HOA 4 REVIEWER: Philippine Architecture During American Period PDF

HOA 4 REVIEWER - Permitted nipa houses built on blocks Building the Imperial Imagination - w/ a built in system of surface Philippine Architecture During drainage, public latrine, American...

HOA 4 REVIEWER - Permitted nipa houses built on blocks Building the Imperial Imagination - w/ a built in system of surface Philippine Architecture During drainage, public latrine, American Period public bath houses and laundry, public water hydrants (free of - From manifest destiny, Americans charge) rebuilt the war-torn PH - Can still be seen in: - Sought to reshape the city of o Sampaloc MANILA o San Lazaro - To build: o Vito Cruz o public architecture o Sanitary facilities Sanitary Barrios = success That signifies American New focus: to modernize Filipino democratic & civilizing House mission TSALET - Single story PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE & SANITARY - Either wood or combination of FACILITIES feral concrete wood - Living area – elevated at 1 meter - Early yrs of American occupation above ground (lower than bahay was beleaguered by succession of kubo – to discourage placement epidemic diseases (unhygienic of domestic animals under) domestic practices) - Veranda (l-shaped / t-shaped stair) 1902 - Interior is divided into rooms - Use of toilet was introduced 1912 - Pail Conservancy System (cubeta) - Bureau of Health – drew sanitary Wooden Buckets urban house - As replacement for sewers o Single detached - Collected daily by municipal o Semi-detached excrement wagons o Row house apartments o 1 storey concrete chalet Congested Nipa Districts - Where public toilets were built - ESTEROS – banned to use for IDEAL SANITARY CHALET bathing & washing 1903 – Great fire of manila After this… They combined new type of architecture 1907 = toilet + bath + laundry - Experiment on materials for sanitary house First Public Bath & Laundry (1913) - Fire resistive roofing - 1-storey structure, concrete o diamond shaped shingles o molded from concrete mixture & rice husk, SANITARY BARRIOS reinforced by woven bamboo - wall slabs (implanted w/ sawali 1908 or woven bamboo) - Introduced a neighborhood concept (sanitary barrios) SPANISH MISSION REVIVAL Edgar K. Burne - insular architect - chief, Bureau of Architecture - Designed set pieces that mimicked the Spanish colonial style Spanish Mission Revival - Served as a transitional style - Govt. Laboratory Priorities: to develop a MASTERPLAN - Municipal Building of Manila FOR MANILA & HILL STATION IN BAGUIO - Insular Ice plant & Cold Storage Aim: - Govt. Printing Office - Customs House - Install a sense of cosmopolitan arrangement Insular Ice Plant & Cold Storage - Create an upland health resort - South side of Pasig River in Baguio - 1st large building to be erected Designed by: Frederick Law Olmsted by the Americans Jr. (landscape architect) - Brick masonry – revivalist style - Backed out: schedule conflict Daniel H. Burnham was chosen after DANIEL H. BURNHAM 1893 COLOMBIAN WORLD EXPOSITION - Earned “Father of the City Beautiful Movement” Hallmarks of the City Beautiful: Manila’s First City Hall (by Burne) - Vistas, grand civic centers, - Modeled from bahay na bato (all actual & radial blvds, wood, Oregon pine, American clap classicist formality, green boarding technique) open spaces 1904 – went to PH - W/ Pierce Anderson - surveyed Manila & Baguio After 6 weeks - Back to America - With plans for Manila & Baguio - With 2 high mirador towers - Cast ornaments of mudejar MASTERPLAN FOR MANILA pattern - Recommended waterfront & parks - Central civic core with radials Also designed: cottages & other buildings (Baguio) Central Piece: NEOCLASSICAL FORMS - Civic core w/ grand concourse - Adoption of beaux arts as the from the bay from an arc further official style for the next 3 inland decades - Vision: national capital complex - Embodiment of American - Drawn perspective: domed republican ideals classical structure, like American Capitol - Execution of fusion of local architecture & neoclassical idiom - Large windows – metal canopies/ arches - Plans: open spatial arrangements – max. cross ventilation Translucent Capiz Shells - Vernacular architecture + neoclassic rendering MODEL SCHOOL HOUSES - Legacy of parsons o Mass reproduction of model BAGUIO MASTERPLAN school houses - For bureau of public instruction - Dominated by elliptical space - 15 prototypes approx. 