C. The city of Miletus was regarded as the first planned city. There were 3 sections of Miletus for the artisans, farmers and military. Hippodamus – the first noted urban planner. Introduces the grid system and the Agora or the public market FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different scale – monumental, had a social hierarchy. Roman Forums – Focal points of Roman City Planning Romans as Conquerors- Built forum after forum Roman as Engineers- Built aqueducts, public bath, utility systems, fountains, etc. Romans as physical and social planners – developed housing variations and other spaces: Basilica – covered market; law courts Curia – The local meeting hall; the capitol Domus – Traditional Roman house; with a central atrium Indular – 3 to 6-storey apartment with storefronts Romans were also fond of public works and arts FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 Roman Forum 3D (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  MEDIEVAL AGES FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  Decline of Roman power left many outpost all around Europe. Growth then revolves around the fortification or the monasteries “Feudalism” affected the urban design of most towns. The rise of the Church as a main urban design component was signified in Constantinople (present day Turkey) and Sienna, Italy. Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of the cathedral or military fortifications. Expansion was limited to the size the city could support but was not limited in land area There was a continuing increase in number of towns, although with a small population per town Feudalism is the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  New 11th century towns in Europe were mostly Coastal pot towns. Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size while the power of the feudal lords declined Ownership shifted to a new variety-that of the wealthy mechants while the church continued it’s rise thus creating two privileged classes: the noble and the clergy. World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice The growing population however, brought about congestion and slums, and ultimately led to the decline of the cities. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  In 15th century France thekings achieved unity and display their affluence and power bt improving and beautifying their cities Arts and architecture thus became a major element of town planning Geometrical forms of cities were proposed Plan of an ideal city by Vasari Plan of an ideal city by G. Maggi FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts-the first (university town” Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens, best displayed in the plans of Lenotre for Versailles in France and its adaptation in the design of Karlsruhe in Germany A plan of a Palace and city of Karlsruhe by Margrave Karl III Wilhelm FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 ANDRÉ LE NÔTRE The Versailles gardens, designed by André Le Nôtre, have been a worldwide reference since the 17th century. These works of art are also a paradise representative of the ambitions of Louis XIV when he was a young king Versailles, from gardens to Trianon palaces (youtube.com) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICAS FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  Early American towns were primarily founded as colonial outposts with strong trading ties to the mother country Medieval Organic City- taken after the "boug“ (military town) and "fauborg" (citizen's town) of the medieval ages. These towns did not have any regular street form Medieval Bastide- taken from the French bastide. These were new towns placed in previously unsettled areas. Most bastides enjoyed locations in river valleys and were built in regular grid-like or radial form around them FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  The Spanish "Laws of the Indies" town-built from King Philip II's city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio (military), and the mission (religious) The English Renaissance- "the European Planned City - two of these developed as capitals in Chesapeake Bay Region: Annapolis and Williamsburg (designed by territorial Governor Col. Francis Nicholson. The other two became ports of the southeast coast: Charleston in South Carolina and Savannah in Georgia (designed by James Oglethorpe) The Speculators Town- developments were driven by speculation with emphasis on equality (Philadelphia, designed by William Penn, best exemplifies the American Speculator's Town) FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  WILLIAN PENN The City of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn as the Capitol of the Province of Pennsylvania. He determined that the city should be place upon the river for health purposes and easy navigation. Penn also specified that the roads and highways should be laid out first and then the lots for purchase. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  The "Machine Age" - signified the change from manpower to assembly lines ROBERT OWEN Two schools of thought- the "reform movements", that put was a Welsh textile emphasis on building from scratch to improve worker's living manufacturer, conditions, and the "specialists", who believed that the philanthropist and social problems of cities should be tackled one item at a time, reformer, and a founder beginning with the improvement of health and sanitary of utopian socialism and systems the co-operative movement. Robert Owens spearheaded the Reform Movement by proposing his ideal city meant for 800 to 1200 persons on at least 600 to 1800 acres of land. Owens constructed an Industrial Village at New Lanark Mills in Manchester that was self-sufficient and complete with agricultural, light industrial, educational, and recreational facilities. Owens' son later built a similar type of Industrial Village in Indiana, called New Harmony. Ideal City – Robert Owens FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  A group of New England Planners also designed Brook Farm in Massachusetts Cabet conceptualized the city of Icarus, in Red River, Texas Tony Garnier also designed a hypothetical industrial town, Une Cite Industrielle, with an imaginary site consisting of a high plateau and level valley, all alongside a river. The plateau would be used for the residential component and the valley for factories, TONY GARNIER and other specialized spaces in areas where they develop a good relationship with complementary uses- these ideas may have been a precursor to modern zoning FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2  SUMMARY Let us see if you can remember the main points raised in this lesson. Below is a summary of these points: Settlements during Ancient Times Greek Classical Cities Roman Classical Cities Medieval Ages Renaissance and Baroque Periods Settlement in the Americas Industrial revolution FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 2 REFERENCES https://auma.ca/advocacy-services/programs- initiatives/municipal-planning-hub/historical-context/brief- history-settlement https://allaboutancientegyptiancivilization.weebly.com/to wn_planning.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirokitia Center for the Designed Environment Professionals, Inc. Site Planning and Urban Design reviewe FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE M O D U L E 0 1