Urban Design PDF

Contents What we will learn 1. Urban Design 2. Difference between Architecture, Urban Design & Urban Planning. 3. Elements of Urban Design 4. Principles of Urban Design 5. Case Study 1. Where is Urban Design in the scale of city? Architectural Design * Relates to single building...

Contents What we will learn 1. Urban Design 2. Difference between Architecture, Urban Design & Urban Planning. 3. Elements of Urban Design 4. Principles of Urban Design 5. Case Study 1. Where is Urban Design in the scale of city? Architectural Design * Relates to single building * Insists on function of the building (residential – commercial – office…) * Form of the building (colors – materials….) * No focus on spaces between buildings. Limited scale Micro- Scale  Urban * Organizes the physical components of the city. planning * Such as districts- neighborhoods * Deals with functional relationships between the elements of the city such as uses of the buildings- streets- transportation- infrastructure…. * Focus on function more than aesthetics. Large scale Macro Scale SO THERE IS A NEED TO AN INTERMEDIATE SCALE * Urban design came into bridge the gap between planning (relates to macro design decisions- land use patterns and socio-economic issues) and architecture (concentrates micro design solutions to single buildings)  Urban planning Large scale Macro Architectural Design Limited scale Micro Urban Design Intermediate scale  * Deals with groups of buildings and the urban Urban spaces between these buildings Design Urban *Open spaces like “streets- pedestrian paths- Design gardens- squares……”  *Concerns with aesthetics of physical environment” Urban landscape- furniture of open spaces…… Design Urban design integrates many related disciplines including art, architecture, landscaping, social sciences, economics, urban planning, engineering and transport. Urban *Design spaces that focus on the users “Design for Design people” Urban *Concerns with the environmental issues in the scale of urban design. Design  * Urban Design deals with: 1. Built environment “Buildings- Spaces” “Functional- Aesthetical” 2. Users’ needs 3. Environmental issues Weaving all together produces urban design project  * Urban Design deals with: Design can help enhance a city’s advantages: ▪ Physical needs of citizens, safety, security and protection; ▪ an environment free of pollution, noise, accidents and crime; ▪ A conductive social environment; ▪ A sense of community; ▪ An appropriate image and prestige; ▪ Creativity and self expression of neighbourhoods; ▪ Aesthically pleasantness as a place of culture and a work of art. Design can help diminish a city’s disadvantages: ▪ Containment of size and population; ▪ Social stratification. https://www.architonic.com/en/story/peter-smisek-free-for-all-new-public- spaces/20016626  Objectives of Urban Design: ▪ Aesthetics: Strong visual impact ▪ Development: New investments, increasing employment opportunities ▪ Functional efficiency ▪ Improved environmental conditions ▪ Safety ▪ Increasing spatial standards (accessibility, comfort, etc.) ▪ Technical solutions to unique problems ▪ Cultural identity and symbolism ▪ Community integration ▪ Character and identity (A place with its own identity) ▪ Continuity and enclosure (A place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished) ▪ Quality of the public realm (A place with attractive and successful outdoor areas) ▪ Ease of movement (A place that is easy to get to and move through) ▪ Adaptability (A place that can change easily) ▪ Legibility (A place that has a clear image and is easy to understand) ▪ Diversity (A place with variety and choice) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8wRIo8alXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8wRIo8alXY  Urban design And team “The best urban design project involves working in teams with groups of professionals with a wide range of complementary skills, knowledge and expertise.” Urban Design is The art of creating and shaping cities and towns Urban Design is the arrangement, design of buildings, public spaces, services. Giving them form, shape, and character. Urban Design is The method by which man creates a built environment that fulfills his aspirations and represents his values 1. Urban design highlights the value of “place” 2. Urban design is a type of art and design 3. Urban design is for and about people 4. It deals with the real world which is constrained by economic (market) and political (regulatory) forces SAMPLE URBAN DESIGN PROJECTS https://www.arch2o.com/songzhuang-micro-community-park-crossboundaries/#jig/23/ https://www.arch2o.com/darling-harbour-public-realm-hassell/ https://www.arch2o.com/aarhus-harbor-bath-big/#! https://urbandesignlab.in/bergedorf-west-hamburg-karres-brands/ 2. Development of Urban Areas in History Throughout history, cities have been established differently according to factors such as climate, geography, economic and cultural values. Since Ancient Greece, the city has always had open/semi-open urban spaces where urban people can meet and have social interactions. Agora is one of the most important components of ancient Greek cities. This place has continued its effectiveness for many years as both a public space and the commercial center of the city. In the Greek city, the agora is the everyday scene of social life, business and politics. At the early periods of Greek Civilization, only a large and empty area required for the agora. In further periods, the agora has been covered with two storey and linear planned buildings named ‘stoa’. An agora is an open-air ground that is located in a central location, such as the center of a bustling city or the center of an important crossroads. The term ‘agora’ means ‘gathering place’ or ‘place of assembly’. This ground was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city. The ground would serve as a marketplace, place for gathering during military demonstrations, celebrations, military duty and hearing statements from the ruling king or council. The Ancient Agora of Athens is also considered to the birthplace of democracy. Many prominent agoras also served political purposes such as meeting