Biomolecules Lesson 4 PDF

On a scale of 1 to 10, how are you feeling right now and why? Directions: Identify the polarity and type of intermolecular forces of the compounds below: Type of IMF Compound Polarity...

On a scale of 1 to 10, how are you feeling right now and why? Directions: Identify the polarity and type of intermolecular forces of the compounds below: Type of IMF Compound Polarity Attraction Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3) Carbon monoxide (CO) Have you ever thought about what makes up a living organism? Are you familiar with biomolecules? 4 PICS 1 WORD C B A R S P O R I T E N A S T F  Carbs, proteins, and fats/lipids as well as nucleic acids are biomolecules that make up a living organism.  Lesson 4: Structure of Biological Macromolecules and Their Properties  Learning Competency: The learners are also expected to explain how the structures of biological macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins, determine their properties and functions.  Learning Objectives Identify the four biological macromolecules 01 according to their general structure. Describe the properties of each biological 02 macromolecule. Appreciate the importance of biological 03 macromolecules in our life by citing their functions. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Also known as biomolecules are produced through a process known as biosynthesis There are four types of biomolecules, namely: ○ carbohydrates ○ lipids ○ nucleic acids ○ proteins. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Most of them are organic compounds and the functional group determines their chemical properties. Are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Are polymers, built from monomers, except lipids A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (repeating units). These small building-block molecules are called monomers. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates General formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. This formula also explains the origin of the term “carbohydrate”: the components are carbon (“carbo”) and the components of water (hence, “hydrate”). Are made of sugars that are produced by plants during photosynthesis and they are the primary source of energy for most organisms. Therefore, carbohydrates provide ENERGY. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates a.k.a saccharides are classified into three subtypes: Classification of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) simplest form of carbohydrates They all have a molecular formula of C6H12O6, but they differ slightly in the arrangement of their atoms, which accounts for the differences in their chemical properties and uses. Are classified by the… ○ location of the carbonyl group ○ number of carbons in the carbon skeleton 6C = hexose (ex: glucose) 5C = pentose (ex: ribose) 3C = triose (ex: glyceraldehyde) Monosaccharides include the ff: 2. Disaccharides referred to as double sugar are made up of two monosaccharide units and have a molecular formula of C12H22O11 are formed through dehydration synthesis, the formation of a double sugar with the removal of water Disaccharides include the ff: Glucose + Glucose 3. Polysaccharides are large molecules that are made up of many smaller units that are joined together. These include the following: a. Starch – storage form of glucose in plants b. Glycogen – storage form of glucose in animals which is stored in the liver and muscles c. Cellulose – structural material in plants (found in the cell wall of plants which cannot be digested by humans) Simple starch molecule  Functions of Carbohydrates Functions of Carbohydrates Chief energy source. In many animals, they are an instant source of energy. Glucose is broken down by cellular respiration to yield ATP. Intermediates in the biosynthesis of fats and proteins. Aid in the regulation of nerve tissue and is the energy source for the brain. Are associated with lipids and proteins to form surface antigens, receptor molecules, vitamins, and antibiotics. Functions of Carbohydrates They form structural and protective components, like in the cell wall of plants and microorganisms. In animals they are an important constituent of connective tissues. They participate in biological transport, cell-cell communication, and activation of growth factors. Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content help to prevent constipation. Also, they help in modulation of immune system. Lipids Are insoluble compounds in water which made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but are soluble in non-polar solvents, like ether, chloroform, and methanol. The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. Do NOT form polymers. Can also be used to store large amounts of energy because they have high energy content and are metabolized to release calories. Classification of Lipids 1. Fats Primary example of lipids refers to solid triglycerides (made of glycerol and three fatty acids) usually from animal sources like meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese. 2. Oils refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Examples: ○ olive oil ○ corn oil ○ sunflower oil ○ soybean oil Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Fats made from saturated Fats made from fatty acids are called unsaturated fatty acids are saturated fats and are solid called unsaturated fats or at room temperature oils, and are liquid at room Most animal fats are temperature saturated (lard) Plant fats and fish fats are Saturated fatty acids have usually unsaturated. the maximum number of Unsaturated fatty acids hydrogen atoms possible have one or more double and no double bonds. bonds Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats 3. Phospholipids consists of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit, and a phosphate group The best-known phospholipids