Autotrophs and Heterotrophs PDF

 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs All life on Earth depends on the flow of ____________ energy through the ecosystem. The source sun of this energy is the ____.  Autotro phsare organisms Autotrophs that can make their own food. use the These organisms __________ light...

 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs All life on Earth depends on the flow of ____________ energy through the ecosystem. The source sun of this energy is the ____.  Autotro phsare organisms Autotrophs that can make their own food. use the These organisms __________ light from the sun to produce food in the energy form of ______________. glucose or sugar This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and Heterotrophs These are organisms that cannot make their own food. Examples are all animals and all fungi. Heterotrophs must consume food. Heterotrophs eat plants or eat other animals that eat plants. Energy enters the ecosystem in thesunlight form of _______. glucose Plants use the sun’s energy to make _______. The sun’s energy is stored in the molecule of glucose. The energy moves up the food chain when a consumer eats the plant. Photosynthesis is converting radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the  Chemical Energy and ATP Inside living cells, energy can be stored in chemical compounds. One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store ADP / ATP and release energy is: 1) ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate 2) ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate 3) ADP is energy 4) ATP is energy poor rich (like a (like a dead charged battery.)  Structure of ATP Adenin Consists of: e Adenine, a nitrogen base Ribose, a five-carbon 3 Ribose sugar Phosphate A chain s of three How ADP Becomes ATP AT P Triphosphate ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP. The difference is that… …ADP has 2 phosphate groups and ATP has three Diphosphate phosphate groups. ADP  How ADP Becomes ATP AT When a cell P Triphosphate has energy available, it can store small Energy is amounts of it stored in the ATP by... molecule adding a phosphate group ADPto ADP. Phosphate added to ATP ADP Adding a Diphosphate phosphate to ____ forms a stores ADP molecule energy of  How ADP Becomes ATP AT P Triphosphate Phosphate Energy is removed stored in Energy is the ATP released for cell molecule work When a cell Phosphate added to needs energy, ADP the third Diphosphate phosphate will be removed. ADP This releases ATP has enough stored energy to power a variety of cellular activities such as….. a) Photosynthesis b) Protein synthesis c) Muscle contraction d) Active transport across the cell membrane The ATP molecule is the basic energy _________________ of all living cells. source In a cell, ATP is used continuously and must be regenerated continuously. In a working muscle cell, 10 million ATP are consumed and regenerated per sec.  Overview of Photosynthesis In photosynthesis, sun to water convert plants use the energy of the _____________________ and carbon into high- sugar energydioxide _____ molecules. ______ is given Oxygen off as a waste product. Life on earth is dependent on photosynthesis for food and ______________. oxygen  The Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars (glucose) and oxygen.  The Photosynthesis Equation The carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and is taken in by the leaves of the plant. The water is in the ground and is absorbed by the roots of the plant.  Light and light Pigments In additionalwater photosynthesis to ______________________, dioxide and carbon requires __________ fromchloroph the sun energy and the green pigment __________. yll The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of energy the radiated outward sun from _______. ___________ acts as a selective window visible Theatmosph that light ere __________ to pass through while screening allows out a substantial fraction of other radiation. This visible light is the radiationphotosynthe that drives The colors of the visible spectrum are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and  Pigments Plants absorb the sun’s energy with light absorbing pigments. A pigment is … … any substance that  Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths, and the wavelengths that are absorbed disappear. Some wavelengths of light are reflected by a pigment, rather than absorbed. The colors we see are the wavelengths of light that are... … being reflected by a pigment. Plant cells contain pigments of many different colors, but the principal photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment contained in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.  Chlorophyll is able to ______ all of the abso colors rb of the visible greeexcept spectrum ______.n refle Chlorophyllcts_______ green light. gree Therefore, n chlorophyll appears _____ to our eye. What wavelengths of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll? Around 425 nm and 660 nm What wavelengths of light are least absorbed by There are two main kinds of chlorophyll: a) chlorophyll-a: blue – green in color b) chlorophyll-b: yellow – green Whenin color absorbs chlorophyll light is ___________, energy transferred electrons directly to ________ in the chlorophyll molecule. This raises the energy level of these electrons. These high-energy Leaves are the major photosynthe organs of _____________.sis There are about half a million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface.  