Biomolecules PDF

BIOMOLECULES Biomolecules - are organic compounds in a living system, and they are generally made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and/or Nitrogen. CARBOHYDRATES - are primarily composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. - It can have a linear structure or cyclic structure....

BIOMOLECULES Biomolecules - are organic compounds in a living system, and they are generally made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and/or Nitrogen. CARBOHYDRATES - are primarily composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. - It can have a linear structure or cyclic structure. - It provides the energy requirement of organisms to perform metabolic functions. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDATES 1. Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose 2. Sparing the use of proteins for energy 3. Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis 4. Biological recognition processes 5. Flavor and sweetener 6. Dietary fiber CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES 1. Monosaccharides are building blocks or monomers of carbohydrates. MONOSACCHARIDE FORMULA COMMON NAME Glucose Blood sugar Fructose 𝐶! 𝐻"# 𝑂! Fruit sugar Galactose Brain sugar 2. Disaccharides are combination of two monosaccharides. DISACCHARIDE COMPOSITION FORMULA COMMON NAME Sucrose Fructose + glucose Cane sugar Lactose Galactose + glucose 𝐶"# 𝐻## 𝑂"" Milk sugar Maltose Glucose + glucose Malt sugar The formation of a disaccharide, water is produced once two monosaccharide units combine. The production of water during the combination of two monosaccharide units is called dehydration. 3. Polysaccharides are produced by a long chain of monosaccharides. Starch is composed of glucose monomers linked by alpha-glycosidic bonds and has a general formula of (𝐶! 𝐻"# 𝑂$ )%. It is the cheapest main energy source of humans, as it is present in a wide array of sources such as rice, corn, potatoes and wheat. Cellulose is the structural component of cell walls that forms the fibers present in plants and wood. PROTEINS - are considered the most abundant biomolecules. - Considered the most complex of the naturally produced organic compounds present in every organism. - composed of amino acid (building blocks of proteins) FUNCTION OF PROTEINS 1. Acts as a catalyst 2. Structural materials in the body 3. Helps in the immune system of the body (antibodies). 4. For active and passive transport 5. For contraction of muscles 6. For signaling body functions. TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS 1. Essential amino acids are crucial and needed by organisms because they are not biologically present and are not synthesized in the human body. 2. Nonessential amino acids are biologically active and can be synthesized in the human body ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, tryptophan, and valine. proline, serine, and tyrosine. PROTEIN STRUCTURES 1. Primary structure refers to the simplest linkage of amino acids, as a monomer, by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide, tripeptide, or a polypeptide. 2. Secondary structure pertains to how the segments are oriented in a regular pattern. The alpha helix refers to the spiral-shaped protein stabilized by the intramolecular H bonds between -NH and -CO groups of the main chain. The beta pleated sheet refers to a protein in a folded paper-like orientation stabilized by intermolecular H bonds with the adjacent chain. 3. Tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional conformation of a protein determined through X-ray crystallography. 4. Quaternary structure refers to the overall interaction of polypeptide chains. THREE IMPORTANT PROCESSES OR REACTIONS INVOLVING PROTEINS 1. Hydrolysis: A protein is hydrolyzed when water disrupts the peptide bond to yield individual amino acid components. 2. Denaturation: Refers to the temporary or permanent disruption of the overall molecular shape of a protein due to the presence of heat, varying pH levels, and detergents. 3. Dissolution: Knowledge on the solubility of proteins is important in extracting or isolating them. When a protein is equal to its isoelectronic point, it becomes less soluble. Thus, the solubility of a protein is pH dependent. NUCLEIC ACIDS - also known as informational molecules. - Responsible for genetic codes and their translation to produce proteins needed for cellular functions. Nucleotides - Building block or monomers of nucleic acids. - Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. NITROGENOUS BASE 1. Purines are bicyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings fused together. (Adenine & Guanine) 2. Pyrimidines are monocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consists of one ring. (Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil) TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Location in the cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Nitrogenous bases A, G, C, T A, G, C, U Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Function Stores genetic information; informs Transfer information stored the call what protein to be by DNA out of the nucleus synthesized. into the cytoplasm Number of strands Two (double helix) One (single helix) LIPIDS - Carboxylic acids with long chains of saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids connected to a glycerol compound. - Most of them are insoluble in water thus, makes them a non-polar compound. - Are oxidized to release large amounts of energy. FUNCTION OF LIPIDS 1. Chemical messenger 2. Storage and provision of energy 3. Maintenance of temperature 4. Membrane lipid layer formation 5. Cholesterol formation 6. Prostaglandin formation and role in inflammation 7. For fat-soluble vitamins Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that are structural components of fats, oils, and all other categories of lipids except steroids. Saturated Fatty acids contain only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain Unsaturated Fatty acids contain at least one double bond between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. Essential fatty acids are those cannot be constructed through any chemical pathways, known to happen in humans. Nonessential fatty acids are those which are not necessary to be taken through diet, they are synthesized through chemical pathways. TYPES OF LIPIDS Simple lipids/homolipids are the esters of fatty acids with various alcohols SIMPLE LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS Fats and oils (triglycerides & With trihydroxy alcohol glycerol. triacylglycerols) Fat is solid at room temperature. Oil is liquid at room temperature. Simple triglycerides Three fatty acids radicles are similar or are of the same type. Mixed triglycerides Three fatty acids radicles are dicerent from each other. Waxes With high molecular weight monohydroxy alcohols. Compound lipids/heterolipids are esters of fatty acids with alcohol and possess additional groups. COMPOUND LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS Phospholipids - contain fatty acids and glycerol in addition to phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases and other substituent. - Usually possess one hydrophilic head and two non-polar tails. -Amphipathic in nature Phosphoglycerides -contains fatty acids molecules which are esterified to hydroxyl groups of glycerol. -forms an ester linkage with phosphoric acid. -found in membranes Glycolipids -with carbohydrates and contain nitrogen but no phosphoric acid -include certain structurally related compounds comprising the groups gangliosides, sulpholipids and sulfatids. Derived lipids are the substances derived from simple and compounds lipids by hydrolysis. These include fatty acids, alcohols, monoglycerides and diglycerides. DERIVED LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS Steroids -widely distributed in animals where they are associated with physiological processes. -do not contain fatty acids; non-saponifiable. -not hydrolyzed on heating. Carotenoids -exclusively of plant origin. -widely distributed in both plants and animals -colored red or yellow due to the presence of many conjugated double bonds.