1 mile (length) & 3 - Materials: standardized to lower quarters of a mile (width); in cost the perimeter of the ellipse - 1 story high, elevated - Capiz window: Pivoted window - Commercial district - Govt. Center CAPITOL & MUNICIPAL COMPLEXES - Broad residential zone Park-like setting Center: public park Neoclassic Recommended: Beaux arts trained human – WILLIAM PARSONS - archetype for all capitals before & after the war PARSONS – responsible for the designs of all the public buildings Municipal buildings & parks (in the PH) - were also standardized - Davao, Boac (Marinduque), Lopez (Quezon) – same standard plan SANITARY MARKET & TIENDAS Episcopal Cathedral of St. Mary and St. John (1905) Standardized in 1912 - 1st modern church in reinforced - Placed near estero/riverbank – concrete waterborne commerce - Mission Revival Style Parsons - Cruciform plan - Reco: concrete floor & steel Multistory building in this period: truss - Did not exceed more than 30 M - Contribution: improvement of - High ceilings, courtyards, materials & techniques – large windows, arcaded ground reinforced concrete hb & Kahn floors – in the absence of air Truss System conditioning Kneedler Building (1913) NEOCLASSICISM - Manila’s 1st reinforced concrete George Fenhagen & Ralp Doane multi-story structure - BPW, contributed in propagation Manila Hotel of neoclassicism (govt & - Where telephones, lifts, private practice) plumbing were first integrated (1912) GEORGE FENHAGEN Altered Manila’s Skyline (1910s- 1920s): - Unbuilt capital building in Manila - El Hogara Filipino - Centerpiece for Burnham’s - Pacific Commercial Company capital - Filipinas Insurance Company - Luneta Hotel (French renaissance) The Masonic Temple - Mariano Uychangco Building (art - His design (renaissance) nouveau) - One of the 1st multi-story bldg. in the ph PENSIONADO SYSTEM - Scholarship for aspiring architects - 1903 - Acad training from the east coast (bastion of beaux arts pedagogy) Parsons left the bureau… - Pensionados gradually took over FIRST GENERATION ARCHITECTS RALPH DOANE Maestro de Obras like: - Drafted plan for Pangasinan Provincial Capital - Arcadio Arellano & Tomas - Malacañang Executive Building Arguelles - Legislative Building (prelim - Earned a place as 1st gen plan) Filipino Architects Arcadio Arellano - De La Salle College - Centro Escolar University - 1st Filipino to be employed by the Americans; archi advisor Juan Arellano - Renaissance Features - Gota de Leche Building - Most prolific - Intl stature when he received world acclaim in a competition (NYC) – Bank of the Philippine Islands o Legislative Building o Jones Bridge o Post Office o Chamber or Commerce - Hidalgo House (neo-gothic) Building o Benitez & Malcom Hall (UP) - Shifted to Art Deco (Metropolitan Theater) o Bamboo banister rails o Carved banana mango relief o Batik mosaic patterns - Govt buildings for Banaue, - Mauso leum of the Veterans of Ifugao, Aklan, Cotabato the Revolution (classical) SECOND GENERATION ARCHITECTS 1920s-1930s - Neoclassicism was challenged by this generation They introduced innovative ideas & novel ways of utilizing non-classical - Ariston Bautista Lin House ornaments (ART DECO) (decorative motifs) Andres Luna de San Pedro Fernando Ocampo Pablo Antonio Juan F. Nakpil ART DECO - 1925 Exposition Internationale Antonio Toledo Des Arts Décoratifs Et Industriels Modernes - Master of neoclassicist style - International Exhibition of - Twin Corinthian Buildings Modern Decorative and Industrial - Leyte Capital, Cebu Capital, Arts Manila City Hall, Manila - To profuse abstraction and Customs House stylization, rich ornamentation, Tomas Mapua colorist effects, dramatic massing, simplified geometric - 1st registered architect forms, exotic imagery from non- - Mapua Institute of Technology western sources o 1st Architectural school (1925) - PGH Nurses Home Streamlined Deco Andres Luna de San Pedro - Evoke the imagery of machine & - Usually revivalist style mass production - Legarda Elementary School - Rounded corners, semi-circular o French Renaissance bays, punctured porthole - Perkins & Zobel House (neo- windows, tubular steel railings Castilian residences) - Projecting thin roof slabs – - Switched to art deco recalled the yachts & ocean o Perze-Samanillo Building liners of the period (vertical pipe moldings, canted arches, octagonal Elpo Building tableau precast, low - Exuberant exoticism & relief medallions ornamentation were employed in Crystal Arcade these façade - Luna’s most celebrated work Bautista-Nakpil Pylon - Continuous concrete & glass Metropolitan Building - 1st to introduce a mall type Santos House commercial space Mapua House Transition of Classical to Art Deco Fernando Ocampo Bulacan Capital(stripped classicism) Cebu Capital His art deco manipulation: Sariaya Municipal Building Central Seminary Building (UST) Insular Life Building Paterno Building - Stepped/zigzag silhouette of art Pablo Antonio deco, best captured here - Manila Polo Club Bauan Municipal Building - Ideal Theater Quezon Bridge Pylons - Ramon Roces Residence Rizal Memorial Stadium (streamlined) - FEU early buildings Jai Alai Building Marsman Building Juan Nakpil Lopez House - An engr & archi Far Eastern University (main - Designed the most number of building) structures among the group Geronimo Reyes Building Craze for art deco coincided with the World Eucharistic Monument of 1937 establishment of MOVIE GOING AS A Quezon Institute Administration NATIONAL PAST TIME Building & Pavillions Manila Jockey Club - Art deco for cinema palaces 1934 - US Congress mandated the Islamic and Mudejar Art Deco independence within 12 years - Lyric Theater & Bellevue Theater 1935 Café Theater – Chinese elements in - Established the commonwealth of art deco façade the Philippines - Transition govt w/ Manuel L. Times Theater & Pines Theater Quezon – President - Streamlined art deco Manuel Quezon - Produced by National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) - Contemplated & national capital to build a new city for the new Aftermath of WW2 commonwealth (reminiscent of Washington DC) - PH rose from the ashes - Modernism for rebuilding Pacific War Rise & fall of modernism in the latter - Hindered Quezon’s urban vision half of 20th century December 1941 - From less is more to less is a bore - Manila was declared an Open City - To spare the city from damage Post-modernism from the advancing Japanese imperial army - Plurality - Mantra of everything goes 3-year Japanese Occupation - Detrimental to architectural production - Take over of private & public buildings – military & political purposes Pre-fabricated Quonset Hut End of Pacific War – Manila in ruins - Part of American military Filipinos found modernism, direct a campaign in the PH new nation - Galvanized corrugated steel July 1946 sheet over frame of lightweight steel ribs - the Philippine Islands became the independent republic of the February 1945 Philippines - Americans were set to reclaim - used US war damage Manila rehabilitation fund o for manila’s neoclassical splendor The last days of war witness the o Manila City Hall wholesale destruction of manila's o Post Office built heritage & the irreplaceable o Agri & Finance Buildings treasures of colonial architecture o Legislative Building o UP Manila (rebuilt approx. American bombs turned manila into the their original plans) second most devastated allied city in the world Post War Austerity - Straightforward & no nonsense archi forms ARCHITECTURE FOR THE NEW NATION - Modernism; form follows function o Proclaimed by 3rd Gen Arkitekturang Filipino Filipino Architects - By Gerard Lico (2008) 3rd GENERATION FILIPINO ARCHITECTS - PH built forms (from primeval origins to contemporary forms) Cesar Concio Angel Nakpil 2016 Film Alfredo Luz Arkitekturang Filipino: A History of Otillo Arellano Architecture & Urbanism in the Felipe Mendoza Philippines  Gabriel Formoso create a three-dimensional Carlos Arguelles structure MODERN ARCHITECTURE Simple Devices Applied Externally To Tropical Eyes And Modulate The Climate - Simplified geometric forms in Insensitive Designs Of The accordance to the demands of International Style: honesty expressed in materials structure and form o Bristle - maneuvered and restraint rather o Sun Baffles than indulgence o Pierced Screens - simplicity over complexity BRISOLEI & PIERCED SCREENS MID CENTURY MODERN AESTHETICS - adopted in Manila during the - also influenced by new materials 1960's and scientific events o Space Exploration Pierced Screen - Technology + future - function as diffuser of light Space Age of the 1950s and doubled as a decorative layer for the exterior - visual language of long lean - fabricated from perforated horizontal lines (airplane concrete / ceramic box precast wings) concrete / aluminum bars with - soaring upright structures & various ornamental punctures parabolic arches that direct the eye to the sky - sharply contrasted angles that After the OIL CRISIS of 1973 express speed - architects began to realize the Innovations in Building Materials failures of modern buildings in - reinforced concrete the tropical climate - plastic & steel Able to create: Filipino architects - thin concrete shells - compelled to backtrack and - concrete folded plates; in space reevaluate vernacular building framed structures traditions as sources of energy efficient design o TROPICAL REGIONALISM SOFT MODERNISM Manila Ordinance No. 4131 (1950s) - experimented with a sculptural potential of concrete's - high-rise fever swept and redefined Manila skyline plasticity to come up with soft and organic forms with the use PICACHE BUILDING of thin shell technology - Angel Nakpil FOLDED PLATE - First skyscraper in the - was a roof structure whose Philippines strength & stiffness was derived - 12 stories high from a pleated or folded INSULAR LIFE BUILDING geometry - it was a special class of shell - first office building to surpass structure formed by joining flat the old 30 meter height thin slabs along the edges to restriction NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY Ferdinand Marcos Dictatorship (1970s) - People’s Home Site & Housing - held the promise of national Corporation (old name) rebirth and resurrection of old - new suburban communities were Filipino traditions developed in Quezon City project - cultural and architectural sites agenda of the regime - low cost concrete bungalow units o was placed under the auspices of the first lady BUNGALOW Imelda Marcos who packaged - became the convenient model for herself as the Patroness Of post-war housing The Arts o tended the cultural - for middle-income households Renaissance of the nation residential units infill and Colossal Building life homes (designed on a Cultural Buildings modular planning system) by Finance Complexes Carlos Arguelles Medical Centers BLISS (Bagong Lipunan Sites and Subdivisions by Ayala and Ortigas Services) Families Hotels Convention Centers - upscaled homes Sports Complexes - homes were designed not by Airports company architect but by an Official Residences architect commissioned by the Filipino Theme Park individual homeowner - gave variety of domestic - Projects of the Marcoses architecture - projected an image of a - size of the carport was an index progressive and modern nation- of status state Tall & Multistory Departments CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES - played a new role in providing - essential Bahay Kubo Filipinos with modern housing Characteristics are be interpreted by means of crisp Monterey Apartments modernist vocabulary in the Carmen Apartments cantilever projections - epitomize the modernist high- - Leandro Locsin rise apartments of the period o CCP MAIN THEATER o Folk Arts Theater Mid-1960s o PICC o Philippines Center for - young architects & designers International Trade & o began to reappraise the Exhibitions country's rich - Locsin’s Abstract cubist architectural and cultural principles to distill the heritage as a source of essential and floating qualities design inspiration of the Bahay Kubo into Maranao & Southern Philippine Motifs sculptural edifices - local architects adapted these motifs National Arts Center - vinta colors, roof silhouettes (resonating ambiguous Malayan - Los Banos Laguna figuration) - more profound allusion to the Bahay Kubo  - departure from the modernist box - eclectic mix and match' of every - pyramidical superstructure conceivable detail for a flashy evoked the roof lines of effect Austronesian stilt dwellings Postmodern Skyscrapers - allude to the timelessness of - later rehashed for other state the classical column (to break buildings: its vertical monotony) o Batasang Pambansa Tall structures divided into vertical o Baguio Convention Center segments: - podium - shaft Francisco Mañosa - crown - used an imitative and formula called “Tower on the Podium” straightforward approach for his Tahanang Filipino (Coconut - for commercial & corporate Palace) towers because of their mixed- - advocacy of climate responsive use potential vernacular architecture - a body of work which made him DISNEYFICATION the Paternal Figure Of Filipino Neo-Vernacular Movement - theme park techniques of image making 1980s Post-modernism reinvents to cityscape - PH Modernism began to lose its with a potential illusion and popular appeal perpetuate escapist fantasy - Many realized: austere modernist environments as the master-planned boxes were boring and lacked micro cities: character - Eastwood City - Fort Bonifacio Global City (BGC) POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE - Rockwell Center - Retail environment of Megamall & - altered the landscape with Greenbelt buildings proclaiming the resurgence of ornament as an o detached and protected antidote for modernism's from the harsh realities of renunciation of history and third-world or vanity tradition Less is More As the process of globalization - minimalist dogma of modernism engulfs the local architectural - supplanted by a counter doctrine practice one fears that the period of “less is a bore” postmodern architecture in the Philippines might become the period of Postmodernism post Filipino architecture - adopted a populist aesthetic language heavily influenced by classical architecture … but perhaps, in all optimism as in - exemplified by garish the past, the Filipino will prevail application of color - returned to ornament and traditional design elements INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Started modernism o Machineries, use of steel, factories, mass production, steam engines, trains PNR – First train in Southeast Asia