Inner Outer membrane Thylakoid membrane It has a double membrane The Structure of the __________ separated by a space between the two membranes. ChloroplastThethylakoids _________, Grana (Granu in the interior of the m) chloroplasts, make a Stroma third membrane system. Big stacks of thylakoids are grana called _____. chlorophyll Thylakoids contain __________. Surrounding the thylakoids is a dense solution stro called the ______. ma  The Thylakoid: Thylakoids The structural unit of photosynthesis. The thylakoids take the form of flattened sacs or vesicles. ___________________ Chlorophyll are built into the thylakoid moleculesmembrane. These chlorophyll molecules capture the light energy _________________________. from the sun  Inside the chloroplast…… _____________ takes place inside the Photosynthesis chloroplasts. Chlorophylls and other pigments are clustered together and embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane Photosystem These clusters of pigmentsphotosyste are called ____________. light collecting ms  Electron Carriers When sunlight hits the molecules ofelectrons chlorophyll, the ________ in the chlorophyll molecules excite become very _______. d Excited electrons are electrons that have gained a great deal of energy. These high-energy electrons carrier need a ______. Cells use electron carriers to transport high-energy ___________________ from chlorophyll to other electrons molecules. An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. This process is called electron electron transport ________________ transport chain and the electron carriers are  One of these electron carriers NADP is known + as ______. NADP+ accepts and 2 high-energy holds: electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+). This converts NADP+ ______ into _______. NADPH NADPH will carry these high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere These in theelectrons high-energy chloroplast. will be used molecules to of glucose build __________________. The Stages of Photosynthesis - An Overview Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: The Light The Light Dependent Independent Reaction Reaction Also called the Calvin cycle. The light dependent The light reactions take place independent within the reactions take place thylakoid __________________. in the: stroma - the region outside of the membranes thylakoids.  H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP + Calvin Stroma Light P Cycle Depende Light Grana nt Independe Reaction AT nt s P NADP H Chloroplas t O2 C6H12O 6  The purpose of the light H2O O2 dependent reactions is Light Reactions to produce the high- NADPH ATP AD NADP+ energy P compounds CO2 of ATP and NADPH which Calvin will be used Cycle in the light independent SUGAR (Calvin cycle)  The Calvin Cycle This set of reactions may Melvin Calvin, be called by several Nobel Laureate of 1961 names: The Calvin Cycle or the Light Independent Reactions. This occurs instrom the ______ of the chloroplast. a The purpose of this stage is to take ____________ and the carbon dioxide high-energy products from the light and NADPH reaction glucose (______________) ATP and make _______ molecules.  The Water Loss Dilemma The number one problem that land plants face is dehydration. Stomata Plants must openstomata their _______ to carbon let in the _____________ that is dioxide required for photosynthesis. But wateranytime the stomata loss are open, there will be excessive  The Water Loss Dilemma There will have to be trade-offs or compromises between photosynthesis and the prevention of excessive water loss. Stoma Stoma open closed STOMA CO H2 O will close their stomata On 2a hot, dry day, most plants to conserve water. But with the stomata closed, photosynthesis will drastically slow down since no Two alternative pathways for carbon fixation help plants deal with this problem: a) The Four- Carbon Pathway (C4 Pathway) b) The CAM Pathway  The C4 Pathway Some plants utilize the C pathway and C known as ________. 4 are Calvin plants 4 C4 plants are sostenamed because theycycle preface the ___________ p with an additional ____. In C4 plants, carbon dioxide is four-carbon converted oxaloacetic acid into a ____________________ compound called ______________. stor The purpose ofsaveoxaloacetic eacid is to Calvin _____ it carbon dioxide and ______ until cycle  The reaction isreversible _________. When the CO2 is needed, remove it is ________ from d Calvin oxaloacetic acid and sent to the __________. cycle Since the C4 plant has a compound (oxaloacetic acid) which can store carbon dioxide, the leaf is able to take in more carbon dioxide with each "gasp" when the stomata do open for brief periods of time. C4 plants open their stomata for short periods of time, take in a large amount of CO2, and store the CO2 as They are able to maintain a high level of photosynthesis while conserving water by having the stomates closed. C4 plants include … … corn, sugar cane, and crab The CAM Pathway CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants open their stomata only at night. They take in CO2 at night and store it. During the day the stomates are closed to conserve water. The stored CO2 is used during the day for Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis Water is required in the Wate light dependent reactions. Water is obtained from the r ground by the roots. A shortage of water in the ground can slow or stop photosynthesis. In order to prevent water loss from the plant, plants are covered with a Temperature The process of photosynthesis depends upon the action of enzymes. Enzymes work the best at temperatures between 0C and 35C. Temperatures above or below this range may damage the enzymes and prevent them from functioning. At very low or very high temperatures, photosynthesis may Light IntensityIncreasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynth esis.