Lesson 2 Carbohydrates Biomolecules PDF

LESSON 2.1: BIOCHEMISTRY  BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other.  A biochemical substance is a chemical substance found within a living orga...

LESSON 2.1: BIOCHEMISTRY  BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other.  A biochemical substance is a chemical substance found within a living organism. Biochemical substances Mass composition data for the human body in terms of major types of biochemical substances.  BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other.  BIOMOLECULES Any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms Monomers: Atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures BIOMOLECULES Nucleic Acid Mayroon kang ballpen? Carbohydrates Lipids Mnemonic: Na Co ‘La Pala Protein LESSON 2.2: CARBOHYDRATES  CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on planet Earth. CARBOHYDRATES  CARBOHYDRATES It contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1 as indicated in their general formula Cn(H2O)n or CnH2nOn. Glucose, the simplest carbohydrate, is produced by plants through a process called photosynthesis LESSON 2.2.1: MONOSACCHARIDES  MONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharides (mono- = “one”; sacchar- = “sweet”) It is the simplest form of sugar. The basic unit of carbohydrates. Crystalline white solids at room temperature.  MONOSACCHARIDES Aldo group Keto group They have either an aldo group (aldoses) and keto group (ketoses) in their structure. They have –OH groups, making them to be polar and highly soluble in water.  MONOSACCHARIDES Aldo group They have either an aldo group (aldoses) and keto group (ketoses) in their structure. They have –OH groups, making them to be polar and highly soluble in water.  MONOSACCHARIDES CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H12O6 Glucose: sugar Fructose is also known Galactose is more form readily utilized as “fruit sugar” because commonly found in the by the cells as an it primarily occurs disaccharide, lactose or energy resource. naturally in many fruits. milk sugar. Galactose and Fructose are stored sources that must be converted into glucose. LESSON 2.2.2: DISACCHARIDES  DISACCHARIDES It is made up of two monosaccharides units which is joined by the glycosidic bond, a type of covalent bond. Examples of disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose. CHEMICAL FORMULA: C12H22O11.  SUCROSE (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE) Also known as a “table sugar” It is obtained from many plants. SUCROSE (GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE)  LACTOSE (GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE) Also known as a “milk sugar” Lactose is a sugar that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like cheese or ice cream. LACTOSE (GALACTOSE + GLUCOSE)  LACTOSE INTOLERANCE Lactose intolerance is when the body can't break down or digest lactose. Lactose intolerance happens when the small intestine does not make enough of a digestive enzyme called lactase.  MALTOSE (GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE) It is also known as “malt sugar”. Maltose is a sugar that tastes less sweet than table sugar. MALTOSE (GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE) FORMATION OF DISACCHARIDES  Condensation reaction – This reaction in which the simple sugars combine to form larger ones. A process that produces water as a byproduct.  Hydrolysis – a process by which large sugar molecules (disaccharides) are broken down into simple sugars (monosaccharide) by using a water molecule. A reverse process of condensation. LESSON 2.2.3: POLYSACCHARIDES  POLYSACCHARIDES It is a long chain of monosaccharide units. They are also referred as polymers with high molecular masses. They differ in the number of glucose units, the degree of branching, and the position of glycosidic bonds.  Glycogen POLYSACCHARIDES (STRUCTURE) The identity of the monosaccharide repeating unit (s) in the polymer chain. A homopolysaccharide is a A heteropolysaccharide is a polysaccharide in which only polysaccharide in which more than one one type of monosaccharide (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present. monomer is present. POLYSACCHARIDES (STRUCTURE) The degree of branching of the polymer chain POLYSACCHARIDES (STRUCTURE) The degree of branching of the polymer chain  POLYSACCHARIDE: STARCH Starch is a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units. It is the energy-storage polysaccharide in plants.  POLYSACCHARIDE: GLYCOGEN A polysaccharide containing only glucose units. Primary form of polysaccharide stored in animals or fungi. Its function is thus similar to that of starch in plants, and it is sometimes referred to as animal starch. Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites for glycogen in humans.  POLYSACCHARIDE: CELLULOSE Cellulose is an unbranched glucose polymer The structural component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide. The “woody” portions of plants—stems, stalks, and trunks—have particularly high concentrations of this fibrous, water-insoluble substance.  POLYSACCHARIDE: CHITIN Chitin is the second most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide. Its function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods. It also has been found in the cell walls of fungi.