with At the early periods of Greek Civilization, only a large embassies, councilmen and enacting laws, and also and empty area required for the agora. dealing with the defenses of the country. Major In further periods, the agora has been covered with two decisions were taken there, and they were also storey and linear planned buildings named ‘stoa’. announced at agoras. Forum was one of the most important components of These are public squares or areas in a Roman city or state the city of Rome, and it is defined as “public open that were used as marketplaces. In addition to an open space surrounded with stoas and various public ground with stalls, the forum would also be surrounded by structures”. buildings and shops. Some forums were constructed in remote locations, such as on the side of the road, which The function of the forum, especially in the early later developed into cities. These forums offered the people periods of Roman civilization, is very similar to the a place to gather and share ideas, discuss political issues, agora of the Greek city. This is also located at the debates, rendezvous, and meetings. During many occasions, core center; shopping, various meetings and daily life it would also serve as entertainment ground for holding take place in the public space in the forum. In the city plays or concerts. The forum would allow the people to also of Rome, the forum constitutes the center of the city hold protests. in cultural and life like the agora. MEDIEVAL SQUARES OF EUROPEAN CITIES Medieval cities are small size in terms of the area they spread. In the cities of this period, city walls, areas and streets, marketplace, market buildings and other commercial buildings, churches, usually established in its own special squares, and structures related to city management constitute the components of the city. Florence Siena The main feature of the Medieval city is that the city is completely a place of production and trade. These functions are carried out in all open, closed, private and public spaces of the city. Narrow and irregular streets in organic developed cities, main streets extending from the center towards the city gates and developing in accordance with the regular form of the market area as possible, created the circulation Typical Medieval Squares system of the city.  THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY Islamic cities of the near east, but the idea of the pre-industrial city today covers European cities before the industrial revolution(particularly in the mediaeval period). An old town with narrow winding streets enclosed by defensive walls. Walled extended family compound. Streets are totally irregular as they are merely the spaces left between the compound. Milan in 16th Century Paris City Map - 16th Century THE INDUSTRIAL CITY Many of the larger city of the world, specially in North America and Europe. Associated with the rapid urbanization Pre-dominantly agricultural society to an industrialized one Segregation of functions becomes much more noticeable Depopulated city center and mainly given to commercial functions Housing types reflects big social and economic division within the population THE INDUSTRIAL CITY Housing types reflects big social and economic division within the population This rapid urbanization results: Pollution Congestion Waste disposal Unsatisfactory housing Unemployment Crime POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY Dating back to the second half of the twentieth century Cities needed to adjust to other forms of employment in light manufacturing Demolition and clearance of large area of heavy industrial plant Replacement of one physical form with the other. The growth of office towers and luxury high- rises or refurbishing of old waterfronts Cafe’s and boutiques arise to feed and clothe the new classes. Global cities Ideal cities World War II impact on cities development large segregated single-use zone areas unbreakable with too wide streets and large parking lots that are designed to make cars happy but hostile (unfriendly) for people. buildings with their backs or sides turned towards the street confronting the pedestrians with long blank walls and building utilities large street blocks with no cross access or connecting streets (alleyways) In addition, public spaces became leftover spaces of the private spaces development, a result of uncoordinated exercises carried out by various professionals exposed to abuse and problems: unsafe, dirty and dominated by minority user - the car 3. When did Urban Design emerge?  Urban Design had a long history related to the history http://lh3.google.com/tessellar/R1BLpUfNLHI/AAAAAAAADzo/guNurjk1ZYw/s800/Catal%20Huyuk.jpg of human settlements 7000 B.C. Jericho “Ariha” Palestine As a profession and science: After the industrial revolution and its bad effects on cities in Europe, some movements began to arise calling for a need for more human and well-designed spaces in the cities. As a profession and science: The formal emergence of urban design as a science happened in 1960 as key works in the field of urban perception and visual studies were performed by Kevin Lynch and Gordon Cullen in 1960 and 1961.  Pioneers of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs Kevin Lynch Gordon Cullen Christopher Alexander Hassan Fathy Urban design is a tool for making places that are : 1. Good to live and work in. 2.Conserves heritage and historical building and urban fabric And creates community identity. Every place is unique and special Urban design is a tool for making places that are : 3. Attractive to visit. Urban design is a tool for making places that are : 3. Attractive to visit. Urban design is a tool for making places that are : 4. Successful both socially and economically. Livable space Abandoned space  5. Make places more secure Careful urban design reduce crime and anti social behavior 6. It effects planning in the widest sense, It can help to deliver better public services and access. integrated system Urban Urban Design planning It is the challenge of creating a place that will be used and enjoyed by a wide range of different purposes, not only now but in years to come.