Autotrophs and Heterotrophs PDF

 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs All life on Earth depends on the flow of ____________ energy through the ecosystem. The source sun of this energy is the ____.  Autotro phsare organisms Autotrophs that can make their own food. use the These organisms __________ light...

 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs All life on Earth depends on the flow of ____________ energy through the ecosystem. The source sun of this energy is the ____.  Autotro phsare organisms Autotrophs that can make their own food. use the These organisms __________ light from the sun to produce food in the energy form of ______________. glucose or sugar This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and Heterotrophs These are organisms that cannot make their own food. Examples are all animals and all fungi. Heterotrophs must consume food. Heterotrophs eat plants or eat other animals that eat plants. Energy enters the ecosystem in thesunlight form of _______. glucose Plants use the sun’s energy to make _______. The sun’s energy is stored in the molecule of glucose. The energy moves up the food chain when a consumer eats the plant. Photosynthesis is converting radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the  Chemical Energy and ATP Inside living cells, energy can be stored in chemical compounds. One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store ADP / ATP and release energy is: 1) ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate 2) ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate 3) ADP is energy 4) ATP is energy poor rich (like a (like a dead charged battery.)  Structure of ATP Adenin Consists of: e Adenine, a nitrogen base Ribose, a five-carbon 3 Ribose sugar Phosphate A chain s of three How ADP Becomes ATP AT P Triphosphate ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP. The difference is that… …ADP has 2 phosphate groups and ATP has three Diphosphate phosphate groups. ADP  How ADP Becomes ATP AT When a cell P Triphosphate has energy available, it can store small Energy is amounts of it stored in the ATP by... molecule adding a phosphate group ADPto ADP. Phosphate added to ATP ADP Adding a Diphosphate phosphate to ____ forms a stores ADP molecule energy of  How ADP Becomes ATP AT P Triphosphate Phosphate Energy is removed stored in Energy is the ATP released for cell molecule work When a cell Phosphate added to needs energy, ADP the third Diphosphate phosphate will be removed. ADP This releases ATP has enough stored energy to power a variety of cellular activities such as….. a) Photosynthesis b) Protein synthesis c) Muscle contraction d) Active transport across the cell membrane The ATP molecule is the basic energy _________________ of all living cells. source In a cell, ATP is used continuously and must be regenerated continuously. In a working muscle cell, 10 million ATP are consumed and regenerated per sec.  Overview of Photosynthesis In photosynthesis, sun to water convert plants use the energy of the _____________________ and carbon into high- sugar energydioxide _____ molecules. ______ is given Oxygen off as a waste product. Life on earth is dependent on photosynthesis for food and ______________. oxygen  The Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars (glucose) and oxygen.  The Photosynthesis Equation The carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and is taken in by the leaves of the plant. The water is in the ground and is absorbed by the roots of the plant.  Light and light Pigments In additionalwater photosynthesis to ______________________, dioxide and carbon requires __________ fromchloroph the sun energy and the green pigment __________. yll The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of energy the radiated outward sun from _______. ___________ acts as a selective window visible Theatmosph that light ere __________ to pass through while screening allows out a substantial fraction of other radiation. This visible light is the radiationphotosynthe that drives The colors of the visible spectrum are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and  Pigments Plants absorb the sun’s energy with light absorbing pigments. A pigment is … … any substance that  Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths, and the wavelengths that are absorbed disappear. Some wavelengths of light are reflected by a pigment, rather than absorbed. The colors we see are the wavelengths of light that are... … being reflected by a pigment. Plant cells contain pigments of many different colors, but the principal photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment contained in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.  Chlorophyll is able to ______ all of the abso colors rb of the visible greeexcept spectrum ______.n refle Chlorophyllcts_______ green light. gree Therefore, n chlorophyll appears _____ to our eye. What wavelengths of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll? Around 425 nm and 660 nm What wavelengths of light are least absorbed by There are two main kinds of chlorophyll: a) chlorophyll-a: blue – green in color b) chlorophyll-b: yellow – green Whenin color absorbs chlorophyll light is ___________, energy transferred electrons directly to ________ in the chlorophyll molecule. This raises the energy level of these electrons. These high-energy Leaves are the major photosynthe organs of _____________.sis There are about half a million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface.  Inner Outer membrane Thylakoid membrane It has a double membrane The Structure of the __________ separated by a space between the two membranes. ChloroplastThethylakoids _________, Grana (Granu in the interior of the m) chloroplasts, make a Stroma third membrane system. Big stacks of thylakoids are grana called _____. chlorophyll Thylakoids contain __________. Surrounding the thylakoids is a dense solution stro called the ______. ma  The Thylakoid: Thylakoids The structural unit of photosynthesis. The thylakoids take the form of flattened sacs or vesicles. ___________________ Chlorophyll are built into the thylakoid moleculesmembrane. These chlorophyll molecules capture the light energy _________________________. from the sun  Inside the chloroplast…… _____________ takes place inside the Photosynthesis chloroplasts. Chlorophylls and other pigments are clustered together and embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane Photosystem These clusters of pigmentsphotosyste are called ____________. light collecting ms  Electron Carriers When sunlight hits the molecules ofelectrons chlorophyll, the ________ in the chlorophyll molecules excite become very _______. d Excited electrons are electrons that have gained a great deal of energy. These high-energy electrons carrier need a ______. Cells use electron carriers to transport high-energy ___________________ from chlorophyll to other electrons molecules. An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. This process is called electron electron transport ________________ transport chain and the electron carriers are  One of these electron carriers NADP is known + as ______. NADP+ accepts and 2 high-energy holds: electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+). This converts NADP+ ______ into _______. NADPH NADPH will carry these high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere These in theelectrons high-energy chloroplast. will be used molecules to of glucose build __________________.