are lecithin (found in egg yolk) and cephalin (found in brain tissues). Are the major components of all cell membranes The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes. 4. Waxes composed of fatty acids with longer chains of alcohol ○ Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters used as lubricants, polishers, and ointments 5. Steroids have no fatty acids but are considered as lipids It consists of four carbon rings in the form of cholesterol, bile, and sex hormones Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease Functions of Lipids Functions of Lipids Storage compounds (triglycerides serve as reserve energy of the body) Important component of cell membrane structure in eukaryotic cells which regulate membrane permeability Source of fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K. Act as electrical insulators to the nerve fibers, where the myelin sheath contains lipids. Components of some enzyme systems. Some lipids like prostaglandins and steroid hormones act as cellular metabolic regulators. Functions of Lipids As lipids are small molecules and are insoluble in water, they act as signaling molecules. Layers of fat in the subcutaneous layer provide insulation and protection from cold. Cholesterol is found in cell membranes, blood, and bile of many organisms. It… ○ maintains the fluidity of membranes by interacting with lipid complexes ○ is the precursor of bile acids, Vitamin D, and steroids Proteins Are composed of four elements, namely: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (Sulfur and other metals are sometimes also found in proteins). Are made up of amino acids The general structure of an amino acid is shown in the figure: Proteins Are the most important biomolecules because they… ○ are the fundamental constituent of the cytoplasm of the cell ○ are the structural elements of body tissues ○ give heat and energy to the body and aid in building and repair. ○ make up bones, muscles, hair, and other parts of the body ○ Proteins like enzymes are functional elements that take part in metabolic reactions. Functions of Proteins 1. Metabolism Enzymes are biological ○ Molecular Biology catalysts (speed up Polymerase chemical reactions) Ligase ○ Digestive enzymes ○ Industry aid in hydrolysis Dairy, baby food, Lipase rubber, beer, Amylase photography, Lactase contact lense’s Protease cleaner 2. Support Structural proteins ○ Keratin – hair and nails ○ Collagen – supports ligaments, tendons, and skin ○ Silk – cocoons and spider webs 3. Transport Channel and carrier proteins in the cell membrane which allow substances to enter and exit the cell Transport molecules in blood ○ Hemoglobin – transports oxygen in the blood 5. Defense Antibodies (aka immunoglobin) ○ are proteins that protect us when an unwanted substance (e.g., bacteria and viruses) enters our body. ○ Produced by immune system 6. Regulation Hormones ○ Intercellular messengers that influence metabolism ○ Insulin – regulates the amount of glucose in the blood and in cells ○ Human growth hormone – its presence determines the height of an individual Receptor Proteins ○ Built into the membranes of nerve cells ○ Detect chemical signals (neurotransmitters) released by other nerve cells 7. Motion Muscle contraction ○ Actin and myosin – make up muscle fibers Motor proteins within the cell ○ Allow cell components to move from place to place ○ Flagella - move the cell ○ Cilia - move contents around the cell Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Are long polymers made of repeating units of nucleotides. Parts of a Nucleotide ○ nitrogen base (C-N ring) ○ pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA ○ phosphate (PO4) group  Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic acid (DNA) acid (RNA) double nucleotide chain single nucleotide chain N bases bond in pairs directs the production of across chains new protein by spiraled in a double helix transmitting genetic Controls the synthesis of information to the RNA in the cell. protein-building Storage place for genetic structures information in the cell. Functions of Nucleic Acids Functions of Nucleic Acids Main functions are to store and transfer genetic information. To use genetic information to direct the synthesis of new proteins by transmitting them from DNA to the protein synthesizers in the cell. ○ The function of the nitrogenous base sequences in the DNA backbone determines the proteins being synthesized. ○ The function of the double helix of the DNA is that no disorders occur in the genetic information if it is lost or damaged.  BIOMOLECULE BUILDING BLOCK ELEMENTS FUNCTION SOURCES Carbon (C) Breads, It provides Oxygen (O) tubers, wheat, Carbohydrates Monosaccharide energy to Hydrogen rice, pasta, the body. (H) table, fruits Most diverse Meat, milk, Proteins Amino acids CHO + N groups of fish, egg Biomolecule 1 glycerol, Give energy Fatty foods, Lipids CHO 3 fatty acids to the body oil, cheese Store Nucleic Acid Nucleotide CHON+P genetic information Activity 3: Meal Plan Direction: On a 1 whole sheet of paper, think of a 3-day healthy meal plan for you following the template below. Make sure you choose the right kind of food containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and lipids. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Breakfast Lunch Dinner Exit Ticket Directions: To summarize our lesson, answer the given questions. Additional Activity (optional) Directions: Watch the video on https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=WtCCobhLqng entitled “Biological molecules - You are what you eat | Crash Course biology| Khan Academy” and make a reflection of it using the four-square analysis in a LONG BOND PAPER.  Thank You! Please keep this slide for attribution CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, Slidesgo including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik Flaticon